Deck 15: Population,Urbanization,and the Environment

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a factor in annual population growth or decline?

A)the number of people born in the country during the year
B)the number people who die in the country during the year
C)the number of people who immigrate into the country minus the number who emigrate out
D)the number of people who live past the average life expectancy

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is the fastest-growing region in the world?

A)Southeast Asia
B)South America
C)Eastern Europe
D)Central Africa

Answer 2

D

Question 3

According to Julian Simon,to what do we owe the rapid rise in living standards and technology?

A)population growth and density
B)capitalistic innovation
C)imperialism and colonialism
D)military-industrial complex

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following countries is experiencing high population growth as a result of immigration rather than a natural population increase?

A)United States
B)China
C)India
D)Ethiopia

Question 5

What total fertility rate represents replacement rate fertility (in which each parent is able to replace himself or herself)?

A)2.1
B)2.5
C)2.0
D)1.9

Question 6

Which of the following is a characteristic of a second demographic transition?

A)decreased rates of divorce
B)a rise in nonmarital births as a proportion of all births
C)a rise in the rate of natural increase (RNI)
D)larger family sizes

Question 7

China's population continues to grow despite the fact that its fertility rate has fallen below the replacement rate.What phenomenon best explains this growth?

A)immigration
B)population momentum
C)adoption
D)baby boom

Question 8

The science of population size,distribution,and composition is defined as ______.

A)ethnography
B)population studies
C)demography
D)demographics

Question 9

Birth dearth refers to

A)when the crude birthrate drops too rapidly because of infant and maternal mortality
B)when the total fertility rate drops below replacement rate fertility
C)when an aging population becomes dependent on the financial contributions of fewer and fewer young workers
D)when rapid population growth puts a strain on basic services,such as sanitation and education

Question 10

About half of the increase in global population between 2010 and 2050 is projected to take place in just nine countries.Which of the following countries is NOT included?

A)United States
B)India
C)China
D)Japan

Question 11

Net migration is

A)the number of births per year
B)in-migration minus out-migration
C)migration to the cities minus migration to the suburbs
D)the number of new immigrants

Question 12

Which is the preferred measure for demographers to estimate future mortality?

A)crude death rates
B)age-specific fertility rates
C)life expectancy
D)age-specific mortality rates

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a reason for son preference in countries like China and India?

A)the belief that boys have greater economic,social,and religious value for the family
B)sex-selective abortion is legal
C)dowry costs
D)boys pass on the family line

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a sociological reason for some countries having a much higher proportion of males to females?

A)In some areas,mothers give birth to more sons because of natural,biological reasons.
B)It is caused by greater access to medical technologies such as prenatal sex screening and sex-selective abortion.
C)Where a bride's parents are required to pay dowry to the groom's family,the costs to a poor family can be great.
D)Cultural or religious beliefs place higher value on having sons than daughters.

Question 15

Which of the following countries has the highest life expectancy?

A)Nigeria
B)United States
C)Israel
D)South Africa

Question 16

Which of the following describes the theory of exponential population growth?

A)The food supply grows more rapidly than population.Food ends up being wasted.
B)The population grows rapidly.The food supply grows rapidly to meet the population's needs.
C)The population grows rapidly but then slows as society becomes more modern.
D)The population grows more rapidly than the food supply.Wars,epidemics,and famines result.

Question 17

Which of the following does NOT contribute to lowered fertility rates?

A)education of women
B)familiarity with family-planning methods
C)economic empowerment of women
D)higher levels of religiosity

Question 18

Where are total fertility rates (TFRs)highest?

A)most developed countries
B)more developed countries
C)less developed countries
D)least developed countries

Question 19

Which is the preferred measure for demographers to estimate future fertility?

A)crude birthrates
B)age-specific fertility rates
C)age-specific mortality rates
D)life expectancy

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a key factor in the growth or decline of a country's population?

A)urbanization
B)net migration
C)mortality
D)fertility

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a federal policy that contributed to rapid suburbanization in the 1950s and 1960s?

A)1956 National Interstate and Defense Highway Act
B)the passage of the 22nd Amendment
C)federally insured and subsidized home loans
D)suburban shopping centers built in part with federal dollars

Question 22

Which of following is NOT true of megacities?

A)Due to government restrictions,China does not have any megacities.
B)The number of megacities is growing worldwide.
C)People are becoming more likely to live in megacities.
D)Megacities have a total population of 10 million or more.

Question 23

Which of the following is characteristic of the treadmill of production?

A)Environmental concerns take precedence over political and economic agendas.
B)It helps to explain the lack of urgency or mobilization in the face of environmental threats.
C)Governments overstate the problem.
D)It does not require energy resources.

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of gentrification?

A)displacement of low-income residents
B)the construction of affordable housing
C)an increase in property values
D)changes in the physical landscape

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT part of Burgess's concentric zone hypothesis?

A)inner city
B)central business district
C)suburban zone
D)middle-class residential district

Question 26

Which of the following is true of world urbanization?

A)More than half of the world's poor inhabit cities.
B)Urban children are less likely to be poor than adults.
C)Only recently have more people been living in urban areas than in rural areas throughout the world.
D)Most of the world's urban poor live in developed countries.

Question 27

Which process is most likely to displace longtime low-income residents from their neighborhoods?

A)gentrification
B)urbanization
C)urban renewal
D)population momentum

Question 28

E-waste accounts for what percentage of toxic waste?

A)70%
B)5%
C)15%
D)50%

Question 29

What did Karl Marx cite as the cause of mass starvation and misery?

A)a mismatch between population size and resource availability
B)lack of technological progress
C)urbanization
D)unequal distribution of resources

Question 30

Which is NOT one of the cities that is considered to have the worst air pollution?

A)Paris
B)Bangkok
C)Mexico City
D)Beijing

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT discussed as a consequence of overconsumption and overdevelopment?

A)industrialization
B)decreasing levels of prosperity
C)disease
D)deforestation and wetlands destruction

Question 32

As we move from the inner zone to the outer circle in Ernest Burgess's concentric zone hypothesis,which of the following changes are we likely to see?

A)increased population density
B)decreased class status
C)higher rates of home ownership
D)higher rates of crime

Question 33

William Julius Wilson's term spatial mismatch is used to describe what phenomenon?

A)Urban job seekers find themselves geographically disconnected from suburban occupational opportunities.
B)Urban areas remain highly segregated,despite efforts to integrate.
C)Suburban residents lack adequate transportation to reach urban job centers.
D)Public housing units are torn down without constructing an equal number of new units,resulting in affordable housing shortages.

Question 34

Which urban sociologist defined the city as "a relatively large,dense,and permanent settlement of socially heterogeneous individuals"?

A)Ernest Burgess
B)Georg Simmel
C)Louis Wirth
D)Robert E.Park

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT one of the four principal functions of global cities,as outlined by Saskia Sassen?

A)to serve as "command posts" in the organization of the world economy
B)to serve as the principal markets for global businesses
C)to serve as important sites of innovation and new product development
D)to serve as multicultural centers of music,art,literature,and language

Question 36

Which of the following caused a radical growth in urbanization beginning in the 18th century?

A)industrial revolution
B)agricultural revolution
C)information revolution
D)American Revolution

Question 37

Early urban sociologists based in Chicago mainly focused their studies on which types of urban phenomena?

A)social cohesion: integration,neighborhood ties,and subcultures
B)social problems: mental illness,crime,and juvenile delinquency
C)transportation and technology
D)space and the built environment

Question 38

Which of the following is an example of the urban growth machine?

A)Affordable housing for low-income residents is available.
B)Police make efforts to get to know community members.
C)A real estate developer buys land in a neighborhood where property values are increasing.
D)A group of neighbors plants a community garden in an abandoned lot.

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a sociological explanation for the development of early cities?

A)the development of settled agricultural areas enabling farmers to produce an agricultural surplus
B)the establishment of trade routes
C)the siting of villages along major river systems
D)humans are biologically predisposed to gather in large masses

Question 40

Where does the majority of the global consumer class live?

A)China and India
B)the United States and Canada
C)Western Europe
D)the Southern Hemisphere

Question 41

Explain what it means for a country to have high population momentum and why it occurs.Identify a country that is experiencing population momentum.

Question 42

As of 2012,the world population had reached ______ billion people.

Question 43

Population ______ is uneven and varying across all of the regions of the world.

Question 44

There are no negative consequences of gentrification.Everyone benefits from the opening of new storefronts and higher property values.

Question 45

When women have reason to believe that all or most of their offspring will survive into adulthood,they are less likely to have "extra" children to ensure a few survive.

Question 46

The total fertility rate of the United States is above replacement fertility rate level.

Question 47

Émile Durkheim put forth the idea that the ______ solidarity of traditional community life could be replaced by the organic solidarity of modern societies,with complex divisions of labor in which people were heterogeneous but interdependent for survival.

Question 48

Most scientists agree that global warming and climate change is the result of man-made CO₂ emissions.

Question 49

Provide definitions for crude birthrates,crude death rates,age-specific fertility rates,and age-specific mortality rates.Explain why it is important to measure age-specific versus crude rates and when one measure might be used instead of another.

Question 50

In almost all societies,the life expectancy at birth is higher for females than for males.

Question 51

Early sociologists tended to view the rise of cities positively,believing them to strengthen relationships,reinforce norms,and stabilize religious foundations.

Question 52

India and Russia have a high population momentum.

Question 53

The world's biggest market for automobiles is located in ______.

Question 54

The majority of ______ is not recycled responsibly and instead shipped to developing countries to be handled or repurposed.

Question 55

The population of the United States would gradually decline if fertility rates stayed at present levels and ______ ceased.

Question 56

List three reasons why it is difficult to make precise predictions about population growth.

Question 57

Identify the four factors that contribute to population growth or decline.

Question 58

The majority of manufacturing in the United States today is in suburban areas.

Question 59

Ernest Burgess believed that settlement patterns in cities could be represented by ______.

Question 60

The world population is expected to begin declining by 2050.

Question 61

Provide Louis Wirth's definition of a city.Do you agree with this definition? What,if anything,would you add or change,and why?

Question 62

Why is the study of demographics an important field in sociology? How does demographics differ from study done from a microlevel perspective?

Question 63

Outline the evolution of the city and a few of the major trends in urbanization over time.Include a discussion of how the sociological study of the city has shifted over time.

Question 64

Explain how the treadmill of production is tied to capitalism using a conflict-oriented approach.

Question 65

Use a conflict-oriented or feminist approach to explain why equitable treatment of women is important for a country's population growth and development.

Question 66

Explain Burgess's theory of the city patterned as five concentric circles.In which,if any,of these zones would you place your household?

Question 67

Propose a research study that examines the relationship between population growth and health.Identify the research topic,include discussion of how you would frame your research question and what theory or theories you would use,select an appropriate research methodology,weigh any ethical implications,and discuss any challenges or threats to data collection,reliability,or validity that may arise.

Question 68

Explain why it is important to talk about the environment and climate change when talking about population growth,urbanization,and globalization.

Question 69

Explain the relationship between urban renewal and gentrification.How are they distinguished? Explore how the local or state government policies play a role in these processes.

Question 70

Discuss the relationship between technology and the environment.How have advancements in technology had a negative impact on the environment? How can they have a positive impact?

Question 71

List the defining characteristics of gentrification.Discuss the positive and negative consequences of gentrification.

Question 72

Identify the four functions of global cities,as outlined by Saskia Sassen,and explore their relationships to one another.

Question 73

Explain the theory of the urban growth machine.What would a functionalist perspective on this issue look like?

Question 74

Compare and contrast the views of Malthus,Simon,and Marx on the overpopulation debate.

Question 75

What is the definition of a megacity? How many exist globally? Identify one positive and one negative impact that the growth of megacities may have on the environment.

Question 76

Explain what it means for a developed country to go through a second demographic transition.Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the first and second demographic transition theories.

Question 77

Identify how global inequality is manifested when it comes to health,technology,and the environment in overdeveloped and underdeveloped countries.

Question 78

Discuss the relationships between urbanization,work,and poverty (both urban and rural).How have these relationships shifted over time?

Question 79

Explain the four stages of the theory of the first demographic transition.Include examples that illustrate why these changes occur.

Question 80

Identify three factors that influence life expectancy in a given country.Why does life expectancy vary by gender?