Deck 14: Personality in Context: Interpersonal Relations, Culture, and Development Across the Course of Life

Question 1

Andersen's research on transference is based on a(n) ___________ strategy.

A) case study
B) experimental
C) correlational
D) none of the above

Answer 1

B

Question 2

In recent years, personality psychologists have focused on personality factors in

A) laboratory settings.
B) stimulus-response situations.
C) psychoanalytic encounters.
D) close relationships.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Research in academic settings reveals that defensive pessimists ______ optimists.

A) do worse than
B) do better than
C) do about the same as

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Work by Downey and Feldman documents the impact of rejection sensitivity on

A) academic performance.
B) neuroticism.
C) relationship outcomes.
D) schizophrenia.

Question 5

A questionnaire that asks if a relationship partner was intentionally hurtful is the

A) RET.
B) RSQ.
C) BDI.
D) Defensive Pessimism Scale.

Question 6

Based on Andersen's research, people are more likely to exhibit false-positive memories when a new person they encounter

A) resembles a significant past acquaintance.
B) resembles a forgotten past acquaintance.
C) is highly attractive.
D) is rejection sensitive.

Question 7

A key feature of research by Downey and Feldman is that rejection sensitivity

A) predicted outcomes after controlling for other personality variables.
B) did not predict outcomes after controlling for other personality variables.
C) did not predict outcomes at all.
D) was unrelated to other personality variables.

Question 8

The effects of strategies such as optimism and defensive pessimism are most apparent

A) during periods of relaxation.
B) during life transitions.
C) during middle adulthood.
D) during later adulthood.

Question 9

Research by Ayduk et al. demonstrates that people can control their emotions regarding interpersonal relationships by

A) focusing on hot aspects of the relationship.
B) focusing on cool aspects of the relationship.
C) focusing on their level of rejection sensitivity.
D) focusing on their internal feelings of anger.

Question 10

Rejection sensitivity is

A) not a personality variables.
B) a global, decontextualized personality variable.
C) a contextualized personality variable.
D) none of the above.

Question 11

Rejection sensitivity involves primarily

A) anxious expectations.
B) learning goals.
C) self-guides.
D) unconscious motives.

Question 12

Kosfeld, Heinrichs, Zak, Fischbacher, and Fehr (2005) found that research participants who had been given a nasal spray containing oxytocin were later more _____ a teammate in a financial game

A) suspicious of
B) trusting of
C) generous toward
D) ambivalent toward

Question 13

Transference

A) only occurs in therapy settings.
B) cannot be studied in laboratory settings.
C) is of little interest to contemporary researchers.
D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.

Question 14

Work by Andersen on transference reveals that

A) transference is a myth.
B) psychoanalytic concepts are of no value to contemporary researchers.
C) social cognitive theory and psychoanalysis are unrelated.
D) social cognitive analyses can illuminate phenomena originally of interest to psychoanalysts.

Question 15

People who strategically use negative thinking to motivate themselves are called

A) highly motivated people.
B) neurotics.
C) defensive pessimists.
D) high in rejection sensitivity.

Question 16

Susan Andersen and colleagues explain transference in terms of

A) personality traits.
B) basic social-cognitive processes.
C) psychodynamic transfer of energy.
D) genetic influences.

Question 17

Research on day-to-day interactions by Gable, Reis, and Downey finds that

A) the only important factor in interpersonal relationships is physical attraction.
B) inaccurate interpretations of a relationships partner influence the quality of relationships.
C) people are basically accurate in their perceptions of relationship partners.
D) personality has surprisingly little affect in interpersonal relationships.

Question 18

The RSQ measures

A) rational stimuli.
B) role specialization.
C) regional styles.
D) rejection sensitivity.

Question 19

Having feelings towards someone that are based on experiences from someone else in your past is called

A) transference
B) rejection sensitivity
C) self-verification
D) self-enhancement

Question 20

Research by Ayduk et al. demonstrates the importance of

A) goals.
B) schemas.
C) attentional focus.
D) expectations.

Question 21

Work by Caspi, Lynam, Elder, et al. on personality development shows that personality outcomes

A) are genetically determined.
B) reflect social influenced.
C) reflect interactions between personality and social setting.
D) are unpredictable.

Question 22

Optimism and defensive pessimism

A) are not personality variables.
B) are global, decontextualized personality variables.
C) are contextualized personality variables.
D) none of the above.

Question 23

The overall design and operating characteristics of personality systems are termed, by Cervone,
E) the architecture of personality.
F) knowledge.
G) appraisal. h) social cognition.

Question 24

Research indicates that older adults show very high levels of

A) anxiety.
B) depression.
C) extraversion.
D) resilience.

Question 25

Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture is strongly

A) nomothetic.
B) idiographic.
C) physiological.
D) evolutionary.

Question 26

Research by Elder et al. on ill-temperedness stresses the importance of

A) evolution.
B) television influences on personality.
C) early-childhood conflicts.
D) sociohistorical context.

Question 27

It has been found that, among defensive pessimists

A) expectations for GPA strongly predict actual GPA.
B) academic self-discrepancies negatively influence performance.
C) negativity of plans negatively predict performance.
D) all of the above.
E) none of the above.

Question 28

The KAPA model of personality architecture is based on a distinction between

A) procedural and declarative knowledge.
B) Bandura's and Mischel's research contributions.
C) genetics and the environment.
D) knowledge and appraisal.

Question 29

People who employ selection and optimization strategies

A) become confused from all the psychological work involved.
B) are more depressed.
C) subsequently become more depressed.
D) experience greater well-being.

Question 30

Research by Elder et al. on ill-temperedness finds that this personality variable

A) has different effects among women than men.
B) has the same effects among women than men.
C) has no effects among women or men.
D) does not occur in women or men.

Question 31

Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture demonstrates that

A) personality is not consistent across situations.
B) personality is consistent in the manner trait theory had anticipated.
C) personality consistency is driven by mood states.
D) social-cognitive analyses can illuminate questions of cross-situational consistency.

Question 32

Research on personality development shows that the effects of impulsivity

A) are basically good.
B) are bad no matter where you live.
C) are worse if you live in high SES neighborhoods.
D) are worse if you live in low SES neighborhoods.

Question 33

Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture demonstrates that people have consistently high self-efficacy appraisal across situations

A) linked to negative self-schemas.
B) linked to positive self-schemas.
C) linked to generic positive traits.
D) linked to generic negative traits.

Question 34

Research based on the KAPA model of personality architecture reveals personality

Question 35

The tendency to display bouts of anger is called

A) neuroticism.
B) agreeableness.
C) ill-temperedness.
D) extraversion.

Question 36

To disentangle cause and effect in the study of real-life personality development, it is necessary to engage in __________ research.
E) correlational
F) experimental
G) case study h) longitudinal

Question 37

Research by Elder et al. on ill-temperedness finds that, among men, this personality variable

A) has no effects once one considers SES (socioeconomic status).
B) has life effects as large as the effects of SES (socioeconomic status).
C) explains people's SES (socioeconomic status).
D) has no effect.

Question 38

Baltes' analysis of selection processes has been applied mainly to issues of personality and

A) marketing.
B) older adult development.
C) child development.
D) memory.

Question 39

consistency across

A) idiosyncratic sets of situations.
B) fixed, nomothetically-defined sets of situations.
C) pleasant situations.
D) unpleasant situations.

Question 40

Optimists and defensive pessimists differ

A) in their levels of achievement.
B) in their strategies for achievement.
C) in their expectations.
C)
D) b and

Question 41

Socioemotional selectivity theory suggest that awareness of ______ is important to development. i) one's life span
J) one's social group
K) one's nation of origin
L) one's parental influences

Question 42

Transference can be studied in the lab.

Question 43

Rejection-sensitive persons have poorer relationship outcomes.

Question 44

Research investigating native people's of Bali indicates that in this nation

A) personal names are not used as frequently as in Western nations.
B) people do not value their role in the family.
C) people do not value their role in the community.
D) people are more emotional than in Western nations.

Question 45

Defensive pessimists obtain poor grades in school.

Question 46

The quote from Clifford Geertz suggests that

A) personality influences culture.
B) culture influences personality.
C) culture is unimportant to personality.
D) there is no such thing as human nature without culture.

Question 47

Socioemotional selectivity theory predicts that older adults will value

A) money.
B) cognitive functioning.
C) the learning of new skills, especially for dealing with technology.
D) emotion regulation, especially personal relationships.

Question 48

The idea that personality and culture are mutually constitutive means that

A) personality influences culture.
B) culture influences personality.
C) personality and culture make each other up.
D) personality and culture are independent forces.

Question 49

Social-cognitive theory cannot explain the cross-situational consistency of personality functioning.

Question 50

Asian students who moved to North America were found to gradually display higher scores in

A) neuroticism.
B) depression.
C) extraversion.
D) intelligence.

Question 51

Personality development is uninfluenced by social context.

Question 52

Research on the priming of cultural concepts by Hong et al. suggests that culture can be understood within a ______________ framework.

A) social-cognitive
B) psychoanalytic
C) trait theory
D) none of the above

Question 53

People in India have been found to be less likely to attribute causes of actions to

A) personality characteristics.
B) situations.
C) chance.
D) all of the above.

Question 54

Rejection-sensitive persons are just neurotic.

Question 55

Rejection sensitivity cannot be measured via questionnaires.

Question 56

In Eastern cultures, people experience greater intrinsic motivation when tasks

A) are chosen by an authority figure.
B) are chosen by oneself.
C) are not very challenging.
D) are performed on a salary basis.

Question 57

Socioemotional selectivity theory examines life-course changes in

A) memory.
B) motives.
C) intelligence.
D) problem solving.

Question 58

"Hot" attentional focus reduces emotional arousal.

Question 59

The text suggests that issues of culture

A) of only small important to the study of personality.
B) are of central importance to the study of personality.
C) can be studied adequately by importing US research methods to other cultures.
D) none of the above.

Question 60

Compared in Western nations, in Asian cultures self concept is

A) non-existent.
B) barely existent.
C) more independent.
D) more interdependent.

Question 61

Older adults are most motivated to develop new skills.

Question 62

Are all personality variables global, or context-free? What are some examples of contextualized personality variables?

Question 63

In Western nations, self concept can be characterized as independent.

Question 64

Suppose you were designing an intervention to promote environmental conservation. What would you do (applying the principles discussed in Chapter 14)?

Question 65

The historical setting in which one grows up can influence the relation between personality factors and life outcomes.

Question 66

Discuss some research examples in which personality development is shown to reflect an interaction of early-life personality styles and social context.

Question 67

The pleasantness of emotional experiences is a strong predictor of life satisfaction in Eastern cultures.

Question 68

The self concept is the same in all parts of the world.