Deck 3: Body Basics

Question 1

Digestion and absorption are different names for the same process.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The amount of time it takes for food to travel the entire length of the

A) transit time.
B) transition time.
C) digestion time.
D) elimination time.
G)I. tract is called

Answer 2

A

Question 3

An example of an accessory organ in the digestive system is the

A) pancreas.
B) small intestine.
C) large intestine.
D) stomach.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Bioavailability is the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed into the blood or lymphatic system.

Question 5

The mass of food that the tongue pushes to the pharynx in the first phase of swallowing is called

A) a bolus.
B) a moistened mass.
C) a digestion end product.
D) chyme.

Question 6

You can determine the number and types of atoms in a molecule using

A) the periodic table.
B) the molecular formula.
C) the Internet.

Question 7

Water-soluble nutrients are absorbed into the lymph while fat-soluble nutrients are absorbed into the blood.

Question 8

Active transport requires energy because it involves the movement of a substance across a membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration.

Question 9

The four different types of tissue contained in the human body include all of the following except:

A) epithelial.
B) neural.
C) connective.
D) globular.

Question 10

Energy is produced in an organelle called

A) the mitochondrion.
B) the Golgi apparatus.
C) the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
D) the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 11

Osmosis is the movement of a substance across a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Question 12

Peristalsis is the

A) wavelike muscular contractions that propel food from one region of the GI tract to the next.
B) process of chewing food.
C) process of churning food in the stomach.
D) final muscular movement that results in the elimination of waste.

Question 13

Digestion of foods is required so that absorption of nutrients can happen.

Question 14

Which of the following lists best describes the levels of organization in the body, from smallest to largest?

A) Atoms, molecules, macromolecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
B) Molecules, atoms, macromolecules, tissues, cells, organs, organ systems
C) Organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, macromolecules, molecules, ions
D) Ions, macromolecules, tissues, organ systems, organs

Question 15

Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are examples of an inflammatory bowel disease.

Question 16

An ion is a positively or negatively charged atom.

Question 17

Digestion refers to

A) the chemical breakdown of foods that happens in the mouth, esophagus, and stomach.
B) the breakdown of foods into a form that can be absorbed.
C) the transfer of nutrients from the small intestine into the blood.
D) the process of solid waste elimination.

Question 18

The cephalic phase of digestion describes a response that

A) stimulates of the muscles in the GI tract.
B) triggers the release of substances that facilitate chemical breakdown of food.
C) can be initiated by the thought, smell, or sight of food.
D) All of the above

Question 19

Homeostasis is maintained through the coordination of the nervous system and the endocrine system.

Question 20

The sole function of saliva in digestion is to moisten food so that it is easier to swallow.

Question 21

Factors that influence bioavailability of a nutrient include all of the following except:

A) physiological conditions.
B) certain medications.
C) other dietary components.
D) one's heart rate while eating.

Question 22

Prebiotic foods

A) contain live bacterial cultures.
B) are usually fiber rich and can stimulate the growth of bacteria in the large intestine.
C) provide precursors to bacteria to initiate colonization of the colon.
D) are low-fiber foods like yogurt.

Question 23

Bacteria present in the large intestine

A) are called the intestinal pathogenic load.
B) are a sign of illness.
C) help to maintain a healthy environment in the colon.
D) consist of large population of a single species of bacteria.

Question 24

Secretions from the pancreas and gallbladder enter the small intestine in the

A) duodenum.
B) jejunum.
C) ileum.
D) pyloric sphincter.

Question 25

The esophagus is a muscular tube that

A) produces digestive enzymes.
B) is the site of some nutrient absorption.
C) transports a bolus of food from the mouth to the stomach.
D) is joined to the stomach by the pyloric sphincter.

Question 26

Bile is secreted by the

A) pancreas.
B) stomach.
C) small intestine.
D) gallbladder.

Question 27

The first segment of the small intestine is called the

A) duodenum.
B) jejunum.
C) ileum.
D) colon.

Question 28

Carrier-mediated transport that requires energy is an example of

A) an active transport mechanism.
B) a passive transport mechanism.
C) facilitated transport.
D) simple diffusion.

Question 29

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can be a painful condition causing a burning sensation in the chest. It is caused by

A) a failure of the gastroesophageal sphincter to close completely.
B) a failure of the gastroesophageal sphincter to open completely.
C) a failure of the pyloric sphincter to close completely.
D) poor peristalsis in the esophagus.

Question 30

Anabolic pathways are metabolic pathways that

A) release energy from the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules.
B) use energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones.
C) generate waste products for excretion.
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Question 31

Osmosis differs from simple diffusion because

A) osmosis describes water's movement across membranes, while simple diffusion describes the movement of substances across membranes.
B) in osmosis, water is moving to a high concentration of dissolved substances, while in simple diffusion, substances are moving to an area of lower concentration.
C) There is no difference; they are equivalent.
D) A and B

Question 32

Metabolism is defined as

A) the sum of chemical processes that occur within a living cell to maintain life.
B) the release of energy from the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules.
C) the use of energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones.
D) the generation of waste products for excretion.

Question 33

The consistency of feces depends mainly on

A) water content.
B) presence of bacteria.
C) the amount of dead cells.

Question 34

Active and passive transport mechanisms differ because

A) active transport requires energy whereas passive transport does not.
B) active transport does not require energy whereas passive transport does.
C) active transport is used for nutrients while passive transport is used for all other substances.
D) passive transport is normally used for all substances; active transport is only used under extreme conditions.

Question 35

Catabolic pathways are metabolic pathways that

A) release energy from the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules.
B) use energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones.
C) generate waste products for excretion.

Question 36

The colon is the site of absorption of

A) prebiotics.
B) probiotics.
C) water and electrolytes.
D) undigested matter.

Question 37

Nutrient absorption takes place in the epithelial cells that line the outer surface of villi. Nutrients are transferred from the cells to the blood or the lymphatic circulation via

A) capillaries and lacteals contained in each large fold of the intestinal lining.
B) capillaries and lacteals contained in each villus.
C) capillaries and lacteal contained in each microvillus.

Question 38

Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates the release of gastric juice and causes the wall of the stomach to contract vigorously. Gastrin is released in response to

A) the presence of food in the mouth.
B) the presence of food in the esophagus.
C) the presence of food in the stomach.
D) the presence of food in the small intestine.

Question 39

The difference between simple and facilitated diffusion is that

A) facilitated diffusion requires energy while simple diffusion does not.
B) facilitated diffusion requires a carrier molecule while simple diffusion does not.
C) facilitated diffusion results in the exchange of substances across a membrane, while simple diffusion does not.
D) None of the above

Question 40

The pyloric sphincter allows

A) food to enter the stomach.
B) food to leave the stomach.
C) food to enter the large intestine.
D) food to leave the duodenum.

Question 41

Energy-yielding nutrients store energy in their chemical bonds. In order for cells to convert that stored energy into ATP, the nutrients must be transformed through the activity of

A) digestion.
B) absorption.
C) catabolic pathways.
D) anabolic pathways.

Question 42

After chyme leaves the stomach and enters the duodenum, the duodenum is protected from the acidic chyme because

A) bicarbonate secreted by the pancreas neutralizes the chyme.
B) bile secreted by the gallbladder neutralizes the chyme.
C) enzymes secreted in the duodenum degrade the acid.
D) None of the above because the chyme is not terribly acidic when it leaves the stomach

Question 43

During finals week your friend is worried about managing her 5 final exams and she is complaining about cramping, bloating, and diarrhea all related to lower GI tract discomfort. She has never experienced this before. Your friend is likely experiencing

A) GERD.
B) ulcerative colitis.
C) irritable bowel syndrome.
D) a flare-up of Crohn's disease.

Question 44

The characteristic folds of the lining of the small intestine allow for increased surface area to promote absorption. Another aspect of the intestinal lining that increases surface area is the presence of

A) villi.
B) microvilli.
C) cilia.
D) All of the above
E) A and B

Question 45

The symptoms of gastroesophogeal reflux disease (GERD) can be relieved by

A) consuming large meals.
B) avoiding certain types of food, such as fried foods.
C) consuming caffeinated beverages.
D) avoiding treatment.

Question 46

Gallstones can interfere with the normal flow of bile and can cause a great deal of pain. Removing the gallbladder is one method to treat gallstones. What potential problem might arise if the gallbladder is removed?

A) Absorption of fat-soluble nutrients could be impaired.
B) Absorption of water-soluble nutrients could be impaired.
C) Release of pancreatic secretions into the duodenum could be impaired.
D) The duodenum could be damaged.

Question 47

In contrast to diarrhea, constipation

A) results from reduced extraction of water from feces in the colon.
B) results from quicker transit time through the colon.
C) results in watery feces.
D) results in hard, dry fecal matter, making elimination difficult.

Question 48

Catabolic pathways that require oxygen are referred to as _____. Catabolic pathways that can function with low levels of oxygen are called _____.

A) aerobic, anaerobic
B) anaerobic, aerobic
C) energy producing, energy requiring
D) energy requiring, energy producing

Question 49

Cellular waste products must be readily excreted in order for the body to remain healthy. The waste products that accumulate can be actively excreted by all of the following organs except:

A) the kidneys.
B) the lungs.
C) the skin.
D) the hair.

Question 50

Water-soluble nutrients are transported in the _____ when they leave the gastrointestinal tract, whereas fat-soluble nutrients are transported in the _____ when they leave the gastrointestinal tract.

A) blood, lymph
B) lymph, blood
C) urine, feces
D) blood, blood (There is no difference.)

Question 51

The purpose of mucus secretion by stomach cells is

A) to protect the stomach against damage from destructive chemicals secreted in gastric juice.
B) to initiate the digestion of foods.
C) to anchor foods against the stomach wall.
D) unknown.

Question 52

Nutrient absorption is best defined as the transfer of nutrients

A) from the lumen of the small intestine into blood or the lymph.
B) from the lumen of the small intestine into mucosal cells.
C) from the stomach into the small intestine.
D) from the small intestine into the large intestine.

Question 53

The symptoms associated with inflammation of the intestinal lining include

A) weight loss.
B) diarrhea.
C) fatigue.
D) diminished appetite.
E) All of the above

Question 54

When a person with celiac disease consumes gluten, it can damage the absorptive surface of the small intestine. This can lead to

A) poor absorption of nutrients.
B) malnutrition.
C) nutritional deficiencies.
D) All of the above

Question 55

The rate of gastric emptying can be increased by consuming

A) solid foods.
B) high-fat foods.
C) small meals.
D) large meals.