Deck 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

The ability to focus cognitive activity on the important elements of a problem or situation is known as

A) myelinization.
B) selective attention.
C) association areas.
D) spatial cognition.

Answer 1

selective attention.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT an example of a derived word?

A) meaningless
B) vacation
C) unambiguous
D) illegible

Answer 2

vacation

Question 3

Which of the following statements is true about overweight and obesity rates in childhood?

A) Most overweight babies become overweight adults.
B) Being overweight in middle childhood significantly increases the likelihood of being overweight as an adult.
C) Adult obesity patterns are set more in adolescence than in other developmental stages.
D) Most overweight and obese children lose weight by adolescence.

Answer 3

Being overweight in middle childhood significantly increases the likelihood of being overweight as an adult.

Question 4

Which of the following is an accurate statement about weight issues in middle childhood?

A) Obesity most likely results from a genetic predisposition that promotes overeating.
B) Most children who are overweight in middle childhood will become average-weight adults.
C) Increasing a child's level of exercise and changing their eating habits will not overcome obesity in adulthood, because metabolic rates change throughout the lifespan.
D) Fear of developing an unattractive body may lead some children to diet or to become dissatisfied with their weight and physical appearance.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about girls' and boys' physical development during middle childhood?

A) Boys perform better than girls in activities that require strength and speed.
B) Girls are more advanced than boys in skeletal and muscular maturation, which makes girls more coordinated.
C) Girls are more advanced than boys in their rate of growth in height.
D) Boys are more advanced than girls in the development of fine motor coordination.

Question 6

Among school-aged children,the most significant health risks are associated with

A) accidents and obesity.
B) infectious diseases such as colds and influenza.
C) stress.
D) environmental toxins and pollutants.

Question 7

As a result of development of the cerebral cortex in middle childhood,children show advancements in

A) language skills.
B) eye-hand coordination.
C) logic, planning, and attention.
D) regulation of emotion.

Question 8

To be considered overweight,Body Mass Index (BMI)must be above the ________ for a child's sex and age.

A) 75th percentile
B) 85th percentile
C) 95th percentile
D) 97th percentile

Question 9

Researchers who have studied the effects of video games on children's development have noted that all the following are associated with playing video games EXCEPT

A) improved spatial perception skills.
B) increased emotional hostility.
C) increased aggressive behaviour.
D) enhanced verbal skills.

Question 10

Which of the following statements is true regarding weight loss diets for children?

A) Children can follow the same weight loss diets as adults.
B) Increased daily exercise should eliminate the need for a diet.
C) Obese children require special diets developed and supervised by nutritional experts.
D) Restricted calorie diets are never recommended due to the fact that children are still growing and have special nutritional needs.

Question 11

Research suggests that obesity likely results from a combination of factors.All of which include the following EXCEPT

A) genetics
B) playing video games
C) parental misperceptions in noticing and identifying obesity in their children
D) socioeconomic status

Question 12

During middle childhood,a major growth spurt in the brain involves

A) the limbic system and the cranial nerves.
B) the cerebellum.
C) the cerebral cortex.
D) synaptogenesis and myelinization.

Question 13

To be considered obese,Body Mass Index (BMI)must be above the ________ for a child's sex and age.

A) 55th percentile
B) 65th percentile
C) 85th percentile
D) 95th percentile

Question 14

Which of the following concepts does not belong with the others?

A) lateralization
B) spatial perception
C) relative right-left orientation
D) aggression

Question 15

In Canada,the reduction in accident rates among young children is associated with

A) media awareness campaigns.
B) reduced physical activity among children.
C) improved parental supervision and parenting practices.
D) improved social monitoring through schools, children's aid societies, etc.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT an example of the language achievements that first occur during middle childhood?

A) the use of words that are derived from basic words by adding a prefix or a suffix
B) the ability to convince others through polite persuasion
C) the creation of complex sentences that include inflections
D) the use of correct forms of past tense and proper descriptions of events that occurred in the past

Question 17

When you imagine how a room would look with the furniture arranged differently,you are using

A) selective attention.
B) association areas.
C) spatial perception.
D) relative right-left orientation.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a cognitive function that improves significantly as a result of brain growth and development in middle childhood?

A) selective attention
B) information-processing speed
C) logic
D) person perception

Question 19

In Canada,unintentional injury is the most common cause of death in children aged 5 to 9 years old,accounting for approximately ____% of fatalities.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true regarding obesity research?

A) Genetics contribute to obesity.
B) Epigenetic factors have more of an impact than genetic factors.
C) Overeating is less important than genetic predisposition.
D) Gender is a risk factor for obesity.

Question 21

In support of the hypothesis that improved processing efficiency accounts for cognitive development,researchers have found that children's thinking and response time

A) are more determined by genetic factors than by environmental factors.
B) get faster with age.
C) are determined by abilities to accommodate and assimilate new schemes.
D) are slower with maturation and increased experience.

Question 22

If Alec understands class inclusion,then he understands

A) what grade he will be in at school.
B) conservation of volume.
C) that the task of cleaning his room also includes taking his dirty clothes to the laundry.
D) that squirrels are mammals and that mammals are animals.

Question 23

The information-processing view of children's cognitive development in middle childhood includes all of the following components EXCEPT

A) acquisition of automaticity.
B) accommodation of new schemes.
C) increased processing efficiency.
D) expanded expertise.

Question 24

When children understand that Chihuahuas and great Danes are both dogs and that dogs are also animals,they are demonstrating the cognitive skill known as ________.

A) class inclusion.
B) conservation.
C) reversibility.
D) deductive logic.

Question 25

A child who understands conservation of mass or volume would,of necessity,understand

A) egocentrism.
B) reversibility.
C) animism.
D) metaphors and analogies.

Question 26

A child's ability to apply cognitive skills,such as reversibility or class inclusion,to a variety of problems or situations is called

A) processing efficiency.
B) automaticity.
C) horizontal decalage.
D) metacognition.

Question 27

According to Robert Siegler,children's cognitive development occurs as a result of

A) improved operational efficiency and expanded short-term storage capacity.
B) children's physical development and improved motor skills.
C) improvements in metacognition.
D) the acquisition of basic rules that are then applied to new problems on the basis of experience.

Question 28

Which of the following represents the key contrast between Piaget's and Siegler's views on children's cognitive development?

A) horizontal decalage versus relative left-right orientation
B) age versus experience
C) metacognition versus executive processes
D) processing efficiency versus short-term storage capacity

Question 29

Concrete operations permit children to understand

A) language.
B) their own metacognitions.
C) person perception.
D) relations among objects.

Question 30

When the teacher asked,"How many metres is 300 centimetres?" Carmen answered "three" without having to pause to compute the number of centimetres in a metre.Carmen's skill is an example of the cognitive ability of

A) metacognition.
B) mnemonics.
C) elaboration.
D) automaticity.

Question 31

Inductive logic is

A) the ability to use experience to create a general principle.
B) the ability to understand another person's perspective.
C) the understanding that superficial changes to the appearance of an object do not change the essence or the reality of the object.
D) the ability to use a general principle to predict a specific outcome.

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of Robert Siegler's observations of children's problem-solving abilities?

A) When very young children eventually develop a rule for problem-solving, the rule will evaluate or take into account only one dimension of the problem they are attempting to solve.
B) Children acquire strategies or rules for problem-solving by experiences such as trial-and-error and experimentation.
C) Children follow a logical sequence in their development of rules for problem-solving, and the rate at which they move through the sequence is dependent upon their experiences.
D) Cognitive development occurs as children experience progressively more complex educational demands and challenges within a formal setting.

Question 33

Which of the following is the best example of a child's use of inductive logic?

A) Wing's mother showed him an apple cut into two pieces and an apple cut into four pieces and asked him which one was more apple. Wing was able to reply correctly, "They are the same."
B) Marcel has learned that he is better at language arts than math, so he has to spend more time and work harder on his math lessons.
C) Imani has learned that if he is kind and cooperative with his peers, they will be nice to him.
D) Beverly's assignment in language arts class was to write a paper about what her life would be like if she were a boy.

Question 34

"Knowing about knowing" is called ________ by cognitive researchers.

A) expertise
B) inductive logic
C) automaticity
D) metacognition

Question 35

Most developmental psychologists agree that the basis of children's cognitive development is

A) the capacity of long-term memory.
B) the ability to develop and employ rules and strategies for problem-solving.
C) increases in processing efficiency with age.
D) the age at which executive processes are developed.

Question 36

In Robert Siegler's research on problem-solving,children who use the preoperational-like Rule I

A) take into account only one dimension of a problem.
B) can use a formula to systematically compare relevant factors.
C) can evaluate the merits of abstract proposals.
D) calculate and estimate using multiple dimensions or characteristics.

Question 37

Deductive logic is

A) the enhanced ability to see another's perspective or point of view.
B) reasoning based on hypothetical premises that requires the ability to use a general principle to predict a specific outcome.
C) understanding that both physical actions and mental operations can be reversed.
D) the ability to analyze one's memory skills and develop a strategy to remember more facts or dates.

Question 38

Which of the following is the best example of a child's use of deductive logic?

A) Sam's mother showed him an apple cut into two pieces and an apple cut into four pieces and asked him which one was more apple. Sam was able to reply correctly, "They are the same."
B) Yousef has learned that if he is kind and cooperative with his peers, they will be nice to him.
C) Muhammed has learned that he is better at language arts than math, so he has to spend more time and work harder on his math lessons.
D) For her assignment in language arts class, Lateefah wrote a paper about what her life would be like if she were a boy.

Question 39

Which one of the following questions would be asked by developmental psychologists who use the information-processing perspective to understand children's cognitive development?

A) What cognitive structures are common to all children?
B) How does the efficient use of short-term memory capacity change with age?
C) How do children's developing sensory capabilities and improving motor skills support their cognitive development?
D) How does one child's cognitive ability compare to or differ from the average cognitive abilities of other children of the same age?

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT an example of what Piaget termed "concrete operations"?

A) reversibility
B) automaticity
C) serial ordering
D) multiplication

Question 41

In middle childhood,development of the ability to read well would be least influenced by

A) strategies for writing.
B) spatial cognition.
C) phonological awareness.
D) automaticity for symbol-sound connections.

Question 42

The cause or source of learning disabilities is LEAST likely to be

A) genetic factors.
B) social-cognitive factors, such as modelling of ineffective reading or learning strategies.
C) subtle neurological problems.
D) general problems with understanding the sounds and structure of language.

Question 43

Sam has ADHD.His teacher includes lots of activities,role plays,games,and organizing tools to help Sam stay focused and learn the material in a way that helps him.These instructional changes to help Sam are called

A) IEPs.
B) program modifications.
C) program accommodations.
D) balanced learning strategies.

Question 44

When children receive instruction in how sounds correspond to letters,they are being taught

A) the balanced approach to reading.
B) basic phonics.
C) logic and comprehension strategies.
D) mnemonics.

Question 45

Daniel Goleman's theory of emotional intelligence relates all of the following components to the achievement of intellectual potential EXCEPT

A) the capacity to channel one's emotions into the pursuit of worthwhile goals.
B) the ability to express one's emotions appropriately.
C) awareness of one's own emotions.
D) sensitivity to the moods, emotions, and needs of others.

Question 46

Which psychologist does not belong with the others in this list?

A) Robert Sternberg
B) Jean Piaget
C) Howard Gardner
D) Daniel Goleman

Question 47

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the effect of schooling on children's cognitive development in middle childhood?

A) The rate of progression through the concrete operational stage does not predict how well children will reason in adolescence and childhood.
B) School experiences are linked to the emergence of advanced cognitive skills over and above normal maturation.
C) The rate of cognitive development doesn't matter, so long as everyone gets to the same place developmentally.
D) Unschooled children are also no less proficient at generalizing a learned concept or principle to some new setting.

Question 48

Robert Sternberg would say that a child who knows the best soil and weather conditions for planting a vegetable crop would have ________ intelligence.

A) experiential
B) perceptual
C) componential
D) contextual

Question 49

Which of the following is a component of Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?

A) componential intelligence
B) experimental intelligence
C) related intelligence
D) perceptual intelligence

Question 50

Zana,age 8,knows everything there is to know about Egypt.She loves to read about the pyramids,pharaohs,burial rites,and so forth.Zana's passion about Egypt has allowed her to accumulate "expert" knowledge on the subject.All of the following statements about the effects of expertise are true EXCEPT:

A) Age differences in strategy use or memory ability disappear when the younger child has more expertise than the older.
B) Using advanced information-processing skills in their areas of expertise helps children's general memory and reasoning abilities.
C) Children's capacity for creativity increases with knowledge they have about a topic.
D) The amount of knowledge a child possesses greatly affects the efficiency of her information-processing system.

Question 51

A child who can tell you what study methods work best for different subjects or what subjects are hardest for her to learn would be displaying

A) expertise.
B) metacognition.
C) deductive logic.
D) automaticity.

Question 52

During the middle childhood years,the focus of education is

A) problem-solving.
B) socialization of the child as a productive citizen.
C) developing strategies to improve processing efficiency.
D) the ability to read and write.

Question 53

When Jim and his friends want to build a treehouse,it is Jim who figures out the strategies for getting the building materials up into the tree.Robert Sternberg would say that Jim is demonstrating ________ intelligence.

A) contextual
B) componential
C) experiential
D) perceptual

Question 54

In Canadian school systems,disorders such as ADHD,autism,deafness,gifted intellectual ability,blindness,and so forth are categorized as

A) learning disabilities.
B) pervasive developmental disorders.
C) exceptionalities.
D) bio-neurological disorders.

Question 55

To help himself remember the tools he was to take to his father,Antonio repeated the five-item list over and over,under his breath.This is an example of an information-processing strategy known as

A) mnemonics.
B) elaboration.
C) organization.
D) rehearsal.

Question 56

Information-processing psychologists now believe that an individual's information-processing skills may depend greatly on

A) family upbringing.
B) the quality and quantity of relevant information stored in long-term memory.
C) gender.
D) the age of the individual.

Question 57

To help himself remember the names of the planets in the order of their distance from the sun,Ali uses the first letter of the name of each planet to create a nonsense word.This is an example of an information-processing strategy known as

A) rehearsal.
B) inductive reasoning.
C) mnemonics.
D) systematic searching.

Question 58

According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences,the ability to be sensitive to the behaviour,moods,and needs of others is an example of the ________ type of intelligence.

A) naturalist
B) intrapersonal
C) bodily kinesthetic
D) interpersonal

Question 59

According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences,a child who could distinguish the patterns of leaf growth on several different types of trees would possess a ________ type of intelligence.

A) naturalist
B) interpersonal
C) linguistic
D) spatial

Question 60

In Canada,the frequency of the use of standardized achievement tests has

A) decreased.
B) increased substantially for all school-aged children.
C) decreased in favour of increased use of projective tests.
D) stayed the same.

Question 61

When treating a child with ADHD,it can be said that medication can help with all of the following concerns to some degree EXCEPT

A) to reduce the child's activity level.
B) to help control the child's impulses.
C) to improve the child's grades in school.
D) to improve the child's social behaviour.

Question 62

By age 7,studies demonstrate that children grasp conservation of mass or substance.

Question 63

Improvements in logic and planning during middle childhood occur as a result of growth of the frontal lobes of the brain.

Question 64

What statement about learning disabilities (LD)is true?

A) LD is clearly defined, understood, and supported through consistent special education policies across Canada's provinces and territories.
B) To receive a diagnosis of LD, a child must have average or above intellectual functioning.
C) LD is a very precise disorder with very specific symptoms and criteria that define it.
D) Consensus among the scientific community has determined that LD is a non-genetic disorder.

Question 65

An education program that is set up to teach English to children part of the day and also teach some academic subjects only in English is called a(n)

A) bilingual education program.
B) submersion language program.
C) inclusive education program.
D) English as a second language program.

Question 66

Parents who want to help an obese child lose weight should put the child on a weight-loss diet.

Question 67

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the impacts or benefits of learning another language?

A) It instills an appreciation for another culture.
B) It encourages children to be more open minded.
C) It delays the onset of dementia.
D) It enhances verbal language skills in both languages but does not increase written language skills.

Question 68

Limited English proficient (LEP)students do not have a greater rate of school failure as long as

A) parents also receive instruction in English.
B) their school attendance is regular.
C) schools provide some transition to English-only instruction.
D) they enter English school at an early age.

Question 69

Researchers have found that early French immersion education has what effect on students' academic achievements?

A) Their spoken language skills improve but their written language skills suffer.
B) Their English language skills suffer.
C) Their language and thinking skills improve.
D) As teens, they speak French better than English.

Question 70

Two major growth spurts take place during middle childhood.The first takes place between the ages of 6 and 8,and the second growth spurt takes place between the ages of 10 and 12.

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT a problem or difficulty that children who have ADHD are likely to experience?

A) disruptive behaviour that causes rejection by peers
B) ineffective parenting
C) poor grades on messy schoolwork
D) unregulated weight gain as a result of ADHD medications

Question 72

Researchers in Ontario have been investigating the association between sleep problems and ADHD.Which is NOT a finding of their study?

A) ADHD children display more movement in their sleep.
B) ADHD children "sleep walk" more during sleep.
C) ADHD children display instability in sleep onset.
D) ADHD children display instability in sleep duration.

Question 73

Boys tend to achieve fine motor coordination more rapidly than girls do.

Question 74

Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence proposes 8 types of intelligence.They are

A) linguistic, logical, musical, spatial, bodily kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, and intrapersonal
B) linguistic, deductive, musical, spatial, bodily kinesthetic, emotional, interpersonal, and intrapersonal
C) linguistic, inductive, musical, spatial, bodily kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, and intrapersonal
D) inflective, logical, musical, spatial, bodily kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, and intrapersonal

Question 75

Which statement is true regarding heritage languages in Canada?

A) Passing on language and culture (heritage) is the responsibility of the individual or family.
B) Aboriginal people have a well-defined system for preserving their cultural heritage and languages.
C) Governments must preserve heritage languages through legislation and protective policies.
D) The Canadian government's concern is English proficiency not heritage-language proficiency.

Question 76

Ali has a learning disability.To help her be successful,Ali has reduced assignments in her English and social studies classes.This type of change to help Ali is called

A) inclusive learning programming.
B) program modification.
C) program accommodation.
D) balanced learning strategies.

Question 77

Regarding causes of ADHD,which statement is most accurate?

A) Causes are unknown.
B) Right-brain functional deficits cause ADHD.
C) Sleep disruption patterns cause ADHD.
D) Environmental toxins cause ADHD.

Question 78

During middle childhood,girls have better fine motor coordination than boys because girls' muscles mature more rapidly than boys' muscles.

Question 79

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder has been differentiated into two types on the basis of children's

A) self-regulation and social skills.
B) school performance and self-regulation skills.
C) social skills and activity level.
D) activity level and ability to sustain attention.

Question 80

What percentage of elementary school children served by the Toronto District School Board have a language other than English as their first language?

A) 26%
B) 65%
C) 41%
D) 53%