Deck 10: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

10-19.According to Kohlberg's theory,the 4^th stage of development is

A)authority and social-order-maintaining morality.
B)universal moral principles that are considered broader than the rules of a particular society.
C)obedience and punishment orientation.
D)morality of contract,individual rights,and democratically accepted law.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Generally,overall self-esteem is high during middle childhood but begins to decline around the age of ___ due to _____.

A)15;puberty.
B)16;sexual activity.
C)12;school transition.
D)11;self-concept.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

10-10.Parents can help break the cycle of low self-esteem in a child by using a(n)_________ child-rearing style.

A)authoritarian
B)permissive
C)authoritative
D)passive

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which psychologist promoted the theory that addresses middle childhood children's focus on meeting the challenges presented by the world?

A)Erikson
B)Freud
C)Skinner
D)Watson

Question 5

10-15.The term that refers to the complex relationship between self-esteem and minority group status comes from

A)social comparison.
B)social identity theory.
C)downward social comparison.
D)low self-esteem.

Question 6

10-14.According to ____________,members of a minority group are likely to accept the negative views held by a majority group only if they perceive that there is little realistic possibility of changing the power and status differences between the groups.

A)social comparison theory
B)low self-esteem theory
C)downward social comparison theory
D)social identity theory

Question 7

10-18.A seventh grade student is tempted to cheat on an exam,but talks himself out of it because he is afraid he will get caught and will fail the course.This student is demonstrating

A)conventional morality.
B)preconventional morality.
C)postconventional morality.
D)a lack of morality.

Question 8

10-17.According to psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg,which of the following stages reflects concrete interests of the individual considered in terms of rewards and punishments?

A)conventional morality
B)postconventional morality
C)moral reasoning
D)preconventional morality

Question 9

10-11.During middle childhood years,it appears that children in immigrant families

A)often have significant learning problems.
B)often do quite well in the United States.
C)are less fluent in communication skills.
D)suffer from depression.

Question 10

Eleven-year-old Tina characterizes herself as a smart,friendly person who is helpful to others.Tina's views of herself are based on

A)her physical skills.
B)psychological characteristics,inner traits that are more abstract.
C)her desire to be popular with her friends.
D)external activities relying on motor skills.

Question 11

According to research by Vaillant & Vaillant,which of the following characteristics is most highly associated with adult success?

A)high level of intelligence
B)family background
C)childhood industriousness
D)genetic predisposition

Question 12

10-13.Recent research indicates that around age 11,African American children begin to show higher self-esteem than Caucasian American children.Which of the following is NOT a reason for this?

A)African American children begin to notice more visibility on television of African Americans.
B)African American children begin to identify with their racial group.
C)African American children begin to develop more complex views of racial identity.
D)African American children begin to view positive aspects of their group membership.

Question 13

According to Erikson,from roughly ages 6 to 12,children go through a period characterized by a focus on efforts to meet the challenges presented by parents,peers,school,and the other complexities of the modern world.This stage is called

A)inferiority-versus-superiority.
B)industry-versus-inferiority.
C)social comparison.
D)puberty.

Question 14

Which of the following terms relates to an individual's overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation?

A)social comparison
B)self-concept
C)self-esteem
D)downward social comparison

Question 15

Harry is facing an important test and expects to do poorly.He is so anxious that he cannot concentrate or study effectively,but he figures that since he's going to do badly anyway,he should not bother.This is an indication of Harry's

A)self-esteem.
B)self-concept.
C)social reality.
D)social comparison.

Question 16

10-20.Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg found that ____________ is relatively rare.

A)preconventional reasoning
B)a lack of morality
C)postconventional morality
D)conventional morality

Question 17

Twelve-year-old Sam believes he is a pretty good soccer player but not as good in chorus.This is an indication of Sam's

A)self-esteem.
B)self-concept.
C)social reality.
D)social comparison.

Question 18

10-16.Which of the following psychologists contends that people pass through a series of stages in the kind of reasoning they use to make moral judgments as their sense of justice evolves?

A)Freud
B)Erikson
C)Kohlberg
D)Bandura

Question 19

10-12.Sima is a child of recent immigrants to the U.S.Sima is likely to demonstrate which of the following?

A)higher grades in school than nonimmigrant children
B)a higher level of self-esteem than nonimmigrant children
C)relatively higher socioeconomic status
D)a high level of popularity among peers

Question 20

______________ is an individual's overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation (which is more emotionally oriented),whereas ______________ reflects beliefs and cognitions about the self.

A)Self-concept;self-esteem
B)Self-esteem;self-concept
C)Self-esteem;social comparison
D)Social comparison;self-concept

Question 21

10-33.According to Damon,when Martha (who is 8 years old)is asked,"How do you know that someone is your best friend?" it is highly likely that she will respond

A)"Because a friend is someone you can count on to help you when you need it."
B)"Because a friend is someone you can talk to about things that are bothering you,and
They will stick with you no matter what."
C)"Because I can play a lot with him/her and stay over his/her house a lot."
D)"Because a friend is somebody who is kind and puts my feelings first."

Question 22

10-32.According to Damon,when Sammy (who is a kindergarten student)is asked,"How do you know that someone is your best friend?" it is highly likely that he will respond

A)"Because a friend is someone you can count on to help you when you need it."
B)"Because a friend is someone you can talk to about things that are bothering you,and they will stick with you no matter what."
C)"Because I can play a lot with him/her and stay over his/her house a lot."
D)"Because a friend is somebody who is kind and puts my feelings first."

Question 23

10-26.Which of the following best describes the first of the three-stage process of women's morality,as theorized by Carol Gilligan?

A)goodness as self-sacrifice
B)orientation toward individual survival
C)morality of nonviolence
D)moral equivalence established between self and others

Question 24

10-38.Status is

A)the amount of money a person or his/her family has.
B)the collection of social skills that permits individuals to perform successfully in social settings.
C)the geographical location of a person's home.
D)the evaluation of a role or person by other relevant members of a group.

Question 25

10-37.According to Damon,when Steven (who is 15 years old)is asked,"How do you know that someone is your best friend?" it is highly likely that he responded

A)"Because a friend is someone who shares his/her possessions with you."
B)"Because a friend is someone you can talk to about things that are bothering you,and they will stick with you no matter what."
C)"Because I can play a lot with him/her and stay over his/her house a lot."
D)"Because a friend is somebody who is kind and puts my feelings first."

Question 26

10-23.According to psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg,what stage reflects a person's use of moral principles,which are seen as broader than those of any particular society?

A)conventional morality
B)postconventional morality
C)moral reasoning
D)preconventional morality

Question 27

10-36.According to Damon,the third stage of building friendship for middle-school age children is

A)basing friendship on intelligence.
B)basing friendship on others' behavior.
C)basing friendship on trust.
D)basing friendship on psychological closeness.

Question 28

10-40.What is the term for the collection of social skills that permits individuals to perform successfully in social settings?

A)status
B)morals
C)social competence
D)social problem solving

Question 29

10-22.According to psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg,which of the following stages reflects a person's approach to moral problems as a member of society,where the person is interested in pleasing others by acting as a good member of society?

A)conventional morality
B)postconventional morality
C)moral reasoning
D)preconventional morality

Question 30

10-31.According to Damon,the first stage of building friendship for middle-school-age children is

A)basing friendship on intelligence.
B)basing friendship on others' behavior.
C)basing friendship on trust.
D)basing friendship on psychological closeness.

Question 31

10-24.Which of the following psychologists developed the three stages of moral development for women?

A)Lawrence Kohlberg
B)B.F.Skinner
C)Carol Gilligan
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 32

10-29.Friends influence children's development during the middle childhood years in which of the following ways?

A)Friendship provides a child with similar others who reinforce their racial identity.
B)Friendship provides physical support that helps the child develop fine motor skills.
C)Friendship provides a training ground for communicating and interacting with others.
D)Friendships provide more security than relationships with parents and other family members.

Question 33

10-34.Which of the following is considered to be the centerpiece of friendship during middle childhood?

A)similar racial or ethnic background
B)mutual trust
C)similar size and weight
D)living geographically near one another

Question 34

10-28.Which of the following best describes the third of the three-stage process of women's morality,as theorized by Carol Gilligan?

A)goodness as self-sacrifice
B)orientation toward individual survival
C)morality of nonviolence
D)moral equivalence established between self and others

Question 35

10-27.Which of the following best describes the second of the three-stage process of women's morality,as theorized by Carol Gilligan?

A)goodness as self-sacrifice
B)orientation toward individual survival
C)morality of nonviolence
D)moral equivalence established between self and others

Question 36

10-21.Kohlberg proposes that moral development occurs in a fixed order,and that people are unable to reach the highest stage of moral reasoning until __________ due to __________.

A)middle childhood;lack of cognitive development
B)adolescence;lack of experience and peer pressure
C)young adulthood;lack of experience
D)adolescence;lack of cognitive development

Question 37

10-35.According to Damon,the second stage of building friendship for middle-school-age children is

A)basing friendship on intelligence.
B)basing friendship on others' behavior.
C)basing friendship on trust.
D)basing friendship on psychological closeness.

Question 38

10-39.High-status children tend to do all of the following except

A)form friendships with other high-status children.
B)have a greater number of friends.
C)form cliques of groups that are seen as desirable and exclusive.
D)form friendships with lower class or unpopular children.

Question 39

10-25.According to one psychologist,girls view morality in which of the terms below?

A)broad principles of fairness/justice
B)responsibility toward men
C)competition with individuals is a more prominent factor in moral behavior for women than for men
D)gradual transition from selfishness to responsibility,which includes thinking about what would be best for others

Question 40

10-30.According to psychologist William Damon,a child's view of friendship passes through which of the stages below?

A)basing friendship on intelligence
B)basing friendship on attractiveness
C)basing friendship on similarity of appearance
D)basing friendship on psychological closeness

Question 41

10-47.What does the term "border work" mean?

A)same-sex groupings that dominate in middle childhood
B)adolescent schoolboys and girls who occasionally enter each other's "territories" with romantic overtones
C)making friendships within one's own race
D)making friendships within one's own school or chronological age

Question 42

10-46.What is one of the newest forms of bullying?

A)physical torture
B)lying or blaming others for their misdeeds
C)internet bullying
D)theft of the person's personal items or schoolwork

Question 43

10-50.Middle-school-age boys typically have which of the following?

A)larger networks of girls they count as best friends
B)the tendency to play in groups rather than pairing off
C)primarily egalitarian interactions without hierarchy
D)one or two "best friends" who are of relatively equal status

Question 44

10-60.Which of the following children tends to academically outperform other children?

A)an only child of Chinese descent
B)a child of Chinese descent with siblings
C)a child born in the U.S.with siblings
D)a child born in the U.S.with one sibling

Question 45

10-45.According to your textbook,_________ schoolchildren stay home from school each day because they are afraid of being bullied.

A)160,000
B)100,000
C)1,000,000
D)500,000

Question 46

10-49.The lack of cross-gender interaction in the middle childhood years means that

A)girls and boys may not learn to like each other and have difficulty making cross-gender friendships.
B)boys' and girls' friendships are restricted to members of their own sex.
C)girls and boys do not have enough time or opportunity to learn about each other's differences and/or similarities.
D)it is more difficult for boys and girls to build social competence.

Question 47

10-54.According to the textbook,the motivation of middle-school-age girls to solve conflict among friends is due to

A)lack of self-confidence.
B)lack of social competence.
C)apprehension over the use of more direct approaches.
D)the desire to make social interaction nonconfrontational.

Question 48

10-48.The segregation of friendships according to gender occurs

A)in the U.S.only.
B)only among separate racial groups.
C)in almost all societies and in nonindustrialized societies.
D)when boys are assigned one type of chore,and girls are assigned another type of chore.

Question 49

10-43.What is the term that means the use of strategies for solving social conflicts in ways that are satisfactory both to oneself and to others?

A)social problem solving
B)status
C)social competence
D)conflict resolution

Question 50

10-57.____________ is the period in which parents and children jointly control children's behavior.

A)Self-care
B)Social competence
C)Coregulation
D)Adolescence

Question 51

10-42.Compared to less popular children,popular children are more likely to do which of the following?

A)demonstrate a good sense of humor and appreciate others' attempts at humor
B)suppress emotional experiences
C)control the behavior of others more effectively
D)disregard others' emotional experiences

Question 52

10-59.Which of the following children is likely to be better adjusted,have higher self-esteem,and a stronger motivation to succeed?

A)an only child in the People's Republic of China
B)a child in China who has one sibling
C)a child in China who has two siblings
D)a child in China who has more than four siblings

Question 53

10-58.During the middle school years,which of the following occur?

A)Children spend significantly more and more time with their parents.
B)Parents still remain the major influence in their children's lives.
C)Siblings have very little important influence,neither good nor bad,on children.
D)Peer relationships are more influential than family relationships.

Question 54

10-51.Which of the following terms means rankings that represent the relative social power of those in a group?

A)social competence
B)status
C)dominance hierarchy
D)social problem solving

Question 55

10-41.Research indicates that popular children have which of the following personality characteristics?

A)a sense of humor
B)being domineering
C)being competitive
D)being bashful

Question 56

10-55.Sally,who is a middle-school-age girl,wants her friend,Beth,to go to the movies with her.Which of the following statements is Sally likely to use to get her friend to go?

A)"I want you to go the movies with me."
B)"You have to go to the movies with me."
C)"I want to go to the movies."
D)"Let's go to the movies."

Question 57

10-52.Boys' play tends to come in bursts rather than in more extended,tranquil episodes,due in part to

A)lack of social competence skills.
B)boys' concern over dominance hierarchy,known as restrictive play.
C)lack of dominance hierarchy,leading to equal status of different members.
D)lack of social problem-solving skills.

Question 58

10-44.According to psychologist Kenneth Dodge,successful ___________ proceeds through a series of steps that correspond to the child's information processing strategies.

A)status management
B)conflict resolution
C)social competence
D)social problem solving

Question 59

10-53.Middle-school-age girls tend to __________,while middle-school-age boys tend to _________.

A)play in pairs;develop a dominance hierarchy
B)have a smaller network of friends;ignore differences in status
C)avoid differences in status;have a smaller network of friends
D)focus on one or two "best friends";smooth over disagreements

Question 60

10-56.Which of the following is true when it comes to middle school children's friendships?

A)Children tend to make an equal number of same-race and different-race friends.
B)Children can show a high degree of mutual acceptance.
C)Children tend to make same-gender but different-race group friends.
D)Children cannot make more different-race friendships as they age.

Question 61

10-77.A young man who sees his father as a powerful figure who maintains discipline,and who is taught that it is his responsibility to care for his parents throughout his lifetime,is likely to be

A)Caucasian American.
B)African American.
C)Asian American.
D)Hispanic American.

Question 62

10-64.What is the approximate percentage of children in the U.S.who spend their entire childhood living in the same household with both parents?

A)33%
B)50%
C)40%
D)25%

Question 63

10-61.What is the term for children who let themselves into their homes after school and wait alone until their caretaker(s)return from work?

A)latchkey children
B)social competent children
C)self-care children
D)autonomous children

Question 64

10-78.Children living in poverty experience many more disruptions than children in socioeconomically secure environments.Examples of these disruptions include which of the following?

A)infrequent moving by the family to find work
B)the death of a grandparent
C)attending inferior schools in unsafe neighborhoods
D)living in single-parent households

Question 65

10-69.Approximately how many children under the age of 18 in the U.S.live in single-parent households?

A)50%
B)33%
C)25%
D)10%

Question 66

10-80.The word "orphanage" has been replaced by the term

A)"foster home."
B)"group home" or "residential treatment center."
C)"alternative lifestyle."
D)"latchkey child."

Question 67

10-65.Immediately after a divorce,both children and parents may show several types of psychological maladjustment for a period that may last from

A)1 to 2 years.
B)3 months to 3 years.
C)6 months to 2 years.
D)1 to 3 years.

Question 68

10-79.What are the major effects of poverty,chronic stress,and susceptibility to disease in children?

A)significant hardships,poor academic performance,and cardiovascular disease
B)there are no major effects regarding stress and susceptibility to disease
C)children who are prone to brain delays and adjustment problems
D)poor self-esteem,high resilience,improved health

Question 69

10-75.More than ______________ households in the United States contain at least one spouse who has remarried.

A)1 million
B)10 million
C)4 thousand
D)10 trillion

Question 70

10-62.What percentage of children in the U.S.between the ages of 5 and 12 spend some time alone after school without adult supervision?

A)12-14%
B)15-20%
C)5-10%
D)8-10%

Question 71

10-66.Following a divorce,a child may exhibit which of the following?

A)gender dysphoria
B)depression
C)ADHD
D)bedwetting

Question 72

10-63.According to psychologist Sandra Hofferth,which of the following is a part of self-care children's development?

A)Given their schedule,self-care children may feel very bored during a period of decompression after school.
B)Self-care children may have fewer opportunities to develop greater autonomy.
C)Self-care children who stay at home rather than "hanging out" unsupervised with friends may avoid activities that lead to difficulties.
D)Self-care children seem more emotionally damaged than children who come home to and are supervised by one parent.

Question 73

10-71.The prevalence of three-generation families who live together is greater among

A)African American families.
B)Caucasian American families.
C)Asian American families.
D)Hispanic American families.

Question 74

10-68.With regard to children of divorced parents,which of the following is true?

A)Four times as many children of divorced parents enter psychological counseling as children from intact families.
B)18 months to 2 years after the divorce,most children begin to return to their predivorce state of psychological adjustment.
C)People who have experienced parental divorce are less likely to get divorced as adults.
D)Divorce is not beneficial to children living in households overwhelmed by parental strife.

Question 75

10-72.By definition,a remarried couple that has at least one stepchild living with them is called a

A)multigenerational family.
B)single-parent family.
C)blended family.
D)mixed family.

Question 76

10-67.After a divorce,______-year-old children feel pressured to choose sides between the mother and father,and may experience a degree of divided loyalty.

A)5- to 6
B)10
C)2
D)6- to 8

Question 77

10-76.Children who grow up in which of the following families tend to have a stronger sense of extended family?

A)families headed by gay and lesbian parents
B)families headed by Caucasian American parents
C)families headed by Asian American parents
D)families headed by African American or Hispanic American parents

Question 78

10-70.Almost ________ of African American children under the age of 18 and almost _________ of Hispanic American children under the age of 18 live in a single-parent household.

A)60%;35%
B)35%;60%
C)45%;50%
D)50%;45%

Question 79

10-74.When living in a blended family,roles and expectations can be unclear,and this is called

A)autonomy.
B)self-care.
C)shared benefits.
D)role ambiguity.

Question 80

10-73.What percentage of children in the U.S.live in "blended families"?

A)17%
B)25%
C)50%
D)10%