Deck 17: The Open Sea

Question 1

An example of megaplankton would be:

A) larval fishes.
B) Sargassum seaweed.
C) invertebrate larvae.
D) green flagellates.
E) copepods.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Pelagic organisms live:

A) in the water column.
B) on the sediment.
C) in the sediment.
D) in hydrothermal vents.
E) close to shore.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The dominant primary producers in tropical open ocean areas are:

A) large net phytoplankton.
B) small nanoplankton.
C) diatoms.
D) algae.
E) seaweeds.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The epipelagic refers to the location of pelagic animals that can extend down to:

A) 10 m.
B) 20 m.
C) 100 m.
D) 200 m.
E) 1000 m.

Question 5

Phytoplankton of the open ocean are very small in order to:

A) avoid detection by grazers.
B) maximize their surface area.
C) increase their sinking rates.
D) none of the above

Question 6

Those organisms that cannot swim against the ocean currents are collectively called:

A) plankton.
B) nekton.
C) seston.
D) demersal.
E) infauna.

Question 7

Particles suspended in the sea are called:

A) seston.
B) tripton.
C) bacterioplankton.
D) viriplankton.
E) nekton.

Question 8

Marine snow refers to:

A) neston.
B) seston.
C) cobwebby aggregates of mucus.
D) fecal pellets.
E) necktonic organisms.

Question 9

The most abundant plankton are the:

A) phytoplankton.
B) bacterioplankton.
C) viriplankton.
D) zooplankton.
E) macroplankton.

Question 10

The base of the food web in the open ocean and the bottom beneath the open ocean is:

A) algae.
B) seagrasses.
C) chemosynthetic bacteria.
D) phytoplankton.
E) detritus.

Question 11

Kinetic organisms can move themselves by all except:

A) flagella.
B) jet propulsion.
C) undulation of the body.
D) using turbulent mixing.

Question 12

In tropical water, the photic zone in the open ocean can extend down to:

A) 10 m.
B) 20 m.
C) 100 m.
D) 200 m.
E) 1000 m.

Question 13

Marine snow is composed of:

A) inorganic nutrients.
B) flocculated marine salts.
C) particulate organic matter.
D) frozen seawater.
E) terrestrial materials.

Question 14

Primary productivity is limited in surface waters of the open ocean by:

A) sunlight.
B) nutrients.
C) carbon dioxide.
D) oxygen.
E) temperature.

Question 15

Those organisms that can swim strongly against ocean currents are called:

A) plankton.
B) neuston.
C) nekton.
D) macroplankton.
E) epifauna.

Question 16

Phytoplankton patchiness in the epipelagic can occur when:

A) water clarity declines.
B) there is an influx of nutrients.
C) surface waters plunge to depths.
D) fish aggregate.
E) hydrothermal vents erupt.

Question 17

Archaeans and bacteria are generally included in the:

A) seston.
B) tripton.
C) bacterioplankton.
D) viriplankton.
E) pleuston.

Question 18

Plankton that can be caught with a standard plankton net are called:

A) nanoplankton.
B) picoplankton.
C) microplankton.
D) megaplankton.
E) gigaplankton.

Question 19

Macroplankton are organisms visible to the naked eye and generally exceed ____ in size.

A) 5 mm
B) 1 mm
C) 5 mm
D) 10 mm
E) 10 cm.

Question 20

All the following are used to classify plankton except:

A) taxonomic groups.
B) functional groups.
C) life history.
D) light spectrum requirements.
E) size.

Question 21

Those organisms that live only part of their life history as plankton are called:

A) meroplankton.
B) holoplankton.
C) nanoplakton.
D) seston.
E) pleuston.

Question 22

To avoid sinking the purple sea snail

A) uses jet propulsion from the mantle to move upward.
B) has wings on its foot for swimming.
C) has gas vacuoles in its shell.
D) produces a bubble raft surrounded by mucus.
E) fills its liver with low-density oil.

Question 23

All of the following are adaptations of tuna for fast swimming except:

A) warmer than ambient body temperature.
B) retractable pectoral fins.
C) rounded tail.
D) operculum that lies tightly against the body.
E) sickle-shaped tail.

Question 24

The deep scattering layer refers to:

A) an area where organisms are spread apart in a random manner.
B) a dense aggregation of migratory zooplankton and fish.
C) a safe area where zooplankton can quickly scatter to avoid predators.
D) where sonar from whales travels rapidly to facilitate their communication.
E) the abyssal zone.

Question 25

Water comprises at least ____ of the body of salps.

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 25%
D) 70%
E) 95%

Question 26

Megaplanktonic molluscs without a shell are called:

A) cephalopods.
B) thecosome pteropods.
C) gymnosome pteropods.
D) nudibranchs.
E) oceanic limpets.

Question 27

Common megaplankton of the open ocean include all but

A) cnidarians.
B) mollusks.
C) gelatinous zooplankton.
D) diatoms.
E) salps.

Question 28

Those organisms that remain planktonic for their whole lives are called:

A) meroplankton.
B) holoplankton.
C) nanoplankton.
D) seston.
E) nekton.

Question 29

Nutrient-rich microenvironments can occur in the open ocean around:

A) viriplankton.
B) discarded larvacean houses.
C) marine snow.
D) b and c

Question 30

The primary reason for the daylight migration of many pelagic animals to deeper waters is:

A) escape from visual predators.
B) escape from the harmful effects of the sun.
C) preference for the colder waters of the deep.
D) the abundance of food in deeper waters.

Question 31

Common nekton include

A) tuna.
B) billfish.
C) jelly fish.
D) both a and b
E) both b and c

Question 32

Gymnosome pteropods are primarily

A) herbivores.
B) carnivores.
C) detritovores.
D) omnivores.
E) filter feeders.

Question 33

All of the following are adaptations against predation in the open ocean except:

A) transparent bodies.
B) colorful bodies.
C) colonial lifestyles.
D) countershading.
E) silvery coloration.

Question 34

Each day the animals of the deep scattering layer

A) must form mucus nets to protect themselves from predators.
B) make a nocturnal migration to the DSL to feed.
C) make a nocturnal migration to the epipelagic to feed.
D) make a daytime migration to the epipelagic to feed.
E) migrate to a depth of 1.6 km to feed.

Question 35

An example of mesoplankton would be

A) larval fishes.
B) Sargassum seaweed.
C) invertebrate larvae.
D) green flagellates.
E) bacteria.

Question 36

Salps play an important ecological role as consumers of:

A) bacteria.
B) diatoms.
C) krill.
D) fish larvae.
E) jellyfish.

Question 37

All of the following are adaptations against sinking in the open ocean except:

A) long spines and projections.
B) lipid droplets.
C) dense tissues.
D) gas bladders.
E) small size.

Question 38

Thecosome pteropods are primarily

A) herbivores.
B) carnivores.
C) detritovores.
D) omnivores.
E) scavengers.

Question 39

The primary organisms that make up the deep scattering layer are:

A) zooplankton and fishes.
B) phytoplankton.
C) seston.
D) nanoplankton.
E) marine snow animals.

Question 40

Pelagic snails that produce a bubble raft in order to remain afloat are

A) pteropods.
B) purple sea snails.
C) cowries.
D) littorine snails.
E) abalone.

Question 41

Which organism is considered part of the nekton?

A) frigate bird
B) penguin
C) cormorant
D) snowy plover
E) albatross

Question 42

MATCHING
Match the organism group with its most closely associated classification group.
a.Kinetic plankton
b.Bacterioplankton
c.Macroplankton
d.Meroplankton
Classified by taxonomic group

Question 43

Squids are dominant nektonic predators in the open ocean.

Question 44

Pyrosomes are gelatinous zooplankton composed of a colony of individual pelagic tunicates.

Question 45

Which fish can grow to weigh a ton, and is known for high levels of internal and external parasites?

A) billfish.
B) skipjack tuna.
C) ocean sunfish.
D) great white shark.
E) pilot fish.

Question 46

Many zooplankton migrate daily from the DSL to the epipelagic zone.

Question 47

Physically, the open ocean is a very stable environment.

Question 48

Which non-mammal organism has a connection to supply nutrients to developing embryos similar to the mammals?

A) sea snake
B) sea turtles
C) hammerhead shark
D) manta ray
E) sea turtle

Question 49

Marine snow is an important source of food for many pelagic organisms.

Question 50

The manta ray feeds on:

A) larger fish.
B) surface and diving birds.
C) squid.
D) small fish and plankton.
E) other rays.

Question 51

MATCHING
Match the organism group with its most closely associated classification group.
a.Kinetic plankton
b.Bacterioplankton
c.Macroplankton
d.Meroplankton
Classified by motility

Question 52

Bacteria play an insignificant role in the pelagic realm.

Question 53

MATCHING
Match the organism group with its most closely associated classification group.
a.Kinetic plankton
b.Bacterioplankton
c.Macroplankton
d.Meroplankton
Classified by size

Question 54

Because zooplankton do not need sunlight they tend to be most concentrated in deeper waters away from the surface.

Question 55

Salps and amphipods of the genus Phronima have a commensal symbiosis.

Question 56

The body temperature of tunas is 8-10° C higher than ambient water temperature.

Question 57

Match the organism group with its most closely associated classification group.
a.Microplankton
b.Holoplankton
c.Nekton
d.Viriplankton
Life history

Question 58

Coastal upwelling is a common source of nutrients in the open ocean.

Question 59

MATCHING
Match the organism group with its most closely associated classification group.
a.Kinetic plankton
b.Bacterioplankton
c.Macroplankton
d.Meroplankton
Classified by life history

Question 60

Match the organism group with its most closely associated classification group.
a.Microplankton
b.Holoplankton
c.Nekton
d.Viriplankton
Spatial distribution

Question 61

Match the organism group with its most closely associated classification group.
a.Microplankton
b.Holoplankton
c.Nekton
d.Viriplankton
Size

Question 62

Match the characteristic with the most closely associated organism.
a.winged, shell absent
b.winged, small shell
c.bubble raft
Purple sea snail

Question 63

Match the size with the most closely associated plankton type.a.2.0 mm
b.0.02 mm
c.200 mm
d.20 mm
Macroplankton

Question 64

Match the characteristic with the most closely associated organism.
a.winged, shell absent
b.winged, small shell
c.bubble raft
Thecoscome pteropod

Question 65

Match the size with the most closely associated plankton type.

-Femtoplankton

A)0.02 $\mu$ m
B)2.0 $\mu$ m
C)0.2 $\mu$ m

Question 66

Match the phenomena with a closely associated term.
a.aggregations of nekton
b.migratory zooplankton
c.marine snow
Macropatchines

Question 67

Match the characteristic with the species.
a.lack swim bladder
b.cartilage layer
c.lack teeth
d.viviparous
Tuna

Question 68

Match the location with its most closely associated group.
a.entire life in water column
b.part of life in water column
c.animals live at or near the surface
Neuston

Question 69

Match the characteristic with the most closely associated organism.
a.winged, shell absent
b.winged, small shell
c.bubble raft
Gymnosome pteropod

Question 70

Match the characteristic with the species.
a.lack swim bladder
b.cartilage layer
c.lack teeth
d.viviparous
Hammerhead Shark

Question 71

Match the organism group with its most closely associated classification group.
a.Microplankton
b.Holoplankton
c.Nekton
d.Viriplankton
Taxonomic group

Question 72

Match the size with the most closely associated plankton type.a.2.0 mm
b.0.02 mm
c.200 mm
d.20 mm
Mesoplankton

Question 73

Match the size with the most closely associated plankton type.

-Picoplankton

A)0.02 $\mu$ m
B)2.0 $\mu$ m
C)0.2 $\mu$ m

Question 74

Match the characteristic with the species.
a.lack swim bladder
b.cartilage layer
c.lack teeth
d.viviparous
Billfish

Question 75

Match the size with the most closely associated plankton type.

-Nanoplankton

A)0.02 $\mu$ m
B)2.0 $\mu$ m
C)0.2 $\mu$ m

Question 76

Match the phenomena with a closely associated term.
a.aggregations of nekton
b.migratory zooplankton
c.marine snow
Deep scattering layer

Question 77

Match the size with the most closely associated plankton type.a.2.0 mm
b.0.02 mm
c.200 mm
d.20 mm
Megaplankton

Question 78

Match the characteristic with the species.
a.lack swim bladder
b.cartilage layer
c.lack teeth
d.viviparous
Ocean Sunfish

Question 79

Match the size with the most closely associated plankton type.a.2.0 mm
b.0.02 mm
c.200 mm
d.20 mm
Microplankton

Question 80

Match the phenomena with a closely associated term.
a.aggregations of nekton
b.migratory zooplankton
c.marine snow
Micropatchiness