Deck 13: Multiple Choice

Question 1

When all external cues are removed,animals develop a free-running rhythm.The free-running rhythm of a human is:

A) 24 hours.
B) more than 24 hours.
C) less than 24 hours.
D) inconsistent and vastly different for all people.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Our biological rhythms are influenced by:

A) the earth orbiting around the sun.
B) the rotational axis of the planet.
C) light.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

When all external cues are removed (e.g. ,living in a dark,windowless basement)humans will start:

A) going to bed earlier and earlier every night.
B) going to bed later and later each night.
C) eating less and less.
D) There is no change in sleep-wake cycle.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

_____ is influenced by daily biorhythms.

A) Body temperature
B) Metabolic rate
C) Sexual drive
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 5

Which of the following is likely the most potent Zeitgeber?

A) eating times
B) darkness
C) light
D) temperature

Question 6

If sparrows are tested in constant light,their free-running periods are _____,whereas if they are tested in constant darkness,their free-running periods are _____.

A) more than 24 hours;less than 24 hours
B) less than 24 hours;more than 24 hours
C) absent;extended
D) extended;absent

Question 7

Eating behavior is an example of:

A) circadian rhythm.
B) ultradian rhythm.
C) infradian rhythm.
D) circannual rhythm.

Question 8

One of the most common treatments for the control of seasonal affective disorder is:

A) benzodiazepines.
B) white light.
C) seconal.
D) sodium amytal.

Question 9

The clock on most computers is continually updated and reset via an Internet connection to a time server.In this example the time server acts as a(n):

A) circadian rhythm.
B) Zeitgeber.
C) free-running rhythm.
D) infradian rhythm.

Question 10

Migratory cycles of birds are examples of:

A) circannual rhythms.
B) circadian rhythms.
C) ultradian rhythms.
D) infradian rhythms.

Question 11

Daily fluctuations in the rhythmical movement of plant leaves come from:

A) temperature changes.
B) conditions within the plant.
C) sunlight changes.
D) changes in the electromagnetic field.

Question 12

Cues that maintain rhythmicity are known as:

A) circadian rhythms.
B) cyclers.
C) pacemakers.
D) Zeitgebers.

Question 13

A biological clock that is entrained:

A) is a free-running rhythm.
B) has been reset by a Zeitgeber.
C) has been temporarily terminated by a hormonal change.
D) is the same as a sequence of rhythms.

Question 14

Ultradian rhythms have a period of _____,while infradian rhythms have a period of _____.

A) less than one day;more than one day but less than one year
B) more than one day but less than one year;less than one day
C) one day;less than one day
D) less than one day;one day

Question 15

A free-running rhythm is:

A) determined by temperature.
B) determined by light.
C) determined from within the body.
D) determined by temperature and light and from within the body.

Question 16

Diurnal is to nocturnal as:

A) night is to day.
B) sleep is to activity.
C) activity is to sleep.
D) day is to night.

Question 17

The time required for a complete cycle of activity is called a(n):

A) biological rhythm.
B) cycle.
C) period.
D) epoch.

Question 18

The day-night cycle that influences sleeping and waking is called:

A) circadian rhythm.
B) diurnal rhythm.
C) nocturnal rhythm.
D) metabolic rhythm.

Question 19

Which of the following would be the most effective treatment for your friend who seems to develop seasonal affective disorder during the winter?

A) alcohol
B) a high-carbohydrate diet
C) phototherapy
D) vitamin C

Question 20

Daily body-temperature changes are an example of:

A) circannual rhythm.
B) circadian rhythm.
C) ultradian rhythm.
D) infradian rhythm.

Question 21

Rhythmicity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus likely:

A) is learned.
B) originated elsewhere in the brain.
C) is genetically determined.
D) developed as the result of sunlight.

Question 22

Light information reaches the suprachiasmatic nucleus via the:

A) lateral geniculate pathway.
B) occipital cortex.
C) thalamic pathway.
D) retinohypothalamic pathway.

Question 23

Which of the following would describe the electrical activity of neurons in a rat's suprachiasmatic nucleus if it were removed and placed in a dish?

A) The rhythm of the neurons would speed up.
B) The rhythm of the neurons would slow down.
C) There would be no change in the rhythm of the neurons.
D) It would lose all rhythm.

Question 24

Shift workers (e.g. ,working 7 p.m.to 3 a.m. )tend to develop:

A) insomnia.
B) hypersomnia.
C) metabolic syndrome.
D) anxiety problems.

Question 25

If you separated the neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus,put them in a dish,and then recorded from the cells:

A) all rhythmicity would be gone.
B) each of the cells would have a slightly different rhythm.
C) all of the cells would have the same rhythm.
D) there would be no activity because all the inputs would be gone.

Question 26

David routinely works shift work (e.g. ,from 10 p.m.to 6 a.m. ).Recently he has noticed that he is gaining a lot of weight,is restless and irritable most of the time,and has had a lot of trouble sleeping.Given these symptoms David may have:

A) depression.
B) metabolic syndrome.
C) a vitamin D deficiency.
D) SAD.

Question 27

If a female rat is lesioned in the suprachiasmatic nucleus,so her behavior is no longer rhythmic,and she subsequently becomes pregnant,her pups will:

A) fail to develop a circadian rhythm.
B) have to learn rhythmic behavior by watching intact rats.
C) develop a normal circadian rhythm.
D) adopt nocturnal rhythms.

Question 28

Greg had a stroke in both sides of his occipital lobe and is now cortically blind.How will complete cortical blindness affect Greg's circadian rhythm?

A) His circadian rhythm will cease functioning and he will get his days and nights confused.
B) There will be no change in his circadian rhythm.
C) His circadian rhythm will speed up.
D) His circadian rhythm will slow down.

Question 29

Research has shown that Zeitgebers are most effective:

A) at sunrise.
B) at sunset.
C) during the night.
D) at sunrise and sunset.

Question 30

Morning light resets the biological clock by _____,whereas evening darkness resets the biological clock by _____.

A) moving it backward;moving it forward
B) moving it forward;moving it forward again
C) moving it backward;moving it backward again
D) moving it forward;moving it backward

Question 31

The suprachiasmatic nucleus is located in the:

A) optic chiasm.
B) thalamus.
C) hypothalamus.
D) cerebellum.

Question 32

Which of the following structures does NOT send inputs to the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A) intergeniculate leaflet
B) raphe nucleus
C) retinohypothalamic tract
D) tectopulvinar tract

Question 33

According to a study by Curt Richter,running,eating,and drinking no longer occurred at appropriate times following lesions to the:

A) orbitofrontal cortex.
B) thalamus.
C) hypothalamus.
D) tectum.

Question 34

The effects of lesioning the suprachiasmatic nucleus can be reversed by:

A) intense exposure to light.
B) electrical stimulation.
C) transplants of SCN cells.
D) stem cell transplants.

Question 35

The suprachiasmatic nucleus receives light-related inputs from retinal ganglion cells containing:

A) melanopsin.
B) rhodopsin.
C) retinol.
D) vitamin A.

Question 36

Cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus use the neurotransmitter _____ to help them act in synchrony.

A) dopamine
B) norepinephrine
C) glutamate
D) GABA

Question 37

The brain's master clock is housed in the:

A) pineal gland.
B) caudate nucleus.
C) pituitary gland.
D) suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Question 38

If inputs and outputs from the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)are severed,its neurons:

A) increase their rates of firing.
B) decrease their rates of firing.
C) cease firing altogether.
D) continue to fire at the same rate as before.

Question 39

Jet lag would be the worst if you were flying:

A) from Boston to London.
B) from Paris to Rome.
C) from London to New York.
D) from Paris to London.

Question 40

Steven is often referred to as a morning person because he wakes up at 5 a.m.and goes to sleep at 10 p.m. ,whereas Jennifer is described as a night owl because she wakes up at 10 a.m.but stays up until 3 a.m.Steven's and Jennifer's sleeping and waking habits may differ because of the differences in:

A) diet.
B) exercise.
C) suprachiasmatic nucleus core neurons.
D) suprachiasmatic nucleus shell neurons.

Question 41

The suprachiasmatic nucleus entrains slave oscillators via connection(s)with the:

A) thalamus.
B) hypothalamus.
C) pituitary.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 42

Which of the following sequences accurately depicts the process by which rhythms are linked to hormones?

A) suprachiasmatic nucleus,slave oscillators,hormone release
B) slave oscillators,suprachiasmatic nucleus,hormone release
C) hormone release,suprachiasmatic nucleus,slave oscillators
D) suprachiasmatic nucleus,hormone release,slave oscillators

Question 43

A waking EEG rhythm is the same as:

A) alpha rhythm.
B) beta rhythm.
C) delta rhythm.
D) theta rhythm.

Question 44

_____ promote(s)rest and relaxation,whereas _____ promote(s)arousal.

A) Glucocorticoids;melatonin
B) Melatonin;glucocorticoids
C) GABA;melatonin
D) Glucocorticoids;GABA

Question 45

Lesions to the suprachiasmatic nucleus:

A) abolish eating.
B) abolish sleep.
C) disrupt the timing of sleep and eating.
D) have no effect on either eating or sleeping.

Question 46

John is participating in a sleep study.While examining John's EEG pattern,the researcher notices that the waves are extremely regular,with a frequency of 7 to 11 Hz.Based on this observation the researcher can conclude that:

A) John is still wide awake and alert.
B) John is asleep.
C) John is dreaming.
D) John is awake but relaxed,with his eyes closed.

Question 47

The EEG patterns taken from skull recordings of REM sleep are characterized by:

A) low-frequency waves,as if the person were awake.
B) low-frequency waves similar to those found in stage 4 sleep.
C) high-frequency waves,as if the person were awake.
D) high-frequency waves similar to those found in stage 2 sleep.

Question 48

Sarah is participating in a sleep study.Although she appears to be sleeping,her EEG pattern exhibits fast brain wave activity,and the recording from the electrooculogram seems to indicate that she is moving her eyes.This suggests that Sarah:

A) is having a seizure.
B) is lying with her eyes closed and is relaxed but not actually sleeping.
C) has a sleep disorder.
D) is in REM sleep.

Question 49

Electrooculography (EOG)measures:

A) brain wave activity.
B) muscle activity.
C) eye movements.
D) heart rate.

Question 50

Eating,body temperature,and motor activity are hypothesized to be driven by:

A) pacemakers.
B) slave oscillators.
C) entrainment cells.
D) phase modulators.

Question 51

Melatonin is secreted by the:

A) suprachiasmatic nucleus.
B) pineal gland.
C) gonads.
D) hypothalamus.

Question 52

Electromyography (EMG)measures:

A) brain wave activity.
B) muscle activity.
C) eye movements.
D) heart rate.

Question 53

Rats trained to associate a particular place with the delivery of a small electric shock tend to show poorest recall for the association when they are tested at:

A) a consistent time of day.
B) varying times of day.
C) a consistent location.
D) both a consistent location and a consistent time of day.

Question 54

Sleep is commonly measured using an:

A) electroencephalograph.
B) electromyograph.
C) electrooculograph.
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 55

What is the correct order of EEG patterns,from lowest to highest frequency?

A) alpha,beta,delta
B) beta,alpha,delta
C) delta,alpha,beta
D) delta,beta,alpha

Question 56

Which of the following neural structures functions as a pacemaker?

A) lateral geniculate nucleus
B) amygdala
C) suprachiasmatic nucleus
D) hypothalamic nucleus

Question 57

Which of the following rhythms occurs during sleep?

A) alpha rhythm
B) beta rhythm
C) delta rhythm
D) theta rhythm

Question 58

The suprachiasmatic nucleus controls the release of the hormone(s):

A) melatonin.
B) glucocorticoid.
C) thyroid-stimulating hormone.
D) melatonin and glucocorticoid.

Question 59

Melatonin is released primarily during the _____ of the circadian cycle.

A) dark
B) light
C) midday portion
D) early morning portion

Question 60

Male hamsters who are exposed to _____ light levels have enlarged gonads,whereas male hamsters who are exposed to _____ light levels have smaller gonads.

A) increased;decreased
B) decreased;increased
C) constant;decreased
D) increased;constant

Question 61

According to psychoanalysts,the _____ of dreams was important,as it might reveal insight into the patient's problems.

A) manifest content
B) sexual content
C) latent content
D) frequency

Question 62

Victoria is watching her cat sleep on the floor.The cat is sprawled out and its legs seem to be twitching.It would appear that her cat is in _____.

A) stage 2 sleep
B) stage 3 sleep
C) stage 4 sleep
D) REM sleep

Question 63

Dreaming occurs most commonly during:

A) stage 1 and 2 sleep.
B) stage 3 and 4 sleep.
C) REM sleep.
D) all five stages of sleep.

Question 64

According to the _____ hypothesis,dreams are taken from an individual's personal memories and experience but have no meaning.

A) Freudian
B) activation-synthesis
C) Jungian
D) evolutionary

Question 65

The data collected when subjects are awakened at various times suggest that _____ is the deepest sleep.

A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) stage 3
D) stage 4

Question 66

Body temperature _____ during NREM sleep and _____ during REM sleep.

A) decreases;increases
B) stays constant;decreases
C) stays constant;increases
D) increases;decreases

Question 67

The coping hypothesis of dreams was expounded by:

A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Carl Jung.
C) J.Allen Hobson.
D) Anttio Revonsuo.

Question 68

Adults spend _____ in REM sleep than children.

A) more time
B) less time
C) the same amount of time
D) Children do not engage in REM sleep.

Question 69

In the first part of a night's sleep,_____ sleep is prominent,whereas in the second part,_____ sleep dominates.

A) REM;NREM
B) NREM;REM
C) stage 1;stage 3
D) stage 3;stage 1

Question 70

REM sleep is most frequent in:

A) children.
B) adolescents.
C) middle age.
D) the elderly.

Question 71

Studies of dream content revealed that most dreams are associated with:

A) sex.
B) happiness.
C) sadness and anger.
D) sensations of falling.

Question 72

Restless legs syndrome is sometimes treated with:

A) l-dopa
B) SSRIs
C) benzodiazepines
D) haloperidol

Question 73

Night terrors,or brief,frightening dreams,occur during:

A) REM sleep.
B) stage 2 and 3 sleep.
C) stage 3 and 4 sleep.
D) stage 2,3,and 4 sleep.

Question 74

Someone who feels tingling and pain in the legs at night when trying to sleep may have:

A) poor blood circulation.
B) had too much caffeine during the day.
C) restless legs syndrome.
D) sleep dystonia.

Question 75

REM (rapid eye movement)sleep occurs during:

A) stage 1.
B) stage 2.
C) stages 3 and 4.
D) None of the answers is correct.

Question 76

The theory that dreams signify distant human memories was expounded by:

A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Carl Jung.
C) J.Allan Hobson.
D) Anttio Revonsuo.

Question 77

As a general rule _____ tend to sleep more than _____.

A) predators;prey
B) prey;predators
C) humans;cats
D) dogs;cats

Question 78

Which of the following sleeps the most?

A) opossum
B) human
C) cat
D) donkey

Question 79

Sleepwalking can occur in:

A) all stages of NREM sleep.
B) stage 4 sleep.
C) REM sleep.
D) stage 1 sleep.

Question 80

Restless legs syndrome is most common in:

A) men.
B) women.
C) teenagers.
D) seniors.