Deck 10: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Dr.Ligorano has devoted his professional life to researching the desires and needs that energize and direct behavior.His area of research has obviously been:

A) emotion.
B) cognition.
C) motivation.
D) self-actualization.

Answer 1

motivation.

Question 2

A drive refers to:

A) a rigidly patterned and unlearned behavior characteristic of a species.
B) anything that is perceived as having positive or negative value in motivating behavior.
C) an aroused,motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need.
D) a positive or negative environmental stimulus.

Answer 2

an aroused,motivated state that is often triggered by a physiological need.

Question 3

The body's tendency to maintain a constant internal state is known as:

A) an incentive.
B) an instinct.
C) homeostasis.
D) arousal.

Answer 3

homeostasis.

Question 4

Loretta is walking to class on an extremely cold and windy day.Halfway there she is shivering so much that she begins to run in order to reach the warmth of her classroom sooner.Which theory most clearly explains Loretta's behavior by emphasizing the importance of homeostasis in motivation?

A) instinct theory
B) drive-reduction theory
C) arousal theory
D) hierarchy of needs theory

Question 5

Which of the following refers to a physiological state that usually triggers a state of motivational arousal?

A) need
B) homeostasis
C) drive
D) incentive

Question 6

"People have a sociability motive because interacting with others affords more opportunities to find a potential mate." This statement best illustrates the ________ theory of motivation.

A) drive-reduction
B) incentive
C) instinct
D) arousal

Question 7

A lack of sufficient oxygen intake is an example of a(n):

A) drive.
B) instinct.
C) need.
D) incentive.

Question 8

Instinct theory most clearly assumed that behavior is influenced by:

A) homeostasis.
B) self-esteem needs.
C) incentives.
D) genetic predispositions.

Question 9

Which of the following is most clearly NOT an example of an incentive?

A) social disapproval
B) a pornographic movie
C) a low blood glucose level
D) the smell of rotten eggs

Question 10

An instinctive behavior is one that:

A) is common to an entire species.
B) is unlearned.
C) is rigidly patterned.
D) has all of these characteristics.

Question 11

________ is the need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

A) Motivation
B) Emotion
C) Cognition
D) Instinct

Question 12

Lack of body fluids is to thirst as ________ is to ________.

A) motivation;emotion
B) need;drive
C) homeostasis;hunger
D) incentive;instinct

Question 13

It is characteristic of robins to build nests.This is an example of:

A) an incentive.
B) homeostasis.
C) a drive.
D) an instinct.

Question 14

Dr.Shen believes that the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs "pushes" us to behave in certain ways.Dr.Shen's views are most consistent with ________ theory.

A) instinct
B) drive-reduction
C) incentive
D) arousal

Question 15

An incentive is a:

A) rigidly patterned behavior characteristic of an entire species.
B) state of deprivation that triggers arousal.
C) positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.
D) state of arousal triggered by deprivation.

Question 16

Professor Sanchez explains to his class that our taste preferences have survival value and that certain helping behaviors may be genetically predisposed.Professor Sanchez is advocating the position taken by:

A) evolutionary psychology.
B) the Yerkes-Dodson law.
C) arousal theory.
D) drive-reduction theory.

Question 17

When you feel cold,you engage in behavior to reduce this unpleasant feeling,for example,by putting on your coat.This desire to reduce internal tension is a crucial aspect of ________ theory.

A) drive-reduction
B) arousal
C) instinct
D) incentive

Question 18

The term homeostasis literally means:

A) "common to all."
B) "unique to humans."
C) "staying the same."
D) "motivational dynamics."

Question 19

Contemporary psychologists are most likely to consider ________ to be a human instinct.

A) infant sucking
B) athletic skill
C) religious ritual
D) learned behaviors

Question 20

When we are too hot,we perspire in order to lower our body temperature and thereby:

A) preserve body warmth.
B) arouse drives.
C) maintain homeostasis.
D) create an incentive.

Question 21

The arousal theory of motivation would be most useful for explaining an infant's urge to:

A) cry.
B) sleep.
C) eat.
D) explore.

Question 22

Which theory best explains why sensation-seekers are motivated to engage in risky recreational behaviors such as mountain climbing?

A) instinct theory
B) drive-reduction theory
C) hierarchy of needs theory
D) arousal theory

Question 23

Jeff is a professional golfer.He has been disappointed with his recent performance,even though he feels really "psyched" to play.His sports psychologist tells him that he needs to reduce his arousal to a moderate level before he plays if he wants to improve his performance.Jeff's sports psychologist is basing his advice on:

A) drive-reduction theory.
B) instinct theory.
C) the Yerkes-Dodson law.
D) incentive theory.

Question 24

Dr.Chen believes that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of stimulation.When the level is too low,we try to increase it by seeking out stimulating experiences.When it is too high,we seek to reduce arousal in a less stimulating environment.Dr.Chen's views are most consistent with:

A) instinct theory.
B) arousal theory.
C) drive-reduction theory.
D) incentive theory.

Question 25

"A monetary bonus is obviously the best way to motivate someone to do a great job and take pride in their work." This statement best illustrates the concept of ________ in motivation.

A) incentives
B) self-actualization
C) drives
D) arousal

Question 26

Randy enjoys highly risky,exciting activities such as cliff diving and wind surfing.He is always looking for the next exciting adventure and is bored very easily.Randy is:

A) a sensation-seeker.
B) an instinct seeker.
C) seeking incentives.
D) self-actualized.

Question 27

The Yerkes-Dodson law refers to the tendency for optimal performance to be associated with:

A) homeostasis.
B) moderate arousal.
C) achievement motivation.
D) high arousal.

Question 28

A thick,juicy hamburger is to hunger as ________ is to ________.

A) need;drive
B) incentive;drive
C) homeostasis;thirst
D) incentive;instinct

Question 29

Danica's grades have recently dropped.She is reluctant to return a call from her parents because she is avoiding what will be a very unpleasant conversation.Danica's reluctance to call her parents can be explained by:

A) instinct theory.
B) incentive theory.
C) drive-reduction theory.
D) hierarchy of needs theory.

Question 30

The desire to avoid boredom is to ________ theory as the desire to drink when thirsty is to ________ theory.

A) arousal;drive-reduction
B) drive-reduction;arousal
C) arousal;incentive
D) incentive;humanistic

Question 31

The arousal theory of motivation would be most helpful for explaining why:

A) recreational skydivers jump out of airplanes.
B) hungry fishermen venture across dangerous ocean waters.
C) starving prisoners are preoccupied with thoughts of food.
D) sexually active teens learn to practice effective birth control.

Question 32

According to Maslow,our need for ________ must be met before we are prompted to satisfy our need for ________.

A) food;love
B) self-esteem;adequate clothing
C) self-actualization;economic security
D) self-transcendence;self-actualization

Question 33

The level of arousal typically associated with peak performance tends to be:

A) lower on easy tasks.
B) higher on difficult tasks.
C) higher on well-learned tasks.
D) lower on well-learned tasks.

Question 34

Lessening of internal tension would be most closely associated with which theory of motivation?

A) instinct theory
B) incentive theory
C) drive-reduction theory
D) hierarchy of needs theory

Question 35

Internal push is to external pull as ________ is to ________.

A) incentive;need
B) instinct;need
C) need;drive
D) need;incentive

Question 36

"Oh,man,that was awesome! Let's do it again!" Amelia said after skydiving.Which category of motivational theories would best explain Amelia's behavior?

A) arousal theory
B) incentive theory
C) drive-reduction theory
D) instinct theory

Question 37

The desire to avoid stress is to ________ theory as the desire to avoid boredom is to ________ theory.

A) arousal;incentive
B) instinct;drive-reduction
C) incentive;instinct
D) drive-reduction;arousal

Question 38

Professor Sanford explains that the need for physical safety must be met before city dwellers will be motivated to form close friendships with neighbors.Professor Sanford is providing an example of:

A) incentives.
B) a hierarchy of motives.
C) homeostasis.
D) drives.

Question 39

The influence of personal and cultural experience on our wants and desires can most clearly be seen in the influence of ________ on motivation.

A) instincts
B) homeostasis
C) incentives
D) self-esteem needs

Question 40

Lillian has the lead role in a high school play.According to the Yerkes-Dodson law,she is likely to perform ________ in the play if her physiological arousal during the performance is ________.

A) well;moderate
B) poorly;moderate
C) well;very low
D) well;very high

Question 41

When settling refugees in the United States,government officials have learned that placing them in an area populated by those of the same ethnic group reduces loneliness and depression.This technique is known as:

A) chain migration.
B) self-disclosure.
C) self-transcendence.
D) ostracism.

Question 42

Professor Fiekema claims that people are genetically predisposed to form social attachments because those who did were more likely to reproduce and co-nurture their offspring to maturity.The professor's suggestion best illustrates:

A) social networking.
B) narcissism.
C) that the need to affiliate has survival value.
D) achievement motivation.

Question 43

American and South Korean collegians indicated that the satisfaction of ________ were the top two contributors to their peak moment in the past week.

A) hunger and thirst
B) academic and work responsibilities
C) self-esteem and affiliation needs
D) sexual and recreational desires

Question 44

Children who move through a series of foster homes without a sense of belonging to anyone are most likely to have difficulty developing:

A) motivation to achieve.
B) narcissism.
C) deep attachments.
D) a hierarchy of needs.

Question 45

Ten-year-old Sandy's older sister Morgan excludes Sandy from playing games with her and her friends when the friends come to their house to play.Morgan's treatment of Sandy is an example of:

A) ostracism.
B) narcissism.
C) autonomy needs.
D) chain migration.

Question 46

Miguel wonders how his friend Diego can wake up at 5:00 every morning to swim laps before school.When he asks about it,Diego replies that he simply wants to realize his highest personal potential in swimming.Diego's explanation is most consistent with ________ theory of motivation.

A) instinct
B) drive-reduction
C) hierarchy of needs
D) arousal

Question 47

Professor Jenkins tells his class that "self-esteem matters most in individualist cultures" and that "people have starved themselves for certain causes." Professor Jenkins' statements provide examples of criticisms of which theory of motivation?

A) arousal theory
B) the Yerkes-Dodson law
C) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
D) instinct theory

Question 48

Abraham Maslow suggested that self-transcendence needs motivate people to strive for:

A) self-esteem.
B) self-actualization.
C) transpersonal meaning.
D) individuality.

Question 49

Eleven-year-old Stephanie is seeing the school counselor because she reported to her teacher that she feels rejected and lonely because she has no school friends.Stephanie is experiencing ________ caused by her lack of friendships.

A) affiliation
B) autonomy
C) competence
D) ostracism

Question 50

________ is the deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups.

A) Chain migration
B) Narcissism
C) Ostracism
D) Self-disclosure

Question 51

Self-esteem is especially likely to be enhanced by satisfaction of our need to experience:

A) ostracism.
B) social acceptance.
C) physical safety.
D) narcissism.

Question 52

Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that people are unlikely to be motivated to obtain ________ if they are deprived of ________.

A) sexual gratification;self-esteem
B) good grades in school;love and safety
C) food and shelter;political freedom
D) friendship and love;religious fulfillment

Question 53

Sheila is more fearful of loneliness than of remaining in a physically abusive relationship with her boyfriend.This best illustrates the potentially harmful impact of ________ needs.

A) achievement
B) affiliation
C) sexual
D) safety

Question 54

Home-life satisfaction is more strongly predictive of subjective well-being in wealthy nations than in poor ones.This fact would be most clearly anticipated by:

A) arousal theory.
B) hierarchy of needs theory.
C) instinct theory.
D) drive-reduction theory.

Question 55

Pictures of loved ones activate feelings of safety and dampen feelings of physical pain by activating the:

A) amygdala.
B) arcuate nucleus.
C) prefrontal cortex.
D) anterior cingulate cortex.

Question 56

Ostracism,which threatens our need to belong,is defined as:

A) excessive self-love and self-absorption.
B) a form of chain migration.
C) deliberate social exclusion of an individual.
D) a response to conformity.

Question 57

Those who trace the origins of social bonding to its survival value are most likely to agree that the need to belong is:

A) an incentive.
B) genetically influenced.
C) a sexual instinct.
D) Maslow's highest-level need.

Question 58

The anterior cingulate cortex shows increased activity in response to both physical pain and

A) ostracism.
B) narcissism.
C) self-transcendence.
D) self-disclosure.

Question 59

Abraham Maslow referred to the need to live up to one's fullest and unique potential as the:

A) needs hierarchy.
B) need to belong.
C) need for self-esteem.
D) need for self-actualization.

Question 60

Ian is the only man in an office of five women.The women frequently spend time in the break room discussing mutual interests,leaving Ian alone and with no one to talk to.Their treatment of Ian most clearly illustrates:

A) ostracism.
B) narcissism.
C) autonomy needs.
D) chain migration.

Question 61

In a series of experiments,participants were more likely to act in aggressive ways such as blasting people with noise following the experience of:

A) chain migration.
B) self-disclosure.
C) narcissism.
D) ostracism.

Question 62

Which of the following would be most likely associated with better grades and higher achievement in university students?

A) self-disclosure
B) self-transcendence
C) self-discipline
D) narcissism

Question 63

Carissa wants to gain control over her social media habits because her grades have recently dropped.Which of the following suggestions is NOT a reasonable,sustainable way of reducing her social media usage?

A) She should access her social media accounts only on weekends and holidays.
B) When studying,she should check her phone only once per hour.
C) She should keep a log of her time and decide if it reflects her grade priorities.
D) She should develop a time-controlled social media diet that she knows she can keep.

Question 64

Psychologists use the term hardiness to refer to:

A) resilience under stress.
B) passionate dedication.
C) narcissism.
D) ostracism.

Question 65

The passionate and persistent dedication to an ambitious long-term goal that is often demonstrated by those with high achievement motivation is most indicative of:

A) grit.
B) self-disclosure.
C) narcissism.
D) ostracism.

Question 66

Those who score high on tests of ________ offer more staged and glamorous photos of themselves on social networking sites like Facebook.

A) ostracism
B) competence
C) self-disclosure
D) narcissism

Question 67

The arcuate nucleus is located within the:

A) pancreas.
B) hypothalamus.
C) frontal lobes.
D) body's fat cells.

Question 68

Unlike intelligence scores,achievement scores do NOT

A) decrease with age.
B) remain the same throughout life.
C) increase with age.
D) distribute like a bell curve.

Question 69

Prisoners of war placed on a semistarvation diet in which their food intake is cut in half are likely to:

A) lose half their original body weight.
B) show an increased interest in sex and politics.
C) spend a great deal of time daydreaming about food.
D) do all of these things.

Question 70

Fourteen-year-old Paulina has joined Facebook but so far no one has "liked" her.Paulina is not having her need for ________ met.

A) affiliation
B) autonomy
C) competence
D) ostracism

Question 71

In looking at the relationship between hunger and conditions of the stomach,researchers have discovered that:

A) hunger cannot be experienced if one's stomach is full.
B) stomach contractions are necessary for experiencing hunger.
C) rats whose stomachs are removed continue to eat regularly.
D) humans and animals without stomachs lose the capacity to feel hungry.

Question 72

Andre has a very strong drive to be the best pianist in his music school.Andre's desire to pursue high standards and significant accomplishments is indicative of:

A) self-disclosure.
B) social leadership.
C) narcissism.
D) achievement motivation.

Question 73

When people are hungry,they ________ easily recall such feelings in their own past and they are ________ likely to perceive hunger as a driving force in other people's behavior.

A) more;less
B) less;more
C) more;more
D) less;less

Question 74

In the United States,excessive Internet socializing and gaming have been associated with:

A) chain migration.
B) ostracism.
C) lower school grades.
D) narcissism.

Question 75

The form of blood sugar that provides the major source of energy for body tissues is:

A) ghrelin.
B) insulin.
C) glucose.
D) serotonin.

Question 76

When Wong Chu was settled in the United States by a refugee resettlement agency,he was placed in an apartment complex with others from his country.This resettlement technique is called:

A) chain migration.
B) self-disclosure.
C) self-actualization.
D) ostracism.

Question 77

Jessica feels so self-important and is so self-focused that she unrealistically believes all of her teachers,classmates,and acquaintances are eager to read her hour-by-hour Facebook postings.Jessica best illustrates characteristics of:

A) chain migration.
B) ostracism.
C) self-disclosure.
D) narcissism.

Question 78

A small number of the contributors to any field typically produce a disproportionately large share of its accomplishments despite the fact that their less productive professional colleagues are fairly comparable in raw ability.This best illustrates the importance of:

A) affiliation motivation.
B) achievement motivation.
C) competence.
D) narcissism.

Question 79

When people communicate online rather than face to face,they are often ________ focused on others' reactions and ________ inhibited in their self-disclosure.

A) more;less
B) less;more
C) more;more
D) less;less

Question 80

Several neural areas within the ________ regulate the extent to which we are motivated to eat.

A) hypothalamus
B) medulla
C) amygdala
D) hippocampus