Deck 10: Development and Underdevelopment

Question 1

Factors not addressed by rapid neoliberal-style economic development in the Global South are things such as pollution and overcrowding.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

According to the text,what were the consequences for Africa of the Europeans' practice of slavery?

A) It helped thin out overpopulated districts of the continent.
B) It helped to rearrange traditional tribal boundaries more logically.
C) It created a condition that ensured centuries of underdevelopment.
D) It assisted in reducing the number of tribal conflicts on the continent.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In England,the "mercantilist" system relied on protected markets and trade monopolies within them.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Dependency theorists and their supporters like to blame developing countries for their lack of progress.

Question 5

Dependency theorists assume that the economic backwardness of countries in the Global South is due to the inability of citizens to adopt the work ethic,mindset,and virtues of the developed North.

Question 6

Which nation initiated the slave trade near the mouth of the Congo River around 1500?

A) England
B) France
C) Portugal
D) Spain

Question 7

The bailout of the Global South countries facing a debt crisis was based on the structural adjustment programs of the IMF and the World Bank.

Question 8

The assumption of neoliberalists is that demand for labour,capital,and commodities will equal supply if there is no interference.

Question 9

According to Paul Bairoch,which countries were the largest industrial powers in 1830?

A) countries of the Global West
B) countries of the Global South
C) countries of the Global East
D) countries of the Global North

Question 10

Estate agriculture greatly facilitated the development of Third World economies.

Question 11

The idea that the Third World is underdeveloped because the countries were already backward or savages at the time of colonial contact is a socially constructed myth.

Question 12

Dependency theory shows how European colonizing powers blocked the emergence of industrial capitalism in the Global South.

Question 13

What was the domino theory?

A) If one country falls under communist influence,its neighbours would soon follow.
B) If one country defaults on its loan to the World Bank,then others will default,too.
C) If one underdeveloped economy succeeds with neoliberalism,others will follow.
D) If one underdeveloped economy succeeds with Keynesian economics,others will too.

Question 14

A big winner in the global neoliberal economy is Mexican Carlos Slim,who,in 2007,was declared to be richer than Bill Gates.

Question 15

W.W.Rostow is credited with the formulation of the modernization theory of development.

Question 16

Milton Friedman's economic ideas greatly impacted neoliberal policies of development.

Question 17

Modernization theorists suggest that geography has a lot to do with lack of development regionally.

Question 18

Prior to the Industrial Revolution,manufacturing consisted largely of rural and labour-intensive activities.Consequently,what was the global manufacturing situation of that time?

A) The majority of manufacturing existed in the Global North.
B) Eastern European countries accounted for most manufacturing.
C) Western European countries accounted for most manufacturing.
D) The majority of manufacturing existed in the Global South.

Question 19

Western European economies and the United States were inevitably going to be dominant-the slave trade had only minimal impact on their economies.

Question 20

Some analysts argue that development has served to support world capitalism,while other analysts argue that genuine development cannot occur within the confines of capitalism.

Question 21

What consequence did the countries in the Global South experience as a result of international lending agencies imposing SAPs?

A) an economic growth increase of approximately 2.5 percent per year between 1980 and 1998
B) an economic growth increase of approximately 5 percent per year between 1980 and 1998
C) no economic growth between 1980 and 1998
D) negative economic growth between 1980 and 1998

Question 22

Hojohn has a sophisticated plan to build his own business.He has laid out timelines and budgets and has sourced suppliers and possible locations for his factory.While he is still in university,he is already demonstrating his ambition and desire to achieve success.According to the text,what title would be given to Hojohn?

A) company president
B) business professional
C) student executive
D) entrepreneur

Question 23

Country X is a newly industrializing country in the era of globalization and transnational trade.Whose economic approach should government mirror in order to stimulate the economy and benefit the citizens?

A) Keynes
B) Marx
C) Friedman
D) IMF

Question 24

In a class discussion,Adrienne argues that the lack of development in some countries is not due to people who lack a work ethic,but rather it is the result of the power nations exploiting the people and the land in these societies.What theory of development provides the basis for Adrienne's argument?

A) modernization
B) stage
C) dependency
D) stratification

Question 25

What is import substitution?

A) The replacement of foreign-produced manufactured goods with domestically-produced manufactured goods.
B) The replacement of foreign-produced manufactured goods with less expensive foreign-produced manufactured goods.
C) A government effort to expand a country's imports by increasing incentives and decreasing disincentives.
D) A government attempt to develop synthetic substitutes for goods that they normally import.

Question 26

Julianne argues that the solutions to economic problems in a country can be found in the private market.Which economist does her assertion reflect?

A) John Maynard Keynes
B) David Ricardo
C) John Stewart Mill
D) Milton Friedman

Question 27

In Country X,the land-owning elite were powerful enough to influence the government.The subsequent removal of tariffs by the government,while benefitting the landowners,negatively impacted the local company Acme Manufacturing.As a result,Acme Manufacturing was no longer financially viable and had to shut down.Which term describes the policy that was enacted by the government?

A) capitalism
B) free trade
C) mercantilism
D) modernization

Question 28

A factory in Country X purchases raw materials from Country Y to make its product.Profits will be reinvested in the factory,increasing production and profits in Country X.Country Y will never make enough profits from the sale of materials to build its own factory.What theory could be used to explain the relationship that has developed between countries X and Y?

A) capitalist
B) modernization
C) dependency
D) underdevelopment

Question 29

What name is given to an economic system that relies on protected markets and trade monopolies within the market?

A) free trade
B) closed borders
C) capitalist
D) mercantilist

Question 30

A professor presented the following argument: "The reason it took Brazil so long to develop was that the citizens did not have the drive and 'need for achievement' necessary to develop business and industry." Which approach is this professor drawing arguments from?

A) capitalist theory
B) modernization theory
C) dependency theory
D) underdevelopment theory

Question 31

You see an economist being interviewed on television and he says,"Neoliberalism has had dramatic and calamitous effects upon developing countries ...especially in the wake of the global financial meltdown.The government needs to enforce strict regulations on the banks and financial institutions of the North,or the global economy will fail." What kind of economist is he?

A) capitalist
B) Marxist
C) Keynesian
D) postmodernist

Question 32

According to the text's use of the concept,what is neoliberalism?

A) It means to have an abundance of goods and services.
B) It is a definition of capitalism operating without any government rules.
C) It is about the open attitudes of citizens to new ideas.
D) It is about openness,tolerance,and inclusiveness of all people as equals.

Question 33

Minimal state involvement with the economy and development is a core neoliberal belief.What does the text conclude about the countries where rapid development has occurred in the Global South?

A) Growth occurred in countries that were willing to cooperate with the World Bank.
B) Countries with specific government plans and restrictions had the most growth.
C) Countries that tried to use a balance of neoliberal and Keynesian policies did best.
D) The most economically deregulated countries had the most rapid development.

Question 34

What term is given to "the pursuit of competitive enterprises for profit"?

A) economics
B) socialism
C) corporatism
D) capitalism

Question 35

Which economist could be identified as a person opposed to Keynesian economic ideals?

A) Ben Bernanke
B) Jared Diamond
C) Karl Marx
D) Milton Friedman

Question 36

From a neoliberal perspective,what would be considered a barrier to a free market?

A) a dollar an hour increase in the minimum wage
B) a company's inadequate marketing strategies for selling goods
C) a movement focused on the promotion of social values that do not support initiative and discipline
D) a lack of inventiveness on the part of business people

Question 37

Sara needs to work to ensure that her children have a good life and receive a good education at a private school.However,she cannot find work in her country that will meet her economic needs and she must travel to a more developed country and send money home.This situation is an indication that a government policy has failed to deliver its economic promise.Which policy is it?

A) globalization
B) modernization
C) neoliberalism
D) communism

Question 38

Canada's healthcare program is one of the country's emblems of social policy.However,some economists would argue that such social policies are a hindrance to economic success.Why?

A) Social policies result in underdevelopment in other areas of the economy.
B) Social policies use funds that could be applied to industrial investment.
C) Social policies disrupt the market's natural equalization.
D) Social policies raise taxes.

Question 39

Structural adjustment programs (SAPs),sponsored by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund,were introduced to assist with economic growth in the Global South.What kind of successes have these programs had?

A) Growth rates in the south were higher in the decade prior to SAPs.
B) Governing structures in the developing world have strengthened.
C) Since their inception,there has been dramatic growth in countries with SAPs.
D) Civil society has improved tremendously in states with SAPs.

Question 40

What mechanism of commerce and exchange existed between the metropolitan powers and the Global South?

A) the exchanging of trade missions to work out their business ties
B) the exchanging of diplomats to establish trade agreements/treaties
C) the extraction of surplus from the Global South with unfavourable terms of trade
D) the investment of capital into failing economies,which bolstered trade and aided the Global South

Question 41

What U.S.foreign policy between the 1950s and the 1970s had a big impact on the development of Third World nations?

A) The United States supported dictatorships and opposed democratically elected governments.
B) The United States led the world in foreign aid with few return obligations from recipient nations.
C) The United States had little or no involvement in the politics and economics of poor nations.
D) The United States fought to remove dictatorships and support democratically elected governments.

Question 42

Since 2000,a number of Central and South American countries have elected anti-neoliberalist governments.How has this sentiment been reflected in their economic development plans?

A) They nationalized their key resource industries.
B) Some have bolstered their armed forces to attack the drug cartels.
C) They solidified the position of large agribusiness to strengthen the export of crops.
D) Most of them moved quickly to deregulate the marketplace.

Question 43

What precipitated the Occupy Movement?

A) growing income inequality during the Great Recession
B) the incarceration of two Wall Street brokers
C) the publishing of salaries paid to financial managers working on Wall Street
D) the revocation of neoliberal policies

Question 44

Kendra is going to a meeting in Latin America that opposes globalization controlled by multinational corporations.She believes that grassroots organizations that focus on the rights of citizens,equality of all peoples,and protection of the environment must grow and obtain control of the globalization process.What meeting is Kendra going to attend?

A) the World Social Forum
B) Via Campesina
C) Modelo Moderno
D) the Global Gathering

Question 45

According to Andre Gundar Frank,what effect did the development of capitalism have on the Global South?

A) Capitalism aided in the modernization of the poorer countries.
B) The capitalist system generated underdevelopment.
C) Capitalist enterprises aided in the development of democracies.
D) Foreign investment helped build civil infrastructure.

Question 46

Which strategy was employed by the United States in relation to Latin America from the 1950s to 1970s?

A) a series of foreign aid programs
B) a series of military coups d'etat
C) neoliberal economic policies
D) Keynesian economic policies

Question 47

Which statement reflects Lester Brown's comments on China's development?

A) Chinese citizens are frustrated by the slow rate of change.
B) China is on the verge of a massive ecological meltdown.
C) China is now the world's number one manufacturing economy.
D) China is now the leading financial power in the world economy.

Question 48

What is an example of the costs associated with neoliberal expansion in the developing world?

A) rising costs for housing
B) massive environmental destruction
C) rising consumer expectations by the population
D) costs associated with infrastructure development

Question 49

As world income increased by an average of 2.5 percent annually,what corresponding change accompanied this increase?

A) There are currently 100 million more poor people in the world.
B) The world's poverty levels remain unchanged.
C) Because of inflation,net gains in living standards are minimal.
D) The gap between the world's rich and poor has decreased.

Question 50

Modernization theory suggests that in the 1500s societies of the Global South were undeveloped.Which of the following can be said about this belief?

A) Much of the Global South was developed but not nearly so much as the north.
B) Many superior societies existed in the south but they had all disappeared by the 1500s.
C) Areas from China,the Middle East,Africa,and South America were underdeveloped.
D) The notion is a socially constructed fiction perpetrated in the developed world.

Question 51

A major research study involving 38 percent of the world's population in developing countries concluded that prices in these countries were much higher than expected.What are the implications of these higher costs in those areas?

A) These economies are growing.
B) Neoliberal policies are working.
C) Wages are matching prices.
D) Inequality is increasing.

Question 52

According to the text,how many Africans and their descendants worked on plantations in the Caribbean and the United States by the early nineteenth century?

A) 700,000
B) 4 million
C) 8 million
D) 12 million

Question 53

Which of the following is a reflection of the globalist Washington consensus?

A) a commitment to human rights
B) a commitment to income redistribution
C) a neoliberal prescription for every country
D) a subsidization of public enterprises

Question 54

The International Comparison Project undertook an extensive analysis of price levels in most Asian countries.Which of the following reflects the conclusion of this work?

A) Inflation has crippled the ability of the poor to purchase basic necessities,including food.
B) Price levels in Asia were lower than anticipated.
C) Price levels in Asia were higher than anticipated.
D) High inflation corresponded with wage increases and so purchasing power was unchanged.

Question 55

Alberto Santos is a Brazilian citizen and has witnessed the impact of neoliberal policies in his country.When asked to describe what position the citizens have adopted,which of the following would he reply?

A) They are advocating for a return to traditional production methods.
B) They have been electing left-wing governments.
C) They are in favour of borrowing more money from the IMF due to low interest on these loans.
D) They are starting a new movement focused on deindustrializing.

Question 56

Which event after the 1500s resulted in dire consequences for the ongoing development of West Africa?

A) Industrial Revolution
B) end of the dark ages
C) Scientific Revolution
D) transatlantic slave trade

Question 57

Rather than pay Renato a high money wage,his employer gives Renato land to till for his own use.However,without a good wage,Renato does not have money to spend on manufactured goods,which then reduces the success of local small industry.What economic situation does this arrangement encourage in Renato's homeland?

A) underdevelopment
B) development
C) capitalism
D) dependency

Question 58

In 1996,military police in Brazil killed 22 landless workers who were protesting for agrarian reform,equality,justice,and peace.Every year on the anniversary of the massacre,organizations commemorate the International Day of Peasant Struggle as part of efforts to achieve the same goals as the 22 workers.What aspect of neoliberalism do these protests call attention to?

A) its overall success
B) its uneven success
C) its success in the Global South
D) its failure

Question 59

After the introduction of neoliberal policies in the 1970s,what happened to Third World countries and their levels of social inequality?

A) Inequality substantially decreased.
B) Inequality stayed the same.
C) Inequality increased only slightly.
D) Inequality substantially increased.

Question 60

According to the text,why is development an important issue for many Canadians?

A) because it is about morality
B) because we are compassionate
C) because it is profitable
D) because we are charitable

Question 61

What long-term effect did slavery have on the economies of the European countries and the United States?

A) Slavery formed the basis of the multiethnic modern world of the leading democracies.
B) Tensions existed in these countries between those who were for and against slavery.
C) Slavery enabled the accumulation of capital that later fuelled economic development.
D) Slavery slowed the growth of technology because manual labour was so inexpensive.

Question 62

The Human Development Report has been published annually since 1990 by the United Nations.Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic dimensions that they measure to document the well-being of world populations?

A) educational attainment
B) rates of unemployment
C) living standards
D) life expectancy

Question 63

When asked to provide a possible explanation for the underdevelopment in most African countries,Tashia asserts that it is a result of their historical colonization.Which development theory supports this notion?

A) colonization
B) stage
C) dependency
D) modernization

Question 64

Which countries would neoliberals use as proof that their principles for development work?

A) Paraguay and Chile
B) Mexico and India
C) Brazil and Bolivia
D) Venezuela and Uruguay

Question 65

A developing country in debt to the World Bank was offered financial assistance to alleviate the economic crisis if it would abide by certain conditions.The conditions were privatizing state-controlled services,importing goods from developed countries,and ending tariffs protecting local businesses.Which kind of economic theorizing supports this approach to development?

A) Marxist
B) neoliberal
C) postmodernist
D) Keynesian

Question 66

Paulo is a political candidate in Argentina.The media has reported that he is highly likely to be elected,solely due to his stance on economic policy.What position has Paulo taken?

A) He is in favour of neoliberal economic policies.
B) He is opposed to neoliberal economic policies.
C) He promises to introduce neoliberal economic policies.
D) He promises to welcome foreign investment.

Question 67

After watching a commercial that requested viewers to sponsor a child in Africa,Joshua asserts that the child poverty problem would be solved if the people in Africa would use birth control,rather than expecting other countries to pay for raising their families.Which theory of development does Joshua ascribe to?

A) stages of development
B) modernization
C) dependency
D) independency

Question 68

Which type of theorists blame Third World societies for their own lack of development?

A) stratification
B) underdevelopment
C) dependency
D) modernization

Question 69

According to the text,what has the term development come to mean in the period after World War II?

A) economic growth,industrialization,and modernization in the poor parts of the world
B) protectionist policies that resist competitive forces from outside the country
C) consolidation of land for indigenous farming and local food-based economies
D) application of Keynesian policies to providing government regulation of the economy

Question 70

According to the text,which outcome has resulted from the application of dependency theory to explain underdevelopment in the Third World?

A) It has been found that underdevelopment has contributed to more dependency.
B) Underdevelopment has not been confirmed.
C) It has been found that underdevelopment has contributed to less dependency.
D) Underdevelopment has been largely confirmed.

Question 71

Chantelle argues that development in the Global South is being hindered by the unequal exchange between the developed countries and the countries seeking to develop.Which approach provides a basis for her position?

A) stunted-economy theory
B) globalization theory
C) dependency theory
D) modernization theory

Question 72

When did social movements start challenging the neoliberal development model?

A) 1974
B) 1981
C) 1999
D) 2008

Question 73

What fundamental criticism has been levied against the Human Development Index (HDI)?

A) It does not track levels of economic inequality.
B) It fails to consider the happiness of the citizens.
C) It overestimates the well-being of people living in developed countries.
D) It does not include an indicator of the health of the environment.

Question 74

You watch an economist being interviewed: she speaks passionately against government regulation of business and financial institutions,saying,"The markets will correct themselves." What type of economist would this person be?

A) neoliberal
B) Marxist
C) Keynesian
D) structural

Question 75

Which of the following is part of the neoliberal prescription of the Washington consensus?

A) austerity,privatization,and market liberalization
B) imposing controls over trade and currency exchanges
C) spending,nationalization,and market regulation
D) increasing government spending

Question 76

According to W.W.Rostow,an early development theorist,how do societies progress?

A) through fixed stages of development
B) through a process known as colonization
C) by population growth and expansion
D) by an evolution of national identity

Question 77

Andre passionately argues that the lack of development in the less-developed countries is not due to their deficiencies but is rather the result of historical and structural relations between countries.Which theory would Andre use to support his perspective?

A) bio-environmental theory
B) modernization theory
C) dependency theory
D) neoliberal theory

Question 78

Which country stepped in to help once it became politically impossible for the United States to provide military aid,training,and support for Guatemala and its pro-American regime?

A) China
B) Israel
C) Russia
D) Germany

Question 79

Which development theorist would describe development as a traditional society "taking off" after it came into contact with a developed society?

A) Milton Friedman
B) W.W.Rostow
C) David McClelland
D) Maynard Keynes

Question 80

When significant numbers of young people in India give up on their traditional beliefs and practices and embrace Western values,which development theorists would conclude that the country is moving in the right direction?

A) modernization theorists
B) pro-capitalist theorists
C) neo-development theorists
D) boot-strap theorists