Deck 6: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Question 1

The best kind of infant stimulation has been shown to be

A) Baby Einstein.
B) Mozart.
C) video games.
D) human interaction.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Playing "peek-a-boo" with babies is fun for them because of their lack of

A) vision.
B) understanding.
C) object permanence.
D) motor skills.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

How many substages are there in the sensorimotor period?

A) two
B) four
C) five
D) six

Answer 3

D

Question 4

"Out of sight,out of mind" is another way to describe

A) A not B error.
B) mental representations.
C) symbolic representation.
D) object permanence.

Question 5

At about what age does a child develop symbolic thought?

A) 6 months
B) 9 months
C) 12 months
D) 23 months

Question 6

The understanding that people and objects continue to exist even when they can't be seen is called _____________ and occurs around

A) cognition;6 months.
B) object permanence; 8 months.
C) A not B error; 5 months.
D) secondary reactions; 9 months.

Question 7

______________ occurs when a new experience changes the way the child thinks and structures information.

A) Adaptation
B) Assimilation
C) Accommodation
D) Aspiration

Question 8

Intentional grasping and means-end behavior occur in which substage?

A) reflex
B) primary circular reaction
C) secondary circular reaction
D) tertiary circular reaction

Question 9

When there is a discrepancy between what a child already knows and some new learning,______________ is said to exist.

A) equilibrium
B) disequilibrium
C) adaptation
D) accommodation

Question 10

Two- year-old David knows that four-legged furry animals with a tail are dogs because he has one.One day he sees a cat and calls it a "doggie." This is an example of

A) accommodation.
B) assimilation.
C) adaptation.
D) equilibrium.

Question 11

When Sam's mother leaves the room,she no longer exists for him mentally.How old do you think Sam is?

A) newborn
B) under 8 months
C) 9-11 months
D) about 1 year

Question 12

Piaget's theory is known as constructivist because

A) he constructed it by building on Freud's theory.
B) children are always growing and changing like constructing a building.
C) children construct their cognitive abilities through action and interaction.
D) he is against evolutionist theories.

Question 13

Piaget believed the stages of cognitive development are

A) invariant.
B) variable.
C) dependent on experience.
D) based on genetics.

Question 14

Baby Amy sees the string of her pull toy nearby.Instead of going to it she grabs the string and purposefully pulls it toward her.She has just learned this behavior.How old is Amy?

A) 0-3 months
B) 4-6 months
C) 8-12 months
D) over 1 year

Question 15

According to Piaget,______________ is when children fit something they learn into an already formed mental structure.

A) adaptation
B) assimilation
C) accommodation
D) aspiration

Question 16

The beginning of intelligence and planning occurs in which substage of the Sensorimotor period?

A) Primary
B) Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions
C) Tertiary Reactions
D) Symbolic Representation

Question 17

____________ behavior involves taking a deliberate step toward a goal.

A) Volitional
B) Means-end
C) Intentional
D) Independent

Question 18

The first stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is

A) preoperational.
B) sensorimotor.
C) concrete operational.
D) formal operational.

Question 19

A schema is

A) an organized pattern of thought.
B) the way a child plans to disobey.
C) knowledge of a subject.
D) marked improvement in development.

Question 20

David's mother corrects him and explains that cats are different from dogs because they meow,have claws,and have long whiskers.David now sees a cat and says "kitty." This is an example of

A) accommodation.
B) assimilation.
C) adaptation.
D) equilibrium.

Question 21

The theory that explains how a child tries to acquire,process,and retain data about the world is called

A) Dynamic.
B) Maturational.
C) Core Knowledge.
D) Information Processing.

Question 22

The __________ theory states that children actively use a skill to reach a goal within the limits set by their body and environment.

A) Core Knowledge
B) Dynamic System
C) Vygotskian
D) Piagetian

Question 23

According to the research cited in your text,which cultures' caregivers are more likely to take charge of their toddler's activities and problem solving?

A) Mayan
B) Mexican
C) U.S.
D) Turkish

Question 24

___________ memory helps us know how to ride a bike after years of not riding.

A) Implicit
B) Explicit
C) Short-term
D) Long-term

Question 25

The idea that infants are born with a certain amount of innate knowledge is called

A) tabula rasa.
B) genetic perspective.
C) Core Knowledge.
D) intelligent design.

Question 26

Critics of Vygotsky's theory say that his emphasis on social learning leaves out the role of the

A) mother.
B) father.
C) siblings.
D) child.

Question 27

Current researchers disagree with Piaget on when ______________develops.

A) abstract thinking
B) symbolic thought
C) deferred imitation
D) object permanence

Question 28

_______________ memory helps us recognize people and recall names.

A) Implicit
B) Explicit
C) Short-term
D) Long-term

Question 29

Billy is building with construction toys with his Dad and learning new ways to build.He and his Dad are involved in

A) child participation.
B) guided participation.
C) floor time.
D) over involvement.

Question 30

_____________ takes various forms,but it enables a child to problem-solve and reach increasingly challenging goals.

A) Scaffolding
B) The Zone of Proximal Development
C) Symbolism
D) Participation

Question 31

The idea that learning emerges through continuous interactions between the person and the concept is part of which theory?

A) Dynamic
B) Core Knowledge
C) Cognitive
D) Vygotskian

Question 32

Many current researchers think Piaget ________________ an infant's abilities.

A) overestimated
B) underestimated
C) was right on the mark
D) had no clue about

Question 33

Young Judy sees Mommy talk on the phone.Later,Judy gets the phone and holds it to her ear and "talks." This is known as

A) deferred imitation.
B) object permanence.
C) tertiary reactions.
D) abstract thinking.

Question 34

One of the differences in Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories is that Vygotsky emphasized

A) cognitive stages.
B) social interaction.
C) genetics.
D) environment.

Question 35

Current research on scaffolding suggests that it

A) increases test scores.
B) improves social development.
C) improves peer relationships.
D) All of these

Question 36

The Core Knowledge theory comes from a ______________ perspective.

A) naturalist
B) nativist
C) genetic
D) environmentalist

Question 37

The presence of a ___________ in the home is linked to cognitive gains.

A) piano
B) television
C) computer
D) father

Question 38

The difference between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with guidance is called

A) scaffolding.
B) symbolism.
C) the Zone of Proximal Development.
D) guided participation.

Question 39

Bobby was struggling to draw a letter

A) "He must be in the Zone."
B) When Mom held his hand with the crayon and traced it for him, he learned how to do it. Vygotsky would say:
B) "He must be delayed."
C) "Mother should leave him alone to figure it out on his own."
D) "Wow, does she interfere!"

Question 40

If Joe does not move Sarah's phone number to __________,it will be lost and he won't have a date.

A) working memory
B) long-term memory
C) short-term memory
D) implicit memory

Question 41

Define and describe the object exploration approach and classic experiment by Carolyn Rovee-Collier.

Question 42

_______________ is a term that refers to the strength of memories.

A) Long term
B) Duration
C) Robustness
D) Repetition

Question 43

Examining sucking behavior,visual preference procedures,and habituation techniques are all forms of infant ______________.

A) direct research methods .
B) indirect research methods.
C) brain development.
D) violation of expectation.

Question 44

Discuss the questions that should be asked when deciding if a media-reported research study is accurate.

Question 45

Before a memory can be made,it first has to be

A) decoded.
B) encoded.
C) remembered.
D) attended.

Question 46

Researchers can investigate babies' minds by how much they suck on a pacifier.

Question 47

If an infant shows surprise at an unexpected event,research assumes that a ____________has occurred.

A) neural connection
B) new development
C) violation of expectation
D) problem

Question 48

Keek likes to collect beanie babies.She has developed

A) collecting skill.
B) categorization ability.
C) a hobby.
D) a way to spend money.

Question 49

John is able to regulate his attention,thinking,and behavior.He has a) well-developed

A) amygdala.
B) cortex.
C) executive functions.
D) temporal lobes.

Question 50

Synapses in the __________ increase dramatically at 8 months.

A) hippocampus
B) prefrontal cortex
C) dentate gyrus
D) amygdala

Question 51

The __________area of the brain supports the development of explicit memory.

A) medulla
B) amygdala
C) hippocampus
D) frontal lobe

Question 52

By what age are children able to form conceptual categories?

A) 6 months
B) about 1 year
C) 18 months
D) 2 years

Question 53

Another name for implicit memory is

A) nondeclarative.
B) declarative.
C) working.
D) long term.

Question 54

The cells that make up most of the hippocampus are formed by

A) the end of the prenatal period.
B) 6 months.
C) 9 months.
D) 12 months.

Question 55

The neuroimaging technique that detects increased blood flow in areas of the brain with increased activity is called the

A) EEG.
B) ERP.
C) fMRI.
D) PET scan.

Question 56

Glenn was enjoying looking at the mobile but now he has turned away from it.He has

A) fallen asleep.
B) habituated.
C) developed a visual preference.
D) violated expectations.

Question 57

Mom said a bad word when she got cut off in traffic and her child heard it.Later that night at dinner,the child said the word to Dad.This is an example of

A) reaping what you sow.
B) deferred imitation.
C) the potty mouth family cycle.
D) the verbal exploration approach.

Question 58

The psychometric approach is useful in identifying developmental delays.

Question 59

The neuroimaging technique that measures brain activity associated with responses to specific stimuli is called the

A) EEG.
B) ERP.
C) fMRI.
D) PET scan.

Question 60

Which part of the brain involves attention,memory,language,and categorization?

A) temporal lobe
B) hippocampus
C) occipital lobe
D) prefrontal cortex

Question 61

Sesame Street has been shown to increase school readiness.

Question 62

Deaf babies who are taught sign language can "babble" with their hands.

Question 63

If you have trouble being able to understand what is being said to you and there is nothing wrong with your hearing,what area of the brain may be implicated?

A) Broca's area
B) Wernicke's area
C) right hemisphere
D) parietal lobe

Question 64

Children learn their native language best by

A) direct instruction by the parents.
B) instruction by a speech therapist.
C) learning two languages at once.
D) just being exposed and using and experiencing language

Question 65

The nativist approach states that we have a hypothetical brain area called the LAD or the _____________.

A) learning acquisition device
B) least arbolized device
C) language acquisition device
D) language accumulator device

Question 66

The best time for a child to learn language is in the first three years of life.

Question 67

During the first year of life the infant can learn any language,but after the first year the infant is primed to learn only the language to which he or she is exposed to daily.

Question 68

The approach to language acquisition that takes both biology and social experience is called

A) behaviorist.
B) nativist.
C) interactionist.
D) dual acquisition.

Question 69

Parents tend to use ______________when talking to their baby.

A) normal speech
B) infant-directed speech
C) baby talk
D) nonsense words

Question 70

It is important for parents to talk to their children frequently to increase their vocabulary,

Question 71

What impact does watching TV have on a baby's language development?

A) It increases the baby's language development.
B) It decreases test scores.
C) It makes no improvement.
D) The baby undergoes the same development as the who don't watch TV.

Question 72

Infant tests are useful in predicting school success.

Question 73

If a child isn't speaking by age 3,the child will never learn to talk.This is why it is called a critical period.

Question 74

Which is greater? The infants' ability to produce or to understand language?

A) produce
B) understand
C) The two are equal.
D) Neither is very good.

Question 75

The behaviorists state that children learn to talk through

A) a language acquisition device.
B) imitation.
C) instruction.
D) cognitive functional linguistics.

Question 76

Discuss the three theories of language development.

Question 77

Which theory of language would claim that the fact that different parts of the country have unique accents supports their theory?

A) behaviorists
B) nativists
C) interactionists
D) All of these

Question 78

When is it normal for a child to say "mine!"?

A) between 9 and 12 months
B) between12 and 18 months
C) between 18 and 24 months
D) never

Question 79

Jamie has a hard time expressing himself in words.What area of the brain may be involved?

A) Broca's area
B) Wernicke's area
C) right hemisphere
D) parietal lobe

Question 80

The Bayley Scale of Infant Development is useful in identifying an infant's current development.