Deck 4: Socialization

Question 1

The theory that a child's conception of herself is defined at least in part through the way in which other people react to her is known as the

A) reflective self concept.
B) superego.
C) looking-glass self.
D) self-perception reversal.

Answer 1

looking-glass self.

Question 2

Which term is used to describe children who have allegedly been raised by animals or in severe isolation?

A) Feral
B) Natural
C) Uncivilized
D) Undocumented

Answer 2

Feral

Question 3

Which theorist noted that during the imitation stage, infants learn to distinguish between themselves and others from the actions of their parents?

A) Sigmund Freud
Cultural diffusion.
B) Charles H. Cooley
Liberation.
C) Albert Bandura
Ethnocentrism.
D) George Herbert Mead
Benevolence.

Answer 3

George Herbert Mead
Benevolence.

Question 4

While children are born with human genes, they require _____ to become fully human.

A) innate traits
B) evolution
C) self-awareness
D) social contact

Question 5

Which social theorist noted that children will adopt behaviors that result in outcomes they value?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Charles H. Cooley
C) Albert Bandura
D) George Herbert Mead

Question 6

At approximately what age do children enter the "play stage," according to Mead, in which they pretend to be people in different roles, such as mothers, teachers, doctors, or police officers?

A) Ages 1-4
B) Ages 4-7
C) Ages 7-10
D) Ages 10-12

Question 7

Which term was used by George Herbert Mead to mean the pressures and expectations of parents, friends, and society?

A) Generalized other
B) Internalization
C) Socialization
D) Secondary group

Question 8

According to Nilsen, the military found it necessary to _____ in order to preserve new recruits' sense of masculinity.

A) change the names of jobs considered to be "women's work"
B) assign "men's work" only to male recruits and "women's work" to female recruits
C) increase practice with automatic weapons
D) exempt men from serving in the same branches of the military as women

Question 9

According to zoologist and science writer Matt Ridley, which of the following represents the relationship of nature to nurture?

A) Genes switch on and off in response to the environment.
B) Genes are primarily responsible for human behavior.
C) Environment is solely responsible for human behavior.
D) Environmental influences must adapt around genetic heritage.

Question 10

Which of the following represents the psychoanalytic view of socialization?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Charles H. Cooley
C) Albert Bandura
D) George Herbert Mead

Question 11

_____ is the process of learning cultural values, norms, and expectations.

A) Belief systems
B) Culturization
C) Aculturalization
D) Socialization

Question 12

Stories abound of children who were raised by animals, but these accounts should be

A) understood in the context of history.
B) treated with skepticism.
C) considered isolated incidents with no bearing on socialization.
D) a touchstone in the study of socialization and humanity.

Question 13

Which theorist advanced the theory of the "looking glass self"?

A) Sigmund Freud
B) Charles H. Cooley
C) Albert Bandura
D) George Herbert Mead

Question 14

Over time, infants develop a sense of _____ and learn to distinguish between "I" and "you."

A) proportion
B) mastery
C) self-awareness
D) smell

Question 15

Kylie is a three-year-old girl. When she tries to play with a truck, her mother takes it away and hands her a doll. According to social theorist Albert Bandura, which scenario is most likely to result?

A) Kylie will grow up to be transgendered.
B) Kylie will adopt the belief that dolls are for girls and trucks are for boys.
C) Kylie will enter the play stage, meaning she will play with whatever she wants.
D) Kylie will become depressed and stop playing, resulting in brain atrophy.

Question 16

Which statement most accurately sums up Cooley's idea of the looking-glass self?

A) I am what I think I am.
B) I am what you think I am.
C) I am what I am.
D) I am what I think you think I am.

Question 17

Sociologists note that individuals develop a sense of _____ (i.e., personality) through interaction with other people.

A) character
B) self
C) disposition
D) nature

Question 18

When advertisers emphasize the positive outcomes of using particular products, their methods are in line with which theorist's ideas?

A) Mead
B) Bandura
C) Freud
D) Cooley

Question 19

_____ has profound effects on how a society's members perceive the world and discover the meaning of symbols not only for words but also for objects such as the the flag and traffic lights.

A) Socialization
B) Symbol-making
C) Symbology
D) Language

Question 20

Modern science has determined that children raised in extreme neglect have significant deficits in ordinary human behavior as well as brains that are

A) normal but incapable of catching up to their age peers.
B) normal and capable of catching up to their age peers.
C) smaller than normal with signs of atrophy.
D) larger than normal with additional development in the instinctive centers.

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT identified in the chapter as one of the four major agents of socialization?

A) Family
B) Religion
C) School
D) Peers

Question 22

In which type of group is the individual member relatively unimportant?

A) Family group
B) Primary group
C) Secondary group
D) Group of close friends

Question 23

Which of the following is the primary agent of socialization for an individual?

A) Media
B) Peers
C) School
D) Family

Question 24

Freud's term for the rational part of the personality that controls basic urges and finds realistic ways of satisfying biological cravings is

A) id.
B) ego.
C) superego.
D) morals.

Question 25

Which term did Freud use to describe the primitive biological force that is expressed in a child's earliest years, with all energies directed toward pleasure?

A) Infantalism
B) Superego
C) Ego
D) Id

Question 26

Whereas the formal curriculum in schools teaches subjects such as math and English, the _____ teaches students the society's expectations regarding behavior.

A) hidden curriculum
B) Core Curriculum
C) faculty
D) coaching staff

Question 27

While the family may be the most important agent of socialization, a child's _____ become increasingly important as a transmitter of social norms and values.

A) own opinions
B) religious ideas
C) peers
D) extracurricular activities

Question 28

Which of the following is characteristic of primary groups?

A) They are large and impersonal.
B) They are formally organized.
C) They are task-oriented.
D) They are informal and long-lasting.

Question 29

Why is internalization an important step in the maturation process?

A) Because children will then act according to parental expectations, even when no one is watching.
B) Because children will know how to act when their parents are nearby
C) Because children will be free to make their own decisions
D) Because internalization must precede socialization

Question 30

An overprotective parent who hovers over his or her child at every stage of development is often called a(n) _____ parent.

A) active
B) helicopter
C) trainwreck
D) super

Question 31

Sherry Turkle is a critic of helicopter parenting, particularly the use of _____ that help parents track their child's location.

A) computer chip implants
B) neighborhood watch networks
C) cell phones and GPS devices
D) seat belts and bike helmets

Question 32

In their 1998-2002 analysis of television content, the Parents Television Council noted that television violence increased by what percentage during in the 9:00 p.m. programming hour?

A) 15.6%
B) 90.2%
C) 134.4%
D) 243.5%

Question 33

Which of the following would be an example of a primary group?

A) Nuclear family
B) Scout troop
C) Large university class
D) Group of commuters on the highway

Question 34

Compared to primary groups, secondary groups are

A) smaller and more personal.
B) larger and more impersonal.
C) more informal and long-lasting.
D) more influential in terms of socialization.

Question 35

According to Dubow et al., "what children observe through _____ window on the world alters their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors."

A) the mass media's
B) their family's
C) the school's
D) their peers'

Question 36

When Douglas started first grade, he did not like school as much as preschool because he was expected to do the same thing at the same time as the other children. But soon, he was raising his hand and waiting for his turn to talk, just like everyone else. This is because school is a place where students learn to function in the larger society by learning

A) individuality is only for very young children and that maturity equals conformity.
B) the formal prescriptions of society and that to get along one must go along.
C) good people are always cooperative and do as they are told.
D) failing to comply with school rules will result in a note in their permanent records that will follow them for the rest of their lives.

Question 37

Research has shown that children who veer away from the culturally prescribed expectations of gender roles find that their peers act as

A) buffers between those children and their families.
B) a source of encouragement to explore concepts of gender.
C) resources to demonstrate the right way for each gender to behave.
D) "gender police" to reel them back in.

Question 38

In 2011 the American Academy of Adolescent Psychiatry predicted that which one of the following would be a negative effect of media exposure on children and teenagers?

A) They may learn to reject violence as a way to solve problems.
B) They may become increasingly passive and pacifist in response to watching violent television.
C) They may become immune or numb to the horror of violence.
D) They may fail to identify with victims or victimizers.

Question 39

_____ is the term for the way in which society's expectations and rules become part of an individual's personality.

A) Individuation
B) Normalization
C) Internalization
D) Socialization

Question 40

In contrast to families, schools tend to provide a more _____ indoctrination of youth in culturally prescribed ways.

A) ethnocentric
B) diverse
C) humanitarian
D) uniform

Question 41

Who studied the effects of groupthink on a cult who believed a great flood would wash away the West Coast in 1956?

A) Solomon Asch
B) Albert Bandura
C) Muzafer Sherif
D) Leon Festinger

Question 42

The chapter includes information about children in India from the lowest caste being deformed by their relatives to ensure their success as beggars. This story illustrates the fact that

A) membership in a group can affect health and life.
B) beggars are the lowest caste in India for good reason.
C) membership in a low-status group is less hazardous than membership in a high-status group.
D) the caste system in India is the same as social classes in the United States.

Question 43

Membership in a group can alter members' behavior, even those that _____, such as eating and sleeping.

A) are matters of opinion
B) are biologically determined
C) involve basic human drives
D) involve the approval of the secondary group

Question 44

What was the difference between the participants in the Asch line-size experiment and the Sherif light-movement experiment?

A) In the Sherif experiment, all participants were naïve subjects.
B) In the Asch experiment, all participants were naïve subjects.
C) In the Sherif experiment, some participants were actually accomplices.
D) In the Asch experiment, none of the participants were actually accomplices.

Question 45

Which term refers to a psychological phenomenon in which people will set aside their own personal beliefs and adopt the opinion of the rest of the group?

A) Socialization
B) Groupthink
C) Internalization
D) Generalized other

Question 46

In the Dani tribe of New Guinea, newly married couples

A) live apart until they both reach puberty.
B) are expected to have sexual intercourse prior to the wedding ceremony to ensure conception.
C) delay conceiving a child for the first five years of marriage.
D) delay sexual intercourse for the first two years of marriage.

Question 47

Who conducted a series of experiments on conformity through the use of the autokinetic effect?

A) Solomon Asch
B) Albert Bandura
C) Muzafer Sherif
D) Leon Festinger

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT an example given in the chapter demonstrating that membership in a group can have negative effects on health and safety?

A) Beggar children in India who are intentionally deformed to increase their earning potential
B) Children in the United States who are required to have immunizations in order to attend public school
C) Children of a religious sect in Colorado who are not given medical treatment
D) Appalachian religious groups who routinely handle poisonous snakes

Question 49

Which type of theorist believes that the socialization process has the negative effect of leading people to accept the ways of their society uncritically, even though they may be unjust?

A) Primary group theorists
B) Secondary group theorists
C) Order theorists
D) Conflict theorists

Question 50

In Solomon Asch's experiment involving the identification of the longest lines on cards, what percentage of subjects gave in to group pressure to give the wrong answer?

A) 13%
B) 28%
C) 53%
D) 74%