Deck 25: Development Throughout Life

Question 1

Which of the following is a germ layer that forms the lining of the urinary, respiratory, and digestive tracts?

A) ectoderm
B) endoderm
C) mesoderm
D) embryonic disk

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is false concerning fertilization?

A) Several sperm must contribute their DNA to the egg.
B) Enzymes are released from the acrosome of the sperm to penetrate the egg.
C) Most sperm die on their way to the egg.
D) The process can take hours to complete.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

When two secondary oocytes are released from the ovaries and are fertilized by different sperm cells, what is the result?

A) fraternal twins
B) identical twins
C) conjoined twins
D) clones

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The union of the sperm and the egg that results in a cell with 46 chromosomes is called a(n) ________.

A) embryo
B) zygote
C) fetus
D) trophoblast

Question 5

The central nervous system develops from the same area from which this is derived.

A) muscles
B) digestive system
C) skin
D) blood cells

Question 6

James and Sally wanted to have a baby but were not having any luck, so they decided to try an artificial means of conception. They eventually were directed to a laboratory, where sperm and eggs were placed in a dish. This allows a sperm to merge with the egg as it would in the oviduct. This procedure is called ________.

A) surrogate motherhood
B) gamete intrafallopian transfer
C) zygote intrafallopian transfer
D) in vitro fertilization

Question 7

Carla is taking a home pregnancy test to find out whether she is pregnant. If this test comes back positive, which hormone has it detected in Carla's urine?

A) estrogen
B) relaxin
C) progesterone
D) human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Question 8

In fetal circulation, most blood is shunted away from the lungs. Why is this the case?

A) The lungs have their own circulation.
B) The lungs don't need any blood.
C) The lungs do not form until right before birth.
D) The fetus receives oxygen at the placenta, and the lungs are not yet fully functional.

Question 9

The process of morphogenesis in development begins ________ after fertilization.

A) 12 weeks
B) immediately
C) 3 weeks
D) 20 weeks

Question 10

Larissa had a painful pelvic inflammatory disease, which meant that she was more likely than other women to have an implantation in the ________.

A) oviduct (fallopian tube)
B) uterus
C) vagina
D) ovary

Question 11

The pre-embryo becomes a hollow ball of cells with a fluid-filled cavity by about day 6 of development. This stage is called a ________.

A) blastocoel
B) morula
C) blastula
D) blastocyst

Question 12

Identical twins occur when ________.

A) two eggs are released and are fertilized by two different sperm
B) two eggs are released and are fertilized by the same sperm
C) one egg is released and is fertilized by one sperm, and the pre-embryo later splits into two
D) one egg is released and is fertilized by one sperm, and the fetus later splits into two

Question 13

Primordial germ cells can be found in the ________ of the developing female embryo.

A) yolk sac
B) chorion
C) allantois
D) placenta

Question 14

Which of the following maintains the corpus luteum and stimulates it to continue to produce the hormone progesterone?

A) human chorionic gonadotropin
B) progesterone
C) estrogen
D) testosterone

Question 15

During the pre-embryonic period, a single sperm passes through the zona pellucida. In the vast majority of cases, where does this process occur?

A) in the uterus
B) in the ovary
C) in the oviduct (fallopian tube)
D) in the placenta

Question 16

This embryonic structure will become the embryo's part of the placenta.

A) morula
B) zygote
C) trophoblast
D) corona radiata

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events during pre-embryonic development?

A) morula → zygote → implantation → blastocyst
B) implantation → zygote → morula → blastocyst
C) zygote → morula → blastocyst → implantation
D) zygote → blastocyst → morula → implantation

Question 18

Which is the temporary blood vessel that shunts most blood past the fetal liver?

A) foramen ovale
B) ductus venosus
C) ductus arteriosus
D) aorta

Question 19

Normally, fertilization occurs in the ________, and implantation occurs in the ________.

A) vagina; uterus
B) uterus; ovary
C) oviduct (fallopian tube); uterus
D) ovary; oviduct (fallopian tube)

Question 20

Heart cells in the embryo will be derived from which germ layer?

A) mesoderm
B) endoderm
C) ectoderm
D) none of the above

Question 21

What term describes the birth of a baby buttocks first?

A) placental stage
B) labor
C) breech birth
D) blue baby

Question 22

The blastocyst attaches to the ________ about 6 days after fertilization and begins to digest its way inward.

Question 23

Labor is directly triggered by the hormone ________, which also triggers ________ after birth.

A) estrogen; milk production
B) estrogen; milk ejection
C) oxytocin; milk ejection
D) oxytocin; milk production

Question 24

When your mother is mad at you, she likes to remind you that she spent 48 hours in painful labor to bring you into the world! Specifically, she means that she spent a long time in the ________ stage of labor.

A) expulsion
B) dilation
C) third trimester
D) placental

Question 25

The ________ is a group of cells that will develop into the chorion.

Question 26

A male has a genetic disease coded for on his Y chromosome. This disease has been seen in his family in past generations. Which parent passed on this trait?

A) the mom
B) the dad
C) either the mom or dad
D) neither parent - it is a spontaneous mutation

Question 27

Sometimes, splitting of the pre-embryo is incomplete during the development of twins, and ________ twins result.

Question 28

Which of the following is a neural tube defect that involves incomplete development of the brain and results in stillbirth or death shortly after birth?

A) spina bifida
B) neurulation
C) anencephaly
D) morphogenesis

Question 29

The period that begins at week 9 of development is the ________.

Question 30

A condition in which the placenta forms in the lower half of the uterus and covers the cervix, which may result in premature birth or maternal hemorrhage, is called ________.

A) cesarean section
B) neural tube
C) colostrum
D) placenta previa

Question 31

Why do harmful agents cause the most severe birth defects during the embryonic period?

A) This is a period of rapid differentiation when cells and tissues acquire specific functions and organs form.
B) This is the period when substances pass most easily through the placenta.
C) The mother's hormones are at the highest levels at this time.
D) The embryo has not yet implanted into the uterus.

Question 32

Once the fertilized ovum has divided into two cells, it is called the ________.

Question 33

A(n) ________ occurs when the blastocyst implants outside the uterus.

Question 34

Which of the following has not been shown to slow down the signs of aging in humans?

A) protecting the skin from sun exposure
B) eating a very low-calorie diet
C) regular exercise
D) All have been found to be beneficial to humans.

Question 35

The fetal period is characterized by ________.

A) the formation of organ systems
B) neurulation
C) germ layer formation
D) growth and preparation of fetal organ systems for their eventual functions

Question 36

The ________ is an extraembryonic membrane that surrounds the embryo and serves to protect and cushion the embryo.

Question 37

Maria is pregnant and a week past her due date, and her doctor decides to induce labor. Her physician will use pitocin, which is a synthetic form of which natural hormone?

A) estrogen
B) progesterone
C) oxytocin
D) prolactin

Question 38

A baby is born with spina bifida, which is a neural tube defect. This problem most likely initiated at which time in development?

A) the pre-embryonic period
B) the embryonic period
C) early in the fetal period
D) late in the fetal period

Question 39

About a day after fertilization, the zygote undergoes ________, which is a rapid series of cell divisions.

Question 40

Developmental problems present at birth are known as ________.

A) birth defects
B) type 2 diabetes
C) teratogenic
D) gastrulation

Question 41

Several types of untreated sexually transmitted diseases can lead to scarring in the oviducts of the female. This can potentially cause infertility if the scarring prevents the sperm from reaching the egg that has been released. What options might a woman in this situation have if she wanted to conceive?

Question 42

________ are blocks of mesoderm that eventually form skeletal muscles of the neck and trunk, connective tissue, and vertebrae.

Question 43

The ________ is the organ that delivers oxygen and nutrients and removes carbon dioxide and wastes for the embryo and later fetus.

Question 44

________ is the primary germ layer that forms the nervous system and the outer layer of skin and its derivatives, such as hair, nails, oil glands, sweat glands, and mammary glands.

Question 45

________ is a type of neural tube defect in which part of the spinal cord develops abnormally, as does the adjacent area of the spine.

Question 46

What are some of the possible factors associated with aging?

Question 47

How does the nervous system change with aging?

Question 48

What physiological processes are involved in lactation?

Question 49

A significant percentage of pre-embryos fail to continue their development or to implant in the uterus. Explain what may happen to prevent development from continuing.

Question 50

It is possible for an individual to be genotypically one gender but appear to be the opposite gender. Suppose an individual is genotypically male (XY) but has developed as a female. Explain what has happened and when it might have happened.

Question 51

The ________ develops where the vertebral column will later form.

Question 52

Both the nucleus in the head of the sperm and the mitochondria in the midpiece of the sperm include genetic information (DNA) about the father. The offspring, however, contains only nuclear DNA from the father but both mitochondrial and nuclear DNA from the mother. Why does the newborn lack the father's mitochondrial DNA?

Question 53

Iskander wants to live as long as his great-grandfather, who died at 104, strong and healthy almost to the last. What are some things that could make a difference for his pathway to good health and long life?

Question 54

Explain how a pregnancy test works. Make sure to indicate the hormone that the test detects and the role that hormone plays during early pregnancy.

Question 55

The ________ is the primary germ layer that gives rise to muscle, bone, connective tissue, and organs such as the heart, kidneys, ovaries, and testes.

Question 56

Suppose someone told you that the activities of a pregnant female have no effect on the embryo during early embryonic development because the placenta is not fully formed until later. How would you respond to this statement?

Question 57

Compare and contrast breast-feeding with bottle-feeding.