Deck 2: Genetics and Prenatal Development

Question 1

How many chromosomes from each pair of chromosomes are generally inherited from the father?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The human body contains how many chromosomes?

A)23
B)46
C)69
D)92

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Jill's mother was an All-American in the 1500m and qualified for the Olympic team in the marathon.Jill is a freshman in high school and does not think that she will need to train to become a member of the school's cross country team.Jill keeps telling you that her mother was a great runner,so she will also be a great runner.What do you think?

A)She is correct; she will be a great runner no matter what she does.
B)It is unlikely that Jill even has the genotype for running.
C)Jill might have the genotype for running ability,but she will need to train become a great runner.
D)Jill has also inherited the genes for superior intelligence.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

An individual's complete genetic makeup is his or her ____.

A)genotype
B)phenotype
C)allele
D)reaction range

Question 5

According to the text,chromosomes are composed of complex molecules known as _____.

A)nucleotides
B)genes
C)DNA
D)RNA

Question 6

A person's characteristics are known as his or her ____.

A)phenotype
B)genotype
C)chromosomes
D)DNA

Question 7

The difference between an individual's genotype and its expression in his or her phenotype is a consequence of the person's ____.

A)genes
B)DNA
C)environment
D)parents

Question 8

The totality of an individual's genes is referred to as his or her ____.

A)phenotype
B)genotype
C)inheritance
D)environment

Question 9

The average human cell has ____ chromosomes.

A)42
B)46
C)23
D)26

Question 10

The characteristics of an individual's genetic material are referred to as his or her _____.

A)phenotype
B)genotype
C)inheritance
D)environment

Question 11

Fred was born into a family with high musical talent.Both of his parents were professional musicians who encouraged and fostered his musical development.Throughout childhood,he practiced the guitar whenever he could and eventually became a professional musician himself.Which of the following best describes Fred's genotype?

A)Fred's musical genes
B)Fred's musical talent
C)Fred's nurturing parents
D)Fred's musical genes and musical talent

Question 12

How many nucleotide pairs comprise the human genome?

A)100,000
B)150 million
C)3 billion
D)5 trillion

Question 13

Chromosomes are composed of complex molecules known as ____.

A)DNA
B)nucleotide pairs
C)genetic
D)dominant recessives

Question 14

Chromosomes are organized into segments called ____.

A)DNA
B)RNA
C)genes
D)nucleotides

Question 15

Alejandro was born into a family with high musical talent.Both of his parents were professional musicians who encouraged and fostered his musical development.Throughout childhood,he practiced the guitar whenever he could and eventually became a professional musician himself.Which of the following best describes Alejandro's phenotype?

A)Alejandro's musical genes
B)Alejandro's musical talent
C)Alejandro's nurturing parents
D)Alejandro's practice of the guitar

Question 16

Approximately how many genes comprise the human genome?

A)10,000
B)23,000
C)50,000
D)100,000

Question 17

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A)23
B)46
C)69
D)92

Question 18

Genes contain ____.

A)protein segments
B)nucleotides
C)fatty cells
D)chromosomes

Question 19

Genes contain paired sequences of chemicals called ____.

A)genes
B)RNA
C)DNA
D)nucleotides

Question 20

A person's ____ is / are their genetic makeup,whereas a person's ____ is / are their characteristics.

A)phenotype; genotype
B)genotype; phenotype
C)nucleotides; DNA
D)DNA; nucleotides

Question 21

What recessive disorder results in non-normal shaped blood cells that clog up blood vessels and cause pain,increased susceptibility to disease,and early death?

A)Tay-Sachs
B)trisomy-21
C)sickle-cell anemia
D)malaria

Question 22

If a fetus has the sex chromosomes XX,its genotype is ____.

A)female
B)male
C)undetermined
D)dimorphic

Question 23

On every pair of chromosomes there are how many forms of each gene?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 24

What type of gene,if it is present,will be expressed in the phenotype?

A)recessive gene
B)dominant gene
C)expressed gene
D)controller gene

Question 25

Jill's mother and father both have brown eyes,yet she has blue eyes.She has come to believe that she is not her parents' actual biological daughter.What would you tell her?

A)Her mother and father probably carry the recessive trait for blue eyes.
B)She is correct; there is no way that she would have blue eyes if she were really her parents' biological daughter.
C)Blue eyes are dominant,so her parents should have blue eyes too.
D)Only the environment determines eye color once the fetus has been born.

Question 26

Sickle-cell anemia is an evolutionary defense against what disease?

A)sickle-cell trait
B)malaria
C)smallpox
D)Nile fever

Question 27

If having more than five fingers occurs because of a dominant gene,what needs to happen for a person to have more than five fingers?

A)A person must have that dominant gene.
B)A person must have two recessive genes.
C)The gene must mutate.
D)Both dominant genes must be present.

Question 28

Which of the following is an example of an incomplete dominant inheritance?

A)Down syndrome
B)Fragile X
C)sickle-cell anemia
D)HIV

Question 29

Single gene pairs play a crucial role in development.However,it is more common that developmental outcomes occur because of the interaction of multiple genes.This is known as _____.

A)inheritability
B)polygenic inheritance
C)bimodal inheritance
D)single dominance

Question 30

What is occurring when the phenotype is influenced primarily but not exclusively by the dominant gene?

A)expression of the dominant gene
B)expression of the recessive gene
C)incomplete dominance
D)failure of expression

Question 31

The chromosomes that determine if a fetus will be male or female are known as the _____.

A)sex chromosomes
B)gender chromosomes
C)male chromosomes
D)female chromosomes

Question 32

If the fetus has the sex chromosomes XY,its genotype is _____.

A)female
B)male
C)undetermined
D)dimorphic

Question 33

Thomas's biological mother and father are both gifted athletes.He was adopted by a couple who had no interest in him being involved in sports.Although Thomas likely inherited athletic ability,it was never expressed in his _____.

A)genotype
B)phenotype
C)genes
D)alleles

Question 34

If the gene for curly hair is dominant and the gene for straight hair is recessive,from a dominant-recessive pairing,which of the following would be an individual's phenotype?

A)straight hair
B)curly hair
C)dominant-recessive
D)their complete genetic makeup

Question 35

Characteristics such as height,weight,and skin color are made up of a ____.

A)homogenetic inheritance
B)heterogenetic inheritance
C)dominant-recessive inheritance
D)polygenetic inheritance

Question 36

In a dominant-recessive pairing,which of the following genes would be expressed in a person's phenotype?

A)the dominant
B)the recessive
C)the dominant-recessive pairing
D)it is too complicated to know which genes will be expressed

Question 37

Who is most likely to have sickle-cell anemia?

A)European and European Americans
B)Hispanics and Hispanic Americans
C)Asians and Asian Americans
D)Africans and African Americans

Question 38

For a recessive gene to be expressed in the phenotype,it must be paired with a ____.

A)dominant gene
B)recessive gene
C)expressed gene
D)controller gene

Question 39

How would you create an individual who will definitely have blue eyes?

A)Make sure they have a pair of homogenous chromosomes for blue eyes.
B)Make sure they have a pair of heterogenous chromosomes for blue eyes.
C)Make sure they have a pair of alleles for eye color.
D)Make sure they have 1 recessive gene for blue eyes.

Question 40

Each form of a gene that is contained within a chromosome is referred to as a ____.

A)dominant gene
B)recessive gene
C)allele
D)single gene

Question 41

Why are males more likely to have X-linked inherited disorders?

A)If the X chromosome contains the recessive gene for the disorder,their Y chromosome has no dominant gene to prevent it.
B)They are generally more immature at birth.
C)Androgen is a hormone that causes disorders to occur.
D)If the Y chromosome does not develop properly,the genes on this chromosome cannot prevent the disorder from occurring.

Question 42

All eggs contain which sex chromosome?

A)X
B)Y
C)O
D)None

Question 43

According to ancient Chinese folklore,how can one predict if they are having a boy?

A)If the mother's age and the month of conception are both even or odd.
B)If a woman is carrying her pregnancy low in her abdomen.
C)If her right breast is larger than her left.
D)If craves salty and sour food.

Question 44

According to your text,what have researchers concluded about the nature-nurture debate in terms of development?

A)Genetics is more important.
B)Environment is more important.
C)Both are important.
D)Genetics is more important in infancy and environment in childhood.

Question 45

Who is more affected by X-linked inherited disorders?

A)females
B)males
C)children under one year of age
D)adults with mutations

Question 46

All ova,a female reproductive egg,are ____.

A)X chromosome
B)Y chromosome
C)XY chromosome
D)XX chromosome

Question 47

Your older brother has a friend who was angry with his wife because they have two sons and he wanted to have a daughter.He thought that she was responsible for having two boys rather than a boy and a girl.What would you tell your brother?

A)His friend was correct,she was purposefully having sons instead of a daughter.
B)It was not anyone's "fault," but the sperm determined the sex of the offspring.
C)It was not anyone's "fault" even though her ova determined the sex of the offspring.
D)Sex of the offspring is determined by day of the week.They both should have known what day they were trying to conceive.

Question 48

A person with an XY pairing of chromosomes is a ____,whereas a person with an XX pairing of chromosomes is a ____.

A)male; female
B)female; male
C)homogenetic inheritance; polygenetic inheritance
D)polygenetic inheritance; homogenetic inheritance

Question 49

Why are males more susceptible to X linked disorders?

A)Because males have an XX pairing of chromosomes; therefore,this increases their odds of a disorder.
B)Because males have an XY pairing of chromosomes and the Y chromosome is more likely to host a genetic disorder.
C)Because most genetic disorders are connected to the dominant gene and since men have an XY pairing a disorder is more likely to be expressed.
D)Because males have one X chromosome,and if a recessive gene for a disorder is present,he does not have another X chromosome that may contain a dominant gene to block its expression.

Question 50

What determines the sex of the offspring?

A)the ovum
B)the first sperm cell to arrive at the ovum
C)egg rearrangement at fertilization
D)the time of the monthly cycle when fertilization occurs

Question 51

While having a conversation with a friend who is pregnant,she says to you that because she is "carrying high" she will have a girl.Based upon the textbook,which of the following statements are you thinking?

A)There is no scientific evidence to support her belief.
B)There are countless research studies that support her belief.
C)Statistically speaking,she is
D)She is wrong,a pregnant woman who is "carrying high" a more likely to be carrying a boy.

Question 52

Which of the following is an example of an X-linked inheritance disorder?

A)autism
B)Down syndrome
C)hemophilia
D)Turner's syndrome

Question 53

Who are generally carriers of X-linked disorders?

A)females
B)males
C)individuals who have been exposed to teratogens
D)individuals with a trisomy

Question 54

Of the following,which best describes the Y chromosome?

A)The Y chromosome is bigger than the X chromosome.
B)The Y chromosome contains about 30% less genetic material than the X chromosome.
C)The Y chromosome is responsible for determining the sex of the child.
D)There are no differences between the Y chromosome and the X chromosome.

Question 55

Nature is to ____ as nurture is to ____.

A)conditioning; learning
B)learning; conditioning
C)environment; genetics
D)genetics; environment

Question 56

Your friend has hemophilia and was worried that he could pass it to his offspring when he had children.What would you tell him?

A)He is probably correct,he will pass hemophilia on.
B)Hemophilia is an X-linked disorder and it would be impossible for him to pass it to any male offspring.It would be possible for his female offspring to be carriers,though.
C)X-linked disorders are not inherited; he has no worries
D)Since he has hemophilia,he is probably sterile and unable to father children.

Question 57

Which of the following is an example of an X-linked disorder?

A)schizophrenia
B)hemophilia
C)bipolar disease
D)enuresis

Question 58

Which of the two sex chromosomes is significantly smaller and contains approximately 30% less genetic material?

A)X
B)Y
C)O
D)They are both the same.

Question 59

What happens that determines the sex of the offspring?

A)The eggs or ovum contain the X chromosome and the sperm cells carry either the X or the Y.The sperm cell that is involved in fertilization determines the sex of the offspring.
B)The sperm cells all carry the X chromosome.The ovum contains both the X and Y,so it is the ovum that determines the sex of the offspring.
C)The ovum and sperm cells both carry X chromosomes.The placenta carries both the X and Y and it determines the sex of the offspring.
D)The ovum and the sperm cells both contain the X chromosome.During the course of fertilization either an X or a Y will be created,which determines the sex of the offspring.

Question 60

According to ancient Mayan folklore,how can one predict if they are having a girl?

A)if the mother's age and the month of conception are both even or odd
B)if a woman is carrying her pregnancy low in her abdomen
C)if her right breast is larger than her left
D)if craves salty and sour food

Question 61

Which question best captures the spirit of most individuals who study human development with regard to the nurture / nature question?

A)How do genes and environmental factors interact in the development of memory processes?
B)Which human behaviors are determined genetically,and which are determined by environmental factors?
C)At what age do environmental factors surpass genetic factors as most important in human development?
D)Which genes are responsible for childhood behavior,and which genes are responsible for adult behavior?

Question 62

If temperament were genetically based,which of the following would have the greatest degree of similarity?

A)monozygotic twins
B)dizygotic twins
C)parents and children
D)cousins

Question 63

____ is an estimate of the extent to which genes are responsible for the differences among persons within a specific population.

A)Heritability
B)Reaction range
C)Genetic ratio
D)Environmental coefficient

Question 64

A behavioral geneticist would use which of the following research methods to study the influence of genetics?

A)longitudinal studies
B)cross-sectional studies
C)quasi-experimental studies
D)twin and adoption studies

Question 65

According to your text,what percentage of variation of intelligence is estimated to be attributed to genetics?

A)25%
B)50%
C)75%
D)100%

Question 66

Professor Glossner proposes that the heritability of temperament is .80.Which of the following statements does Professor Glossner propose?

A)A large portion of temperament is determined by genetics.
B)A large portion of temperament is determined by environment.
C)80% of temperament is determined by the X chromosome.
D)20% of temperament is determined by the X chromosome.

Question 67

Monozygotic (MZ)twins are also known as _____.

A)fraternal twins
B)identical twins
C)dizygotic twins
D)conjoined twins

Question 68

What type of study allows researchers to study whether certain behaviors or traits are more closely related to their genetics or their environment?

A)genetics
B)temperament
C)chromosomal
D)adoption

Question 69

What field is concerned with the question of how much genes influence development?

A)embryology
B)behavior genetics
C)developmental psychology
D)genetics

Question 70

What measure allows researchers to estimate not just genetic influence,but of how much the environment allows the genes to be expressed?

A)genetic correlation
B)heritability estimate
C)concordance rate
D)chromosomal correction

Question 71

What is the name of the statistic that ranges from 0 to 1.00 and is used to estimate the degree to which genes are responsible for differences among people from a specific population?

A)genetic correlation
B)heritability estimate
C)concordance rate
D)chromosomal correction

Question 72

What percentage of their genes do monozygotic twins have in common?

A)40%
B)60%
C)80%
D)100%

Question 73

The heritability estimate ranges from ____.

A)1 to 100
B)0 to 1.00
C)1 to 5
D)0 to 20

Question 74

Which of the following have a 100% genetic similarity to each other?

A)brother and sister
B)dizygotic twins
C)cousins
D)monozygotic twins

Question 75

Which the following statements best describes the nature-nurture debate?

A)Most characteristics develop solely from nature or nurture,but not both.
B)Most characteristics develop from a combination of nature and nurture.
C)Most characteristics develop from only nature.
D)Most characteristics develop from only nurture.

Question 76

Your friend's mother is extremely intelligent.As a result,even though he usually does OK in school (2.8 GPA),he is convinced that he is a genius.What do you think?

A)Heritability estimates for intelligence are .50,so he is probably overestimating his intelligence.
B)He is definitely correct; he is likely a genius.
C)Actually,children of intellectually gifted adults are usually much lower in intelligence.
D)With a 2.8 GPA,he must be

Question 77

Which of the following have a 40 to 60% similarity of genetic inheritance?

A)identical twins
B)fraternal twins
C)cousins
D)adopted siblings

Question 78

What percentage of their genes do dizygotic twins have in common?

A)100%
B)70 to 90%
C)40 to 60%
D)10 to 30%

Question 79

You are pushing a stroller that has two babies in it.One boy,dressed in blue,and one girl,dressed in pink.Someone stops you tells you how beautiful your baby boy and girl are.Then they ask if they are "identical twins." You tell them they are not,but what are you thinking?

A)It is impossible to have identical twins of different sexes.
B)They could be identical; that was a great question.
C)Fraternal twins are usually both girls.
D)Fraternal twins are usually both boys.

Question 80

Dizygotic (DZ)twins are also known as _____.

A)fraternal twins
B)identical twins
C)monozygotic twins
D)conjoined twins