Deck 13: The Worlds of the Fifteenth Century the Big Picture Debating the Character of an Era

Question 1

How did race and class shape women's experiences in the colonial societies of North and South America?

Answer 1

Answer would ideally include:
•A discussion of Spanish America should highlight the differences among three groups:
--The race and class of Spanish women gave them privileges denied to other women. However, they were unable to hold public office and were viewed as weak and in need of male protection. They were seen as "bearers of civilization" and their children were considered legitimate heirs.
--Mestizas were of mixed race (children of Spanish men and indigenous women). Their children were not considered legitimate, although some were able to amass great wealth through their marriages to wealthy Spanish men.
--Indigenous women were subject to abuse and exploitation. Spanish law regarded them as minors.
•A discussion of Brazil and the Caribbean should add the experiences of enslaved women who worked in field gangs and women in the cities who hired out as laborers. Such women were discouraged from establishing stable homes.
•A discussion of British North America should note that female colonists were placed under the authority of men and had few opportunities outside the home.

Question 2

Which of the following regions experienced the least racial mixing and was the least willing to recognize the offspring of interracial unions?

A) Colonial Brazil
B) British North America
C) The Caribbean
D) Spanish America

Answer 2

British North America

Question 3

Describe the major features of Ottoman rule over the Balkans.

Answer 3

Answer would ideally include:
•The Ottoman Turks ruled over a large Christian population but did not settle in large numbers.
•They were willing to accommodate Christian churches in the region.
•Many Christians welcomed Ottoman conquest because taxes were lighter and oppression less pronounced than under their former Christian rulers.
•Christian communities like the Eastern Orthodox and Armenian churches were granted considerable autonomy in regulating their internal social, religious, educational, and charitable affairs.
•A substantial number of Christians became part of the Ottoman elite without converting to Islam.
•Through a process known as the devshirme, Turks collected from Balkan Christian communities a quota of young boys who were removed from their families, required to learn Turkish, usually converted to Islam, and trained for either civil administration or military service in the Ottoman Empire.

Question 4

How did many Native Americans in Mesoamerica and Peru respond to Spanish missionaries' efforts to convert them to Catholicism?

A) They rejected Catholicism completely and maintained their local cultures.
B) They blended their old customs into Catholic practices.
C) They only pretended to be Catholic when Europeans were around.
D) They abandoned their old religions and embraced Catholicism entirely.

Question 5

The colonial economy of the Spanish Empire in former Aztec and Inca lands was

A) dependent on the import of African slaves for labor.
B) based on commercial agriculture and mining.
C) supported by piracy and smuggling.
D) administered by Spanish missionaries.

Question 6

How did the various empires deal with colonial subjects who practiced different religions?

Question 7

Some scientists have linked the Little Ice Age that spanned much of the early modern period to the

A) devshirme.
B) Great Dying.
C) discovery of Siberia.
D) plantation complex.

Question 8

Which of the following distinguished the empires of Western Europe from other empires?

A) They spread diseases to conquered peoples.
B) They were initiated by maritime expansion.
C) They were created by merchants.
D) They were accompanied by religious conversion of conquered peoples.

Question 9

In what respects were the centuries from 1450 to 1750 an age of empires?

Question 10

Which ruler emphasized the use of spectacle and public display to convey the impression of the exalted role of the monarch?

A) Akbar
B) Jahangir
C) Suleiman I
D) Louis XIV

Question 11

Which of the following reflects how Louis XIV saw his role as king, as expressed in his memoirs?

A) "Ill should I discharge the duties of my exalted station, were I to withhold my compassion and indulgence from any of those entrusted to my charge."
B) "On tours I learned about the common people's grievances by talking with them, or by accepting their petitions."
C) ". . . I would doubtless be capable of governing other empires, just as the sun was capable of lighting up other worlds if they were exposed to its rays."
D) "Giving life to people and killing people-those are the powers that the emperor has. . . ."

Question 12

In the Mughal emperor Jahangir's memoirs, he quotes his father Akbar telling him "that the class of whom we are speaking . . . are usefully engaged, either in the pursuits of science or the arts, or of improvements for the benefit of mankind, and have in numerous instances arrived at the highest distinctions in the state. . . ." Which class of people is being discussed?

A) Untouchables
B) Buddhists
C) Muslims
D) Hindus

Question 13

What impact did the creation of the Russian and Chinese empires during the early modern period have on Central Asia?

Question 14

In what ways were the outcomes of Europe's American colonies different from those of the Chinese, Mughal, and Ottoman empires?

Question 15

Which Amerindian crops had the greatest impact on food production in Africa and Eurasia following the establishment of the Western European empires?

Question 16

Why did some Native Americans aid the Spanish in their initial invasion of the New World?

A) To acquire gold and jewels from the Spanish
B) To learn about European culture and history
C) To appease the gods and avert natural disasters
D) To gain an advantage against their own enemies

Question 17

How did understandings of race in Latin America differ from those in British North America?

Question 18

Which of the following was a reason that Portugal, Spain, France, and Britain were the first to expand into the New World?

A) They had a long tradition of exploring distant lands by boat.
B) They were on the Atlantic coast and were closer to the Americas.
C) They believed in ancient legends of a lost world across the ocean.
D) They lands lacked iron, which drove them to search for deposits.

Question 19

Which of the following is a description of how the Inca Empire treated conquered peoples?

A) "All the prisoners and captives of war . . . were sacrificed. . . ."
B) "[T]hey [the conquered peoples] were part of the ruling boards and juntas."
C) "[T]hey [the conquered peoples] were considered among the magnates of the land. . . ."
D) "[The Incas] never divested the natural chieftains of their power."

Question 20

Which of the following is a description of the Ottoman Empire found in a letter written by the diplomat for the Austrian Empire, Busbecq?

A) "[H]onors, high posts, and judgeships are the rewards of great ability and good service."
B) "[T]he prestige of birth is the sole key to advancement in the public service. . . ."
C) "[T]here is no regard for discipline, license runs riot, the men indulge in drunkenness and debauchery. . . ."
D) "[S]oldiers on a campaign refuse to put up with their ordinary food, and call for . . . dainty dishes!"

Question 21

Which of the following was an outcome of the establishment of European empires in the Americas?

A) A shift in the global balance of power in favor of Russia
B) The emergence of an Atlantic world connecting four continents
C) The spread of smallpox from the Americas to Eurasia
D) A sharp decline in population in Europe and Asia

Question 22

In contrast to the Portuguese and Spanish colonists in Latin America, British colonists in North America

A) married indigenous women more frequently and were less racist.
B) sought to escape rather than re-create European traditions in the Americas.
C) were almost exclusively male and Catholic.
D) faced many class and racial restrictions.

Question 23

Which of the following highlights the intersection between the Little Ice Age and the phenomenon scholars term the General Crisis?

A) The inability of shamans to control the weather discredited popular religions.
B) Climactic changes exacerbated conditions that led to popular unrest.
C) The re-emergence of land bridges led to the age of mass migration.
D) Efforts to predict the weather led to an overturning of established truths.

Question 24

In which of the following empires did the process of expansion occur at the same time that a distinctive state was taking shape?

A) The Russian Empire
B) The Spanish Empire
C) The Ottoman Empire
D) The Mughal Empire

Question 25

Which of the following was a reason Russia expanded beginning in the sixteenth century?

A) To control the Silk Roads
B) To secure its borders from attack
C) To gain access to gunpowder weapons
D) To monopolize the spice trade

Question 26

Which of the following policies reflects mercantilist thinking?

A) Discouraging exports
B) Encouraging free trade
C) Using slave labor
D) Accumulating precious metals

Question 27

How did Chinese and Russian expansion into Central Asia affect the nomadic peoples inhabiting the steppe lands?

A) They no longer enjoyed political independence and economic prosperity.
B) They were absorbed into Chinese and Russian society and lost their identity.
C) They abandoned their nomadic lifestyle and enjoyed success as merchants.
D) They formed a military confederation and won their independence.

Question 28

Which of the following describes what happened to the native populations of the steppes and Siberia as a consequence of Russian imperial expansion?

A) Enslavement
B) Genocide
C) Resettlement
D) Assimilation

Question 29

Which of the following contributed to the Great Dying in the Americas?

A) A volcanic eruption and an earthquake that caused flooding
B) A prolonged drought that made farming impossible
C) The frequent warfare between the Aztec and Inca empires
D) Native Americans' lack of immunity to Eurasian diseases

Question 30

Which of the following dominated the agricultural economy of the New England and middle Atlantic colonies in British North America?

A) Large estates that directly employed native workers
B) Government-owned land that was leased to settlers
C) Small-scale independent farmers working their own land
D) Sugar plantations worked by slave labor

Question 31

Which of the following describes slavery in Latin America?

A) Large-scale importation of new slaves continued into the nineteenth century.
B) Living and working conditions for slaves were similar to those of poor white men.
C) Slaves became self-reproducing after 1750, with all slaves born in the New World.
D) Slaves could not be set free by their owners nor could they buy their freedom.

Question 32

Which of the following is an example of the Columbian exchange?

A) The emergence of Western Europeans on the world stage
B) The introduction of corn and potatoes into the Afro-Eurasian diet
C) The rivalry between Catholic Spain and Protestant England
D) The interaction between the Mesoamerican and Andean civilizations

Question 33

Refer to Map 13.3 in the textbook. The addition of Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Tibet to the Chinese empire during the Qing dynasty led to

A) the creation of the Court of Colonial Affairs.
B) the permanent end of the tribute system.
C) border skirmishes with the Russian Empire.
D) border skirmishes with the Mughal Empire.

Question 34

What did the introduction of domesticated animals into the Americas make possible?

A) Ranching economies
B) Plantation crops
C) Industrialization
D) The slave trade

Question 35

Which of the following describes a feature of Qing China's policy toward its possessions in central Asia?

A) A massive migration of Chinese settlers into the area
B) Assimilation of the local populations into Chinese society
C) Respect for the different cultures of the region
D) The imposition of a special tax on Muslims

Question 36

What contributed to higher literacy rates in the British colonies in North America than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in Latin America?

A) Protestantism, which was practiced by most British colonists, encouraged reading the Bible for oneself.
B) The British government invested massive funds into building libraries throughout North America.
C) Spanish and Portuguese colonizers thought Native Americans could not be taught to read.
D) The Spanish and Portuguese governments discouraged literacy among the colonial population.

Question 37

The Mughal ruler Akbar favored policies that promoted

A) a cosmopolitan and hybrid Indian-Persian-Turkic culture.
B) the forced conversion of Hindus to Islam.
C) a distinctly Islamic identity.
D) the removal of non-Muslims from high office.

Question 38

How did silver from the mines of Mexico and Peru affect international commerce?

A) It encouraged piracy and smuggling among colonists in North America.
B) It weakened the effectiveness of mercantilist fiscal policies.
C) It enabled Europeans to buy Chinese tea, silk, and porcelain.
D) It shifted the center of long-distance trade to the Americas.

Question 39

Which of the following was a result of the Ottoman Empire's policy toward the Christian population in southeastern Europe?

A) The majority of the population had converted to Islam by the sixteenth century.
B) Christians remained a permanent underclass in Ottoman society.
C) Christian communities enjoyed considerable autonomy over their own affairs.
D) Christians who refused to convert migrated to the Americas.

Question 40

Which of the following policies contributed to the growth of Hindu opposition to Mughal rule by the late seventeenth century?

A) Promotion of the practice of sati
B) Creation of an imperial cult
C) Reinstatement of the jizya
D) Construction of the House of Worship

Question 41

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa.

A)Cortés
B)Doña Marina
C)the Great Dying
D)Little Ice Age and General Crisis
E)Columbian exchange
F)peninsulares
G)mestiz
H)mulattoes
I)plantation complex
J)settler colonies
K)Siberia
L)yasak
M)Qing dynasty empire
N)Mughal Empire
O)Akbar
P)Aurangzeb
Q)Ottoman Empire
R)Constantinople
S)the devshirme

Question 42

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Colonies in which the colonizing people settled in large numbers rather than simply spending relatively small numbers to exploit the region; particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America.

A)Cortés
B)Doña Marina
C)the Great Dying
D)Little Ice Age and General Crisis
E)Columbian exchange
F)peninsulares
G)mestiz
H)mulattoes
I)plantation complex
J)settler colonies
K)Siberia
L)yasak
M)Qing dynasty empire
N)Mughal Empire
O)Akbar
P)Aurangzeb
Q)Ottoman Empire
R)Constantinople
S)the devshirme

Question 43

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
One of the most successful empires of India, a state founded by Muslim Turks who invaded India in 1526; their rule was noted for efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims.

A)Cortés
B)Doña Marina
C)the Great Dying
D)Little Ice Age and General Crisis
E)Columbian exchange
F)peninsulares
G)mestiz
H)mulattoes
I)plantation complex
J)settler colonies
K)Siberia
L)yasak
M)Qing dynasty empire
N)Mughal Empire
O)Akbar
P)Aurangzeb
Q)Ottoman Empire
R)Constantinople
S)the devshirme

Question 44

Map 13.1 in the textbook shows the Americas in which century?

A) Fourteenth
B) Fifteenth
C) Eighteenth
D) Nineteenth

Question 45

Which of the following resulted from Russia's westward expansion in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

A) A program of westernization in Russia
B) Russia's monopoly of the fur trade
C) The incorporation of Slavic-speaking Ukrainians and Belorussians into the empire
D) The conversion of the Russian royal family to Islam

Question 46

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
The capital and almost the only outpost left of the Byzantine Empire, which fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" in 1453, an event that marked the end of Christian Byzantium.

A)Cortés
B)Doña Marina
C)the Great Dying
D)Little Ice Age and General Crisis
E)Columbian exchange
F)peninsulares
G)mestiz
H)mulattoes
I)plantation complex
J)settler colonies
K)Siberia
L)yasak
M)Qing dynasty empire
N)Mughal Empire
O)Akbar
P)Aurangzeb
Q)Ottoman Empire
R)Constantinople
S)the devshirme

Question 47

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
In the Spanish colonies of Latin America, the term used to refer to people who had been born in Spain; they claimed superiority over Spaniards born in the Americas.

A)Cortés
B)Doña Marina
C)the Great Dying
D)Little Ice Age and General Crisis
E)Columbian exchange
F)peninsulares
G)mestiz
H)mulattoes
I)plantation complex
J)settler colonies
K)Siberia
L)yasak
M)Qing dynasty empire
N)Mughal Empire
O)Akbar
P)Aurangzeb
Q)Ottoman Empire
R)Constantinople
S)the devshirme

Question 48

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Russia's great frontier region, a vast territory of what is now central and eastern Russia, most of it unsuitable for agriculture but rich in mineral resources and fur-bearing animals.

A)Cortés
B)Doña Marina
C)the Great Dying
D)Little Ice Age and General Crisis
E)Columbian exchange
F)peninsulares
G)mestiz
H)mulattoes
I)plantation complex
J)settler colonies
K)Siberia
L)yasak
M)Qing dynasty empire
N)Mughal Empire
O)Akbar
P)Aurangzeb
Q)Ottoman Empire
R)Constantinople
S)the devshirme

Question 49

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
The massive transatlantic interaction and exchange between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia that began in the period of European exploration and colonization.

A)Cortés
B)Doña Marina
C)the Great Dying
D)Little Ice Age and General Crisis
E)Columbian exchange
F)peninsulares
G)mestiz
H)mulattoes
I)plantation complex
J)settler colonies
K)Siberia
L)yasak
M)Qing dynasty empire
N)Mughal Empire
O)Akbar
P)Aurangzeb
Q)Ottoman Empire
R)Constantinople
S)the devshirme

Question 50

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Spanish conquistador (1485-1547) who led the expedition that conquered the Aztec Empire in modern Mexico.

A)Cortés
B)Doña Marina
C)the Great Dying
D)Little Ice Age and General Crisis
E)Columbian exchange
F)peninsulares
G)mestiz
H)mulattoes
I)plantation complex
J)settler colonies
K)Siberia
L)yasak
M)Qing dynasty empire
N)Mughal Empire
O)Akbar
P)Aurangzeb
Q)Ottoman Empire
R)Constantinople
S)the devshirme

Question 51

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas.

A)Cortés
B)Doña Marina
C)the Great Dying
D)Little Ice Age and General Crisis
E)Columbian exchange
F)peninsulares
G)mestiz
H)mulattoes
I)plantation complex
J)settler colonies
K)Siberia
L)yasak
M)Qing dynasty empire
N)Mughal Empire
O)Akbar
P)Aurangzeb
Q)Ottoman Empire
R)Constantinople
S)the devshirme

Question 52

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Literally, "mixed"; a term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas.

A)Cortés
B)Doña Marina
C)the Great Dying
D)Little Ice Age and General Crisis
E)Columbian exchange
F)peninsulares
G)mestiz
H)mulattoes
I)plantation complex
J)settler colonies
K)Siberia
L)yasak
M)Qing dynasty empire
N)Mughal Empire
O)Akbar
P)Aurangzeb
Q)Ottoman Empire
R)Constantinople
S)the devshirme

Question 53

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
The tribute of boy children that the Ottoman Turks levied on their Christian subjects in the Balkans; the Ottomans raised the boys for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps.

A)Cortés
B)Doña Marina
C)the Great Dying
D)Little Ice Age and General Crisis
E)Columbian exchange
F)peninsulares
G)mestiz
H)mulattoes
I)plantation complex
J)settler colonies
K)Siberia
L)yasak
M)Qing dynasty empire
N)Mughal Empire
O)Akbar
P)Aurangzeb
Q)Ottoman Empire
R)Constantinople
S)the devshirme

Question 54

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Ruling dynasty of China from 1644 to 1912; these rulers were originally from Manchuria, which had conquered China.

A)Cortés
B)Doña Marina
C)the Great Dying
D)Little Ice Age and General Crisis
E)Columbian exchange
F)peninsulares
G)mestiz
H)mulattoes
I)plantation complex
J)settler colonies
K)Siberia
L)yasak
M)Qing dynasty empire
N)Mughal Empire
O)Akbar
P)Aurangzeb
Q)Ottoman Empire
R)Constantinople
S)the devshirme

Question 55

In the conflict between the Islamic and Christian worlds, which event in the fifteenth century signaled that the Islamic world held the upper hand?

A) The Treaty of Nerchinsk
B) The Treaty of Tordesillas
C) The Reconquista and its aftermath
D) The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople

Question 56

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Mughal emperor who reversed his predecessors' policies of religious tolerance and attempted to impose Islamic supremacy.

A)Cortés
B)Doña Marina
C)the Great Dying
D)Little Ice Age and General Crisis
E)Columbian exchange
F)peninsulares
G)mestiz
H)mulattoes
I)plantation complex
J)settler colonies
K)Siberia
L)yasak
M)Qing dynasty empire
N)Mughal Empire
O)Akbar
P)Aurangzeb
Q)Ottoman Empire
R)Constantinople
S)the devshirme

Question 57

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood.

A)Cortés
B)Doña Marina
C)the Great Dying
D)Little Ice Age and General Crisis
E)Columbian exchange
F)peninsulares
G)mestiz
H)mulattoes
I)plantation complex
J)settler colonies
K)Siberia
L)yasak
M)Qing dynasty empire
N)Mughal Empire
O)Akbar
P)Aurangzeb
Q)Ottoman Empire
R)Constantinople
S)the devshirme

Question 58

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
The most famous emperor of India's Mughal Empire ; his policies are noted for their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion.

A)Cortés
B)Doña Marina
C)the Great Dying
D)Little Ice Age and General Crisis
E)Columbian exchange
F)peninsulares
G)mestiz
H)mulattoes
I)plantation complex
J)settler colonies
K)Siberia
L)yasak
M)Qing dynasty empire
N)Mughal Empire
O)Akbar
P)Aurangzeb
Q)Ottoman Empire
R)Constantinople
S)the devshirme

Question 59

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Agricultural system based on African slavery that was used in Brazil, the Caribbean, and the southern colonies of North America.

A)Cortés
B)Doña Marina
C)the Great Dying
D)Little Ice Age and General Crisis
E)Columbian exchange
F)peninsulares
G)mestiz
H)mulattoes
I)plantation complex
J)settler colonies
K)Siberia
L)yasak
M)Qing dynasty empire
N)Mughal Empire
O)Akbar
P)Aurangzeb
Q)Ottoman Empire
R)Constantinople
S)the devshirme

Question 60

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Native American slave from an elite background who in 1519 became Cortés's indispensable interpreter and strategist. She accompanied him during his conquest of the Aztec Empire and bore him a son. After the conquest she was married off to another conquistador and died around 1530 C·E·.

A)Cortés
B)Doña Marina
C)the Great Dying
D)Little Ice Age and General Crisis
E)Columbian exchange
F)peninsulares
G)mestiz
H)mulattoes
I)plantation complex
J)settler colonies
K)Siberia
L)yasak
M)Qing dynasty empire
N)Mughal Empire
O)Akbar
P)Aurangzeb
Q)Ottoman Empire
R)Constantinople
S)the devshirme

Question 61

Comparative Analysis: Compare and contrast the creation of the Russian and Western European empires during the early modern period.

Question 62

Personal Reflection: How would you place Europe's American empires in context with other contemporary empires?

Question 63

Comparative Analysis: Compare and contrast the long-term impact of the Mongol Empire with that of Europe's American empires on the course of world history.

Question 64

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Tribute that Russian rulers demanded from the native peoples of Siberia, most often in the form of furs.

A)Cortés
B)Doña Marina
C)the Great Dying
D)Little Ice Age and General Crisis
E)Columbian exchange
F)peninsulares
G)mestiz
H)mulattoes
I)plantation complex
J)settler colonies
K)Siberia
L)yasak
M)Qing dynasty empire
N)Mughal Empire
O)Akbar
P)Aurangzeb
Q)Ottoman Empire
R)Constantinople
S)the devshirme

Question 65

Discuss the various motives for empire in Western Europe, Russia, and Asia.

Question 66

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
A period of unusually cool temperatures that spanned much of the early modern period, most prominently in the Northern Hemisphere. The impact of the cooler climate reached its peak in many regions in the mid-seventeenth century, helping to spark a period of record or near-record cold winters in much of China, Europe, and North America. Regions near the equator in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere also experienced extreme conditions.

A)Cortés
B)Doña Marina
C)the Great Dying
D)Little Ice Age and General Crisis
E)Columbian exchange
F)peninsulares
G)mestiz
H)mulattoes
I)plantation complex
J)settler colonies
K)Siberia
L)yasak
M)Qing dynasty empire
N)Mughal Empire
O)Akbar
P)Aurangzeb
Q)Ottoman Empire
R)Constantinople
S)the devshirme