Deck 15: Section 2: Predicting Violent Behavior: the Psychology of Risk Assessment

Question 1

The majority of harassment cases do not make it to court. Of those that go forward to court and are litigated, only about one _____ of decisions are made in favor of the plaintiff, or the alleged victim.

A) tenth
B) quarter
C) third
D) half

Answer 1

third

Question 2

It is often difficult to take a precise look at how much sexual harassment takes place on the job. One reason, according to the text, is that when asked about such past events, victims create reports that might be biased because of:

A) social desirability bias.
B) the interviewer's poor interviewing skills.
C) distorted memories.
D) confusion about the interview's purpose.

Answer 2

distorted memories.

Question 3

According to the text, legal, permissible sexual behavior in the workplace is _____ illegal sexual harassment. The cases that end up in court involve especially _____.

A) much more common than; severe or prolonged harassment
B) much more common than; inappropriate language
C) equally as common as; severe or prolonged harassment
D) equally as common as; inappropriate language

Answer 3

much more common than; severe or prolonged harassment

Question 4

Another form of harassment is when a work environment is so contentious that victims cannot carry out their job responsibilities. This type of sexual harassment is referred to as:

A) hostile environment.
B) discrimination based on gender.
C) quid pro quo harassment.
D) consensual relationship.

Question 5

Studies have shown that the most likely targets of harassment are:

A) attractive young men.
B) young, unmarried women.
C) divorcees.
D) minorities.

Question 6

The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was established to enforce Title VII (Civil Rights Act of 1964). This commission states that employers have an obligation to maintain a particular work environment whereby employees are free from:

A) intimidation, threat, or bullying.
B) harassment, intimidation, or insult.
C) insult, harassment, or stalking.
D) insult, intimidation, or offensive language.

Question 7

When women are victimized by other women, such harassment appears to occur only about _____ of the time.

A) 10%
B) 5%
C) 2%
D) 0.5%

Question 8

When men are victimized by harassment, the harassing behavior is more likely to come:

A) from another man, rather than a woman.
B) from a female supervisor.
C) from a female subordinate.
D) from a female equal.

Question 9

Surveys of federal employees over a period of several years found that approximately _____ of women and _____ of men claimed to have experienced sexual harassment within 2 years prior to the study.

A) 65%; 11%
B) 15%; 42%
C) 42%; 15%
D) 11%; 35%

Question 10

In terms of sexual harassment, an explicit exchange, where a threat against a job or promotion is made unless the victim complies sexually, is called:

A) hostile environment.
B) discrimination based on gender.
C) quid pro quo harassment.
D) consensual relationship.

Question 11

Two basic forms of sexual harassment at work were identified by:

A) Howard Smith.
B) Peter Glick.
C) Susan Fiske.
D) Catherine MacKinnon.

Question 12

The sexual discrimination law is an amendment to:

A)the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
B)the Don't Ask Don't Tell policy.
C)the Bill of Rights.
D)the Right to Vote Act.

Question 13

Courts have emphasized that employers have a responsibility to assure harassment is not part of their overall environment. This means that employers need to:

A) prevent harassment.
B) correct harassment.
C) both prevent and correct harassment.
D) avoid situations of conflict.

Question 14

When determining whether a particular behavior is offensive, a judgment needs to be made as to whether others in the same situation would have considered the environment as hostile. This standard is referred to as the:

A) consensual relationship agreement.
B) disparate treatment standard.
C) interpersonal justice standard.
D) reasonable person standard.

Question 15

According to the text, older judges generally rule in favor of the _____, whereas younger judges tend to rule in favor of the _____.

A) plaintiff; defendant
B) defendant; plaintiff
C) corporations; small businesses
D) small businesses; corporations

Question 16

5%

Question 17

Among the military, the rate of reported harassment was about_____ for females and about _____ for males.

A) 40%; 30%
B) 15%; 50%
C) 20%; 5%
D) 60%; 25%

Question 18

The development of the sexual discrimination laws is the result of:

A) a sincere effort to maintain equality.
B) a ploy to dissuade enough support for the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
C) the hippie movement.
D) the push for gender equality.

Question 19

Overall, research has shown that women are more likely than men to be the victims of sexual harassment. According to the text, women experience harassment _____ times more often than men.

A) 1 to 2
B) 3 to 4
C) 5 to 6
D) 7 to 8

Question 20

It has been found that in jobs dominated by men, women are _____ to experience sexual harassment when compared to other working groups.

A) less likely
B) more likely
C) equally as likely as men
D) similarly likely

Question 21

Unfortunately, the facts of the case are not the only things that determine the outcome. The text notes that it is often the character or perceived character of both parties that influences the outcome of a case. Making it even more complex is the personal characteristics of the judge. Among the personal characteristics of the judge that appear to make the most impact are:

A) years on the bench and age.
B) age and religious persuasion.
C) political orientation and religion.
D) age and political orientation.

Question 22

Ginger had been victimized by sexual harassment by her co-worker for over six months. She had tried to appease the harasser, attempted to avoid him, but eventually filed an internal complaint. Her form of coping is known as:

A) externally focused coping.
B) transference.
C) internally focused coping.
D) projection.

Question 23

Studies found that several conditions are crucial for reducing stereotyping and prejudice. All of the following conditions reduce stereotypes EXCEPT:

A) One-on-one interactions between members of different groups.
B) Increased competition between members of different groups.
C) Cooperation between members of different groups in reaching superordinate goals.
D) Local social norms must encourage inter-group contact and equal treatment.

Question 24

Ben felt that he should have received more money for his efforts and he followed an established procedure to appeal his case to the supervisor, detailing the amount of work done and his contributions to the final product. Ben's ability to participate in the process of reward distribution decisions is an example of:

A) distributive justice.
B) procedural justice.
C) interpersonal justice.
D) equal-status contact.

Question 25

How people actually think and behave is of utmost importance to psychologists. This is particularly true when considering how fairness is assessed. For example, Francisco worked twice as many hours as Ben did and so Francisco got paid twice what Ben got paid. This type of relationship between contributions to an effort and the obtained rewards refers to:

A) distributive justice.
B) procedural justice.
C) interpersonal justice.
D) equal-status contact.

Question 26

The Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education resulted in _____, which led to a(n) _____, according to a comprehensive review of research.

A) desegregation of black and white students; increase in prejudice
B) desegregation of black and white students; decrease in prejudice
C) mainstreaming of disabled students; decrease in prejudice
D) mainstreaming of disabled students; widely positive response from both blacks and whites

Question 27

Judges that have been appointed by a Democratic president tend to support:

A) defendants.
B) corporations.
C) plaintiffs.
D) male victims.

Question 28

As a result of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), discrimination based on which of the following characteristics is illegal?

A) Age.
B) National origin.
C) Disability.
D) All of these are legally protected against discrimination.

Question 29

There are some practices that result in discrimination but may not look discriminatory at first glance. If a company only hires family members and family friends, it may systematically exclude some racial or ethnic groups inadvertently. This type of situation results in:

A) adverse impact.
B) disparate treatment.
C) failure to provide "reasonable" accommodation.
D) cold workplace environment

Question 30

Sexually harassing behaviors may be attributed to a range of motives. According to the text, job type may be a component of how and why harassment occurs. For example, positions considered traditionally held by women may contribute to harassment because they elicit protectiveness and _____. Conversely, for women in jobs historically held by men, the harassment is linked to _____ a female coworker's job performance.

A) a desire for intimacy; defining
B) domination; interfering with
C) "putting her in her place"; dominating
D) sexual attention; undermining

Question 31

Under current law, plaintiffs in sexual harassment cases must prove that _____ occurred and that it produced _____.

A) sexual harassment; physical symptoms
B) emotional distress; physical symptoms
C) sexual harassment; harm
D) emotional distress; posttraumatic stress disorder

Question 32

A study of hiring found _____. However, when two candidates had similar qualifications, _____.

A) no overt prejudice against black candidates; hiring managers deferred their decisions to their superiors to avoid being accused of racism
B) overt prejudice against black candidates; hiring managers deferred their decisions to their superiors to avoid being accused of racism
C) overt prejudice against black candidates; hiring managers couldn't help but hire the black candidate
D) no overt prejudice against black candidates; hiring managers gave preference to the white candidate

Question 33

When fostering inter-group cooperation, it is essential to work towards achieving common goals. Goals that are considered important to both groups are referred to as _____ goals.

A) equal-status contact
B) collaborative
C) superordinate
D) norming

Question 34

Regarding judgments about fairness, we tend, as a group, to feel some level of distress when not getting as much as we think we deserve. Conversely, individuals seldom have any sense of concern when getting more than is deserved. Interestingly though, males and females differ in their applications of principles of fairness. According to the text, when asked to work as long as they think is fair for a set amount of money, women worked _____ than their male counterparts. Women also tend to _____ when dividing the money between themselves and a co-worker.

A) 20-25% longer; give themselves more
B) 20-25% less; give themselves less
C) 20-25% longer; give everybody an equal amount
D) 20-25% less; give themselves more

Question 35

One of the norms of distributive justice is _____, which is the concept that rewards are to be distributed according to each individual's contributions to the group.

A) the principle of need
B) equality
C) unanimity
D) equity

Question 36

A meta-analysis of approximately 70,000 people demonstrated that those who are targets of harassment develop a variety of symptoms. Their problems might include:

A) physical symptoms.
B) emotional distress.
C) posttraumatic stress disorder.
D) All of these could result from sexual harassment.

Question 37

According to the text, personal characteristics of a judge altered the probability of a specific decision in sexual harassment cases by approximately:

A) 10%.
B) 30%.
C) 50%.
D) 80%.

Question 38

When an employer treats some workers less favorably as a result of a personal characteristic, such as race or ethnicity, such behavior constitutes:

A) adverse impact.
B) disparate treatment.
C) failure to provide "reasonable" accommodation.
D) cold workplace environment.

Question 39

Reasonable accommodations are required by employers to permit employees to work effectively despite their disabilities. Under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), reasonable accommodations are required to be made:

A) regardless of the situation.
B) unless there is nobody available to enforce them.
C) unless the accommodations cause undue hardship on the employer.
D) only for those disabilities that are included in a special addendum to ADA.

Question 40

In instances in which employees feel they are being treated unfairly, they generally try to:

A) work harder.
B) prove themselves more worthy.
C) quit.
D) "get even."

Question 41

Research has identified two basic forms of coping for victims of sexual harassment. One form of coping entails a victim blaming herself or trying to ignore the behavior altogether. This type of coping is referred to as:

A) externally focused coping.
B) transference.
C) internally focused coping.
D) projection.