Deck 14: Deviance and Crime

Question 1

A minor is having sex and smoking-what would the text author conclude about this behaviour?

A) These behaviours bring overreactions from adults in society.
B) These behaviours are described as a deviance for a minor.
C) These behaviours are a normal part of growing up.
D) These behaviours would be cause for concern.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Peter did not like to bathe, so his friends began to call him "Piggy Pete." He finally took the hint and began to bathe more often. What would the text call this strategy to address deviant behaviour?

A) strategic teasing
B) communal pressure
C) correctional activity
D) deviance directive

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to the text, what is a possible consequence for persons who are socially stigmatized with mental illness?

A) They leave mental facilities to live on the street.
B) They quit taking their medication.
C) They have difficulty making friends or trouble getting a job.
D) They want to resist the labels.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What evidence does Julian Tanner present that suggests Canadians are fascinated with their feelings toward crime and deviance?

A) We are overwhelmed by the fear of being victimized.
B) We rely on personal vigilance to keep us safe.
C) We are disproportionately preoccupied by our fears.
D) We consume vast amounts of media on these topics.

Question 5

The public, the police, and the media pay more attention to marijuana use than to alcohol and tobacco use. Which of the following approaches is concerned with research in this area?

A) structural functionalists
B) social constructionists
C) conflict theorists
D) labelling theorists

Question 6

John Hagan has outlined a typology of crime, one type being "conflict crime." What criteria is this category based on?

A) moral crimes
B) definitional crimes
C) serious crimes
D) intentional crimes

Question 7

The class is expecting a lecture on alternative medicine, when the professor walks in smoking marijuana. According to the text, how is this behaviour classified?

A) deviant
B) normal
C) expected
D) criminal

Question 8

Shannon's mother was diagnosed with a debilitating disease and asked Shannon to help her end her life when she becomes no longer able to be independent or care for herself. If Shannon assists her mother, according to John Hagan, what type of crime would this be?

A) mala in se
B) social sanction
C) consensus crime
D) conflict crime

Question 9

According to John Hagan's typology, which of the following would be charged with committing a conflict crime?

A) Brian, who savagely raped his wife
B) Benjamin, who left the pharmacy with oxycodone tablets after threatening the pharmacist with a knife
C) Jasmine, who sold "sexual favours" in order to get money to support her drug addiction
D) Jolene, who hired a hit man to murder her boyfriend

Question 10

When Justin was asked to define deviance to his classmates, which of the following would he assert?

A) Deviance is behaviour that is defined and promoted by the media.
B) Deviance is behaviour that involves breaking a law and is punished.
C) Deviance is norm or rule breaking behaviour to which sanctions are generally imposed.
D) Deviance is behaviour for which punishment has been agreed upon.

Question 11

Why are the type of crimes called mala prohibita socially controversial?

A) They are not considered crimes.
B) They lack consensus.
C) Convictions are hard to get.
D) Their punishments vary.

Question 12

The film The King's Speech is about King George VI and his efforts to remove the stutter from his speech. Why did he go to a speech therapist?

A) Stuttering was linked to low intelligence.
B) A stutter is considered mala in se.
C) There is a social stigma attached to stuttering.
D) Stuttering is a symbolic deviance.

Question 13

In responding to rule-breaking behaviour, sometimes consensus is a key to understanding social responses. Which of the following was the consensus applied to the decapitation of a Greyhound bus passenger in Manitoba in August 2008?

A) duration
B) intensity
C) mala prohibita
D) seriousness

Question 14

The class is expecting a lecture on sociological theory. The professor walks in and begins to yell and swear at the class. According to the text, how is this behaviour classified?

A) deviant
B) normal
C) expected
D) criminal

Question 15

Sally was six months pregnant and having a glass of wine at a bar. She was aware that people were disapproving of her drinking, which made her so angry that she thought, "I'll give them something to really condemn me for" and went outside to smoke a cigarette. What kind of a social theorist would be most interested in studying this escalation of deviant behaviour?

A) a stigma theorist
B) a family theorist
C) a gender theorist
D) a labelling theorist

Question 16

Jason is 18 years old and wore a shirt and tie to meet his potential new boss. However, he did not change his lime-green hair or remove his lip ring before the interview. What would his hair colour and lip ring be considered?

A) a social diversion
B) youthful deviance
C) generational deviance
D) deviant peer performance

Question 17

Kerry and Kyle were caught smoking marijuana on school property. How would John Hagan classify their deviant behaviour?

A) conflict crime
B) consensus crime
C) socially deviant crime
D) social diversion

Question 18

According to the text, breaking what kind of rules is considered crime?

A) folkways
B) normative rules
C) written laws
D) mores

Question 19

If a woman decides to go topless at a beach and then gets cited for public nudity, while topless men are ignored, what has she experienced?

A) punishment
B) deviant behaviour
C) gendered nature of deviance
D) social sanction

Question 20

Jack was charged with assisting his terminally ill wife to commit suicide. According to John Hagen's typology, what type of illegal behaviour did Jack commit?

A) a crime mala in se
B) a consensus crime
C) an immoral crime
D) a crime mala prohibita

Question 21

According to Statistics Canada, how does Canada's homicide rate compare with that of the United States?

A) Canada's rate is roughly one-quarter of the United States.
B) Canada's rate is roughly one-third of the United States.
C) Canada's rate is roughly one-half of the United States.
D) Canada's rate is roughly three-quarters of the United States.

Question 22

What are the consequences of media crime reporting for the average Canadian?

A) Canadians overestimate the amount of crime in their communities.
B) Canadians take drastic measures to be safer.
C) Canadians are reassured that the police are effective.
D) Canadians underestimate the amount of crime in their neighbourhoods.

Question 23

Tim Hartnagel proposes that a mentality supporting individualism, independence, and risk taking partly accounts for higher crime rates in one part of Canada. Which part?

A) Atlantic Canada
B) Western Canada
C) Northern Canada
D) Upper Canada

Question 24

Which of the following researched-based correlates of crime suggests that criminality is not just associated with the lower classes?

A) white-collar crime among the upper classes
B) court convictions of white-collar and lower-class criminals
C) studies of street crime among the lower classes
D) police records showing high contact with upper classes

Question 25

According to the text, which of the following is true in regards to homicides in Canada?

A) Men are more likely to be the perpetrators, and women are most likely to be the victims.
B) The Canadian homicide rate is at its lowest level since 1966.
C) Toronto has the highest homicide rate in the country.
D) More homicides happen in Eastern Canada than Western Canada.

Question 26

If a researcher were to say that crime is a young person's game, what would this be about?

A) thrill-seeking adolescents
B) a correlate of crime
C) professional adult criminals
D) sociobiological determinants

Question 27

In her sociology class, Shireen argued that smoking marijuana is not deviant behaviour, but rather is considered to be deviant and criminal behaviour by all the old people in government who have never tried it. Which theoretical approach is Shireen utilizing in her argument?

A) power-knowledge
B) differential association
C) status-conflict
D) labelling theory

Question 28

According to the text, what keeps victims from reporting crimes to the police?

A) They aren't aware they've been victimized.
B) They fear reprisal.
C) They are unsure of what to report.
D) They deal with the matter themselves.

Question 29

Which of the following would NOT be classified as a violent crime?

A) car theft
B) homicide
C) sexual assault
D) common assault

Question 30

What is the relationship between social class and crime, as reflected in official data sources?

A) Lower class backgrounds equal greater risk of criminality.
B) As social class background goes up, crime rates increase.
C) Social class background is not correlated with crime rates.
D) Among the lower classes, crime rates are lower too.

Question 31

What percentage of crime is unearthed through the efforts of police?

A) no more than 5 percent
B) no more than 10 percent
C) no more than 15 percent
D) no more than 20 percent

Question 32

Which of the following countries has the highest homicide rate?

A) Switzerland
B) Finland
C) Canada
D) Australia

Question 33

Why do crime stories figure so prominently in the media?

A) Overall crime is increasing.
B) Nobody wants to hear "good news."
C) Violence sells more media products.
D) Violent crime is considered highly newsworthy.

Question 34

What can we conclude about official crime statistics?

A) They underestimate the actual amount of crime.
B) They are generally unreliable numbers.
C) They overestimate the actual amount of crime.
D) They are an accurate reflection of crime.

Question 35

According to the text, what would a variety of research methods reveal about patterns of crime?

A) Results are generally similar.
B) Results are contradictory.
C) Results vary by region.
D) Results don't clarify much.

Question 36

Katie worked as the payroll manager for a large company. As a result of numerous personal losses at the casino, she started to issue paycheques to nonexistent employees, which she then auto-deposited into bank accounts that she had strategically opened. What type of crime is Katie guilty of?

A) blue-collar
B) white-collar
C) corporate white-washing
D) mala prohibita

Question 37

What disturbing trend in Toronto is highlighted by the shooting of Jane Creba?

A) More gang members are being killed.
B) More drug dealers are victims of homicide.
C) More innocent bystanders are being killed.
D) More females are victims of homicide.

Question 38

What is a relatively common factor in the relationship between victims and perpetrators in homicides?

A) Most child victims are killed by strangers.
B) Most victims know the perpetrators.
C) Most victims are spouses of perpetrators.
D) Most perpetrators are strangers to the victim.

Question 39

According to the text, what does the saying, "if it bleeds, it leads" demonstrate about the media's crime coverage?

A) Crime is important to news stories.
B) The focus is on other people's tragedies.
C) The profit motive has no conscience.
D) It shows sensationalizing of private matters.

Question 40

What kind of selection process governs media reporting on crime?

A) the sheer amount of crime occurring
B) attempts to prioritize "conflict crimes" for coverage
C) depicting relatively rare occurrences as emerging trends
D) reporting the objective facts without prejudice or bias

Question 41

Which groups of people are overrepresented in Canada's prisons?

A) Chinese and Japanese
B) Koreans and Francophones
C) Aboriginal people and blacks
D) Sikhs and Scandinavians

Question 42

Which of the following is credited for developing differential association theory?

A) Travis Hirschi
B) Robert Merton
C) Edwin Sutherland
D) Albert Cohen

Question 43

Which of the following theories argues that frequent association with those favouring deviance over conformity makes a person more likely to engage in deviant behaviour?

A) differential association theory
B) labelling theory
C) status-conflict theory
D) strain theory

Question 44

A single, young, employed woman often works late, walks to her vehicle in the parking lot, and sometimes stops at a bar, alone, to have a drink. Which theoretical perspective suggests she is at greater risk of being victimized?

A) routine activities theory
B) control theory
C) opportunity theory
D) differential association theory

Question 45

A black youth driving around a Toronto neighbourhood in a nice car stands a greater chance of being stopped by the police than other youth. What is the term for this kind of occurrence?

A) racial profiling
B) racism
C) discrimination
D) prejudice

Question 46

A young boy from a poor neighbourhood is being raised by a caring but overwhelmed single mom. Every day he sees her struggle and compares this to the flashy lifestyle of the drug dealers on the street. He turns his back on his mother's values and starts selling drugs. What theory best explains this case?

A) control theory
B) choice theory
C) anomie theory
D) opportunity theory

Question 47

Which of the following explains deviance to be the result of a failure to develop positive social bonds in home and at school?

A) strain theory
B) differential association theory
C) routine activity theory
D) control theory

Question 48

A teenager from an impoverished background is doing poorly at school; he gives up on conventional expectations, joins a skinhead group, and starts drinking heavily. What theory of crime best explains his case?

A) routine activities theory
B) control theory
C) strain theory
D) differential association theory

Question 49

Which of the following are overrepresented in our prison populations?

A) Whites are overrepresented in Canadian prisons.
B) Women are overrepresented in Canadian prisons.
C) Blacks and Aboriginal people are overrepresented in Canadian prisons.
D) South Asians are overrepresented in Canadian prisons.

Question 50

Which of the following approaches is the importance of attachment central to?

A) labelling theory
B) opportunity theory
C) strain theory
D) control theory

Question 51

What does Merton's modification of strain theory stress?

A) Even though criminality is not genetic, tendencies toward criminal behaviour are inherited.
B) The main source of criminal behaviour is a result of the sexual maladjustments of individuals.
C) An individual's early socialization within the family determines his or her attitudes toward crime.
D) Society defines and emphasizes success goals, but does not provide all individuals with equal access to the means of attaining or achieving these goals.

Question 52

According to Gottfredson and Hirschi, which of the following variables is the key to conformity?

A) high self-esteem
B) lack of deviant associations
C) proper early socialization
D) self-control

Question 53

Jacob's gang wanted him to help rob a jewellery store. However, Jacob refused and left the gang because he could not disappoint his parents. They had worked hard all their lives to give him opportunities for his future and if he got caught, he would never be able to face them. According to the text, what is the basis of this deterrence to crime?

A) control theory
B) activity theory
C) differential association theory
D) face-to-face theory

Question 54

Lillian worked as an accountant for a business with annual profits of $1 million. However, her boss paid her a low-level salary that did not meet her family's expenses. Lillian soon realized that she could embezzle money easily and began skimming about $100,000 per year. Through which of the following theories can the reason behind her deviant behaviour be best understood?

A) control theory
B) routine activity theory
C) strain theory
D) monetary theory

Question 55

According to Merton's strain theory, what are criminals doing when they commit crimes?

A) They are responding innovatively to societal contradictions.
B) They are exhibiting unintelligent and irrational behaviour.
C) They are showing underlying psychological pathologies.
D) They are expressing their frustrations with capitalism.

Question 56

A young woman has suffered neglect, and mental and sexual abuse at home-she runs away and ends up working as a prostitute. What theory of crime best explains this case?

A) general strain theory
B) control theory
C) choice theory
D) exploitation theory

Question 57

A young man grows up in a house where his father grows marijuana, his father and mother smoke pot, and his older brother is a drug dealer. Which theory would predict that he is at risk of following in this criminal lifestyle?

A) differential association theory
B) routine activities theory
C) control theory
D) strain theory

Question 58

A generally law-abiding man laid off during the economic depression is having trouble feeding his family and writes a cheque for groceries when he knows he has no money. What theory explaining crime best fits this example?

A) routine activities theory
B) strain theory
C) differential association theory
D) control theory

Question 59

A young woman is experiencing a host of generalized stresses: she is frustrated with her friends; her parents and teachers don't connect with her; and her mom and dad are separating. Consequently, she starts acting out by oversexualizing, and feels a relief from her pressures. What theory of crime best explains this case?

A) choice theory
B) routine activities theory
C) general strain theory
D) control theory

Question 60

The idea that social structure exerts pressure upon certain people to NOT conform is central to which approach?

A) knowledge-power perspective
B) class-conflict theory
C) status-conflict perspective
D) strain theory

Question 61

According to the text, how is female crime viewed at the present time?

A) as a sexually based issue
B) as a relatively stable problem
C) as growing in volume and violence
D) as being less common than male crime

Question 62

In a sleepy little southern Ontario town, a newspaper puts the headlines "Gang Activity" on a story about some teenagers who were singing drinking songs while walking down the middle of the main street in the early hours of Saturday morning. What is the term for this style of media representation?

A) sensationalism
B) overblown
C) inflated
D) moral panic

Question 63

Tom stayed out until 3
A)m. with his new friend Jack, who was a member of the local street gang. Tom's parents were so afraid he would join the gang that they grounded him for the rest of the school year and sent him to his uncle's farm to work for the summer. According to the text, which of the following was the basis for this harsh punishment for staying out late?

A) overprotection theory
B) removal theory
C) gang-prevention measures
D) moral panic

Question 64

In a fit of jealous rage, a man attacks his wife's lover. After a few months in jail, he vows that no matter what, he will never commit a crime again-because of his negative incarceration experience. Sociologically speaking, what is this called?

A) general recidivism
B) specific recidivism
C) specific deterrence
D) general deterrence

Question 65

Which of the following is FALSE in reference to male and female crime and deviance?

A) Males are more inclined than females to crime and deviance-especially violent crime.
B) Researchers have found that depression is a major cause of male and female delinquency.
C) Historically, female deviance was categorized as predominantly a sexual problem.
D) Researchers report that playing sports increases male violence but not female violence.

Question 66

Canada's "tough on crime" stance and proposed legislation is premised on which of the following?

A) rehabilitation theory
B) penology theory
C) deterrence theory
D) recidivism theory

Question 67

What does Wortley and Tanner's research on gang membership in Toronto reveal?

A) Groups and group membership are sharply declining.
B) Most gang members join so they can commit crimes.
C) Most gang members do not commit crimes.
D) Groups are growing at an alarming rate.

Question 68

Delores takes night classes on Tuesday and Thursday nights. At first, she was concerned that a potential burglar might notice she was away from home on those nights. She decided to put timers on her living room lamps so they would go on, making it look like she was at home. According to the text, what theory of crime is Delores addressing with her anticrime strategy?

A) control theory
B) routine activities theory
C) domestication theory
D) target theory

Question 69

According to deterrence theory, when will law-violating behaviour be low?

A) when guilty persons are incarcerated without recreation or rehabilitation
B) when alternatives to incarceration, such as community service, are mandated
C) when punishment for law-breaking behaviour is severe, certain, and quick
D) when prisoners are executed without stays or delays

Question 70

Which of the following was a research finding of Wortley and Tanner when they investigated youth gang activity in Toronto?

A) Most of the respondents were involved in drug trafficking.
B) There was no difference between street youth and high-school youth in levels of violent gang conflicts.
C) Gang membership was a ticket to income and status.
D) Many of the respondents were not involved in criminal activities.

Question 71

A young man likes to party; he is a thrill seeker who can't foresee the consequences of his behaviour. One night he goes on a drinking binge and wrecks his car. Which theoretical perspective would have predicted this behaviour?

A) general strain theory
B) general theory of crime
C) routine activities theory
D) differential association theory

Question 72

Which of the following individuals would be most likely to become a gang member, according to the text?

A) Jeremy, who has very few friends
B) Jakob, who is continuously looking for the next thrill
C) Jared, whose mother is working minimum wage jobs to support them
D) Joshua, after his parents grounded him

Question 73

According to the text, how has female deviance been viewed in the past?

A) It has been seen as a big problem.
B) It has been seen as a sexually based problem.
C) It has been seen as a moral issue.
D) It has been seen as similar to that of males.

Question 74

A person outraged by a spouse's affair contemplates murder but rethinks the action based on the likelihood of getting caught and going to jail. Sociologically, what is this called?

A) general rehabilitation
B) specific rehabilitation
C) general deterrence
D) specific deterrence

Question 75

Sandy was found guilty of robbing a convenience store and sentenced to two years in jail. He hated the confinement and, upon his release, swore he would never turn to crime again. According to the text, what was Sandy's rehabilitation based on?

A) general deterrence
B) specific deterrence
C) confinement deterrence
D) criminal deterrence

Question 76

A gang of high school friends party hard on a Saturday night and take a rowdy, vandalism-filled walk in the park, where they come across a gay couple. Homophobic slurs are hurled at the couple and a brawl ensues. Which theoretical perspective would have predicted this?

A) general theory of crime
B) differential association theory
C) general strain theory
D) routine activities theory

Question 77

Which one of the following situations would be classified specifically as a "moral panic"?

A) when reactions to deviance outweigh the harm done
B) when parents find out their teenagers are having sex
C) when reactions to morally charged behaviour occur in public places
D) when the church gets involved in a public issue

Question 78

One theory of crime suggests that women's crime rates will increase as more women enter the labour force and assume power, while simultaneously being less involved as wives and mothers. Which theory posits this notion?

A) routine activities hypothesis
B) rational choice theory
C) liberation hypothesis
D) control theory

Question 79

When Sasha heard that three young boys in her condo complex had been caught vandalizing a number of homes, her reaction was "that doesn't surprise me since their parents are never home to supervise them." Which theory of crime and deviance is Sasha applying?

A) general theory of crime
B) differential association theory
C) general strain theory
D) routine activities theory

Question 80

According to the text, what has become the fastest-growing crime of the twenty-first century?

A) child pornography
B) identity theft
C) cyber-bullying
D) marijuana grow-ops