Deck 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in the Preschool Years

Question 1

According to the Centers for Disease Control,approximately how many children are at risk for lead poisoning due to exposure to potentially toxic levels of lead?

A)14 million
B)20 million
C)10 million
D)5 million

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Foods that are high in __________ are particularly important for preschool children.

A)calcium (ex.dairy products)
B)protein (ex.meat,fish)
C)iron content (ex.dark green vegetables,whole grains,and some kinds of meat)
D)carbohydrates (ex.bread and cereals)

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Before they are 10 years old,children are _______ as likely to die from a(n)________ than from a(n)________.

A)twice;injury;illness
B)three times;illness;injury
C)two times;illness;injury
D)four times;injury;illness

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Aaron is 5 years old.What does the U.S.Department of Health and Human Services consider to be the most hazardous to his health?

A)accidents
B)neglect
C)obesity
D)lead poisoning

Question 5

What is the name of the protective insulation that surrounds parts of neurons and speeds the transmission of electrical impulses along brain cells but also adds to brain weight?

A)reticular formation
B)corpus callosum
C)myelin
D)cerebellum

Question 6

What is considered the greatest risk to the health and well-being of a preschool-age child?

A)illness
B)nutritional problems
C)accidents
D)neglect

Question 7

By age 2,the average youngster in the U.S.weighs around _______ pounds and is close to ________ tall.

A)50-60;43 inches
B)25-30;36 inches
C)40-65;50 inches
D)25-50;38 inches

Question 8

By age five,a child's brain weighs ____ of an average adult's brain.

A)90%
B)75%
C)60%
D)50%

Question 9

Which of the following most likely contributes to the high level of accidents in the preschool-age group?

A)parent neglect,parent working full-time,lack of supervision
B)preschooler's high level of physical activity,curiosity,lack of judgment
C)dangerous furniture,unsafe living conditions,poor lighting
D)lack of quality day care,lack of supervision,poorly trained day-care workers

Question 10

What is the term for body weight that is more than 20% higher than the average weight for a person of a given age and height?

A)overweight
B)underweight
C)malnutrition
D)obesity

Question 11

What does the U.S.Department of Health and Human Services consider to be the most hazardous health hazard to children under the age of 6?

A)obesity
B)lead poisoning
C)accidents
D)neglect

Question 12

By the time a child is 6 years old,he/she weighs,on average,about _______ pounds and stands approximately ______ inches tall.

A)60;55
B)75;50
C)46;46
D)30;36

Question 13

Which of the following is considered a permanent result of lead poisoning in children?

A)lower intelligence and problems with verbal and auditory language processing
B)low weight and inadequate growth/height
C)loss of appetite
D)depression

Question 14

Which of the following may be a factor in how much a preschooler weighs and how tall he/she is?

A)sex;boys tend to gain more weight and height than girls
B)global economics;children in developing countries like Bangladesh gain weight and height just as quickly as children living in Sweden
C)poverty;U.S.children living in families whose income falls below the poverty level are likely to be larger than children from affluent families
D)the quality of preschool;children who attend quality preschool programs receive better snacks and lunches

Question 15

What is the term used to describe a caregiver placing covers over electrical outlets,child locks on cabinets,using child car seats,and preventing long-term hazards such as lead poisoning?

A)quality child care
B)parenting
C)childproofing
D)supervision

Question 16

As an infant,Baby Sarah had typical childhood illnesses and no significant earaches.However,Sarah is now 4 years old and she is experiencing frequent earaches.What is the most likely reason for this?

A)Sarah attends preschool and picks up many more infectious bacteria and viruses than she did at home.
B)Sarah attends preschool,and the noise level of the other children playing aggravates her hearing and gives her earaches.
C)Sarah's eustachian tube has moved position from almost parallel to the ground at birth to a more angular position,and this change sometimes leads to an increase in earaches.
D)Sarah has developed an allergy to the shampoo her mother uses to wash her hair,and the result is inflammation in her eustachian tubes.

Question 17

Of all of the different types of preschoolers,which preschooler is two times more likely to die of injuries?

A)an Asian American boy
B)an inner-city boy
C)a Caucasian American girl
D)a Caucasian American farm boy

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT considered a likely source for exposure to lead poisoning?

A)painted walls and window seals in older homes
B)gasoline and air pollution from car exhaust
C)some ceramic dishes and lead-soldered pipes that carry water
D)farm products such fruits,vegetables,and milk

Question 19

Because the rate of Alex's growth during preschool years is ____ than during infancy,Alex needs ______ food to maintain his growth.

A)slower;less
B)faster;more
C)slower;more
D)faster;less

Question 20

The average preschool child has __________ colds and other respiratory illnesses in each of the years from ages 3 to 5.

A)1-2
B)3-5
C)5-8
D)7-10

Question 21

Considering the hemispheric differences in lateralization related to gender and culture,boys show a greater lateralization of language in the ____________ hemisphere,while girls develop language in _______.

A)right;the right hemisphere
B)left;the right hemisphere
C)left;both hemispheres
D)right;both hemispheres

Question 22

Research suggests that the age at which toilet training takes place has risen over the years.In 1957,what percentage of children had been toilet trained by 18 months of age?

A)82%
B)92%
C)75%
D)65%

Question 23

What area of the brain that is associated with memory is completely myelinated in the preschool years?

A)corpus callosum
B)hippocampus
C)cerebral cortex
D)cerebellum

Question 24

Research suggests that the age at which toilet training takes place has risen over the years.Today,the average age of toilet training is around _________.

A)30 months
B)24 months
C)18 months
D)12 months

Question 25

Which of the following gross motor skills does a 5-year-old preschooler possess?

A)very high vertical jump
B)climbing a ladder
C)tossing a ring around a hoop 25 feet away
D)manipulating a pencil

Question 26

By the end of the preschool period,the ________ part of the brain has grown significantly because it becomes considerably thicker with individual fibers that help coordinate brain functioning between the two hemispheres.

A)cerebral cortex
B)frontal lobe
C)hypothalamus
D)corpus callosum

Question 27

What area of the brain associated with attention and concentration is completely myelinated by the time a child is about 5 years of age?

A)corpus callosum
B)cerebral cortex
C)cerebellum
D)reticular formation

Question 28

What is the process in which certain cognitive functions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than in the other?

A)cross-referencing
B)lateralization
C)hemispheric transference
D)transmission

Question 29

By what age would a child be expected to jump,hop on one foot,skip,and run?

A)5 years
B)2 years
C)3 years
D)2 ½ years

Question 30

Which of the following is a sign a child is ready to begin toilet training?

A)A child stays dry for two hours at time during the day.
B)A child who is not yet 1 year old.
C)A child who shows no distress at having a soiled diaper.
D)A child who does not want to wear underwear.

Question 31

The Wilson family went to their family reunion picnic,and their two children were allowed to participate in different games.Which of the following is a game that the 4-year-old would likely have enough fine motor skills to play?

A)throwing a ball
B)tossing a ring around a peg
C)bike races
D)potato sack race

Question 32

Which of the following stages is a period during which the general level of activity is extraordinarily high?

A)infancy
B)adolescent years
C)preschool years
D)K-12 school years

Question 33

Even after a child is toilet trained during the day,it can take _____ or _____ before children achieve control at night.

A)weeks;months
B)months;years
C)days;weeks
D)hours;days

Question 34

Which of the following researchers suggests a flexible approach to toilet training,which advocates that it be put off until the child shows signs of readiness?

A)Rosemond
B)Ainsworth
C)Skinner
D)Brazelton

Question 35

During the preschool years,which part of the brain demonstrates a growth in nerve connections and is responsible for balance and movement?

A)cerebellum
B)cerebral cortex
C)corpus callosum
D)hippocampus

Question 36

Neuroscientists have discovered growth spurts in the brains of children who are _________ years of age,a time associated with the development of language abilities.

A)3 to 4
B)1½ to 2
C)2 to 3
D)1 to 3

Question 37

During the preschool years,which part of the brain demonstrates a growth in nerve connections and is responsible for sophisticated information processing?

A)cerebral cortex
B)cerebellum
C)corpus callosum
D)hippocampus

Question 38

The left hemisphere of the brain becomes more specialized during the preschool years in which of the following areas?

A)spatial relationships
B)music
C)reading
D)gross motor skills

Question 39

The left hemisphere of the brain processes information _________,while the right hemisphere of the brain processes information ________.

A)globally;sequentially
B)sequentially;globally
C)sequentially;one piece of data at a time
D)reflecting on it as a whole;sequentially

Question 40

The right hemisphere of the brain becomes more specialized during the preschool years in which of the following areas?

A)comprehension of spatial relationships
B)reading
C)thinking and reasoning
D)speaking

Question 41

Which of the following is the best description of Piaget's "symbolic function"?

A)A child is able to understand that symbols on a

Question 42

Approximately at what age does a child show signs of preference for the use of one hand over another?

A)4 years of age
B)5 years of age
C)2 years of age
D)in infancy

Question 43

According to Piaget,which stage occurs from approximately ages 2 to 7,in which children's use of symbolic thinking grows,mental reasoning emerges,and the use of concepts increases?

A)concrete operational
B)preoperational
C)abstract operational
D)symbolic functioning

Question 44

Thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others is called

A)conservation.
B)centration.
C)intuitive thought.
D)egocentric thought.

Question 45

What is the term that Piaget used for the process in which one state is changed into another?

A)transformation
B)conservation
C)centration
D)concrete operations

Question 46

If a 4 ½-year-old child is asked to draw a person who is first standing upright and then has fallen down,the child is likely to draw the figure in the vertical position,and then the figure lying in the horizontal position with no other pictures in-between to demonstrate the person falling.This child would be demonstrating a lack of

A)egocentric thought.
B)intuitive thought.
C)conservation.
D)transformation.

Question 47

Piaget believed that the _______ fit entirely in a single stage of cognitive development called the ___________ stage.

A)preschool years;operational
B)preschool years;preoperational
C)school years;concrete
D)school years;operational

Question 48

Three-year-old Wendy is playing hide-and-seek with some older children.However,instead of running to find a hiding place away from the other children,Wendy simply covers her eyes.In this example,Wendy is demonstrating

A)intuitive thought.
B)egocentric thought.
C)centration.
D)conservation.

Question 49

According to Piaget,what is the key aspect of the preoperational stage?

A)symbolic function
B)organized,formal,logical mental processes
C)increased memory for objects
D)increased fine motor skill development

Question 50

Madeline is working to teach her 4-year-old daughter,Eliza,how to count.She places ten buttons in one row with very little space between the buttons,and eight buttons in another row with more space between the buttons;therefore,the second row is longer than the first.Then Madeline asks her daughter which row has more buttons.Inevitably,Eliza chooses the second row,even though she knows that ten is more than eight.What is this an example of?

A)symbolic functioning
B)concrete operations
C)preoperational functioning
D)centration

Question 51

What is the term for the process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects?

A)symbolic functioning
B)language acquisition
C)centration
D)concrete operations

Question 52

What was Piaget's explanation as to why preschool-age children in the preoperational stage make errors on tasks requiring conservation?

A)Preschool-age children's neural-visual network is not fully matured.
B)Preschool-age children have not lived long enough and accrued enough experience to know the difference between quantities.
C)Preschool-age children's tendency toward centration prevents them from focusing on other relevant features of a situation.
D)Preschool-age children have not yet developed numerical understanding;therefore,different amounts are meaningless.

Question 53

According to Piaget,_________ is/are at the heart of __________,which is a major advance for preschool children.

A)symbolic function;language
B)concrete operations;language
C)symbolic function;preoperations
D)symbolic function;concrete operations

Question 54

Three-year-old Randy occasionally talks to himself in front of others,and ignores his mother's instructions to come to the table and eat with his family.In this example,Randy is demonstrating

A)childhood schizophrenia.
B)conservation of thought.
C)intuitive thought.
D)egocentric thought.

Question 55

Which of the following fine motor skills can a 3-year-old preschooler perform?

A)draw a person that looks like a person
B)fold paper into triangular designs
C)fitting shaped blocks into matching shaped holes
D)throwing a ball to a friend so a friend can catch it

Question 56

On Christmas morning,3-year-old Billy opens one of his gifts from his mother and finds a new sweater.Disappointed that it is not a toy,Billy frowns and throws the sweater aside in front of his mother with no regard for her feelings.In this example,Billy is demonstrating

A)centration.
B)egocentric thought.
C)conservation.
D)intuitive thought.

Question 57

Piaget believed that children from _______ years of age fall into the _________ stage.

A)5 to 7;preoperational
B)2 to 7;concrete operational
C)5 to 7;concrete operational
D)2 to 7;preoperational

Question 58

_____________ is the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects.

A)Concrete operations
B)Conservation
C)Centration
D)Preoperational operations

Question 59

Which of the following are considered signs that a toddler is ready to begin toilet training? A child being able to

A)thoroughly wipe/cleanse themselves after urination or defecation.
B)stay dry at least 2 hours at a time during the day or wake up dry after taking a nap.
C)change their own diaper.
D)follow complex directions.

Question 60

Johnny is a 4-year-old who is having lunch with his mother and sister.When his mother pours the milk that is left in the carton into the children's glasses,she finds that there is not enough to fill both glasses,so she carefully pours half of the milk in the shorter,fatter glass in front of Johnny and half into a thin,taller glass in front of Johnny's sister.Immediately,Johnny complains that his sister got more milk than he did,and even when his mother tries to explain that they both got the same amount,Johnny insists he is right.In this example,Johnny is demonstrating a lack of development in the area of

A)egocentrism.
B)conservation.
C)concrete operational thought.
D)preoperational thought.

Question 61

From the later months of age 2 and into the mid-3s,the number of ways children combine words and phrases to form sentences _______ each month.

A)triples
B)doubles
C)climbs at a steady pace
D)quadruples

Question 62

By age 6,the average child has a vocabulary of around ___________ words.

A)12,000
B)10,000
C)8,000
D)14,000

Question 63

Vygotsky called the actual physical items that a child uses to learn (pencils,books,computers,etc. ),as well as the intellectual and conceptual framework that the child uses to learn (language,alphabet,number/math systems,religious systems,etc. )

A)memory aids.
B)definition aids.
C)cultural tools.
D)learning aids.

Question 64

In the later stages of preoperational stage,children show an understanding that certain things stay the same,regardless of changes in shape,size,and appearance.This is called

A)identity.
B)functionality.
C)intuitive thought.
D)egocentric thought.

Question 65

Four-year-old Roger has been given six different toys,and his mother is working with him to learn to count using the toys.According to developmental psychologist Rochel Gelman,which skill would Roger exhibit?

A)show his mother that each toy is assigned the same number as other similar toys
B)count the toys when they are not visible to him
C)show that even though he gets the "names" of the numbers wrong (ex.1,3,6),he would be consistent,and he would be able to say that there are six toys in the group
D)count the number of toys flawlessly and with precision

Question 66

What is the term for the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth?

A)scaffolding
B)scripting
C)schema
D)mentoring

Question 67

What is the term for a memory of particular events from one's own life?

A)picture memory
B)visual memory
C)autobiographical memory
D)biographical memory

Question 68

What term refers to the way in which an individual combines words and phrases to form sentences?

A)pragmatic speech
B)grammar
C)private speech
D)syntax

Question 69

By the end of the preoperational stage,children are able to understand the idea that actions,events,and outcomes are related to one another in fixed patterns.This is called

A)identity.
B)functionality.
C)intuitive thought.
D)egocentric thought.

Question 70

In 4-year-old Amanda's preschool class,the group discussion involved airplanes.After that,Amanda considered herself an expert on airplanes and believed she knew everything there was to know about airplanes,even though she was unable to provide a reasonable explanation about why she thought she knew so much about airplanes.In this example,Amanda is demonstrating

A)conservation.
B)intuitive thought.
C)egocentric thought.
D)centration.

Question 71

According to Vygotsky,if one child receives assistance,he/she may improve substantially more than another child who does not receive help.The assistance or structuring provided by others is termed

A)schema.
B)scaffolding.
C)scripting.
D)mentoring.

Question 72

Preschoolers' memories are often organized in a broad representation of events in the order in which they occur,called

A)autobiographical memory.
B)biographical memory.
C)scripts.
D)schema.

Question 73

Which developmental psychologist believed that cognitive development is a result of social interactions in which children learn through guided participation and working with mentors to solve problems?

A)Skinner
B)Piaget
C)Watson
D)Vygotsky

Question 74

What is the term for thinking that reflects preschoolers' use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world?

A)egocentric thought
B)centration
C)intuitive thought
D)conservation

Question 75

Which developmental psychologist believed that the nature of the partnership between children,adults,and peers is determined through cultural and societal factors such as preschools,play groups,the emphasis on certain tasks that are valued by the culture and society,and that even the toys that children play with reflect the nature of the society in which the child lives?

A)Piaget
B)Vygotsky
C)Watson
D)Skinner

Question 76

When discussing the reliability of memories,the memory of a(n)____ is considered to be the most vulnerable to suggestion,and,therefore,perhaps the least reliable.

A)senior citizen
B)adult
C)school-aged child
D)preschool-aged child

Question 77

What is the term for the system of rules that determines how our thoughts can be expressed?

A)egocentric speech
B)fast mapping
C)private speech
D)grammar

Question 78

What is the term for instances in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter?

A)encoding
B)egocentric speech
C)fast mapping
D)private speech

Question 79

Most people have unambiguous and seemingly accurate memories dating as far back as age

A)five.
B)four.
C)three.
D)two.

Question 80

According to Vygotsky,what is the level at which a child cannot fully perform a task independently,but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent?

A)schema
B)script
C)zone of proximal development
D)scaffolding