Deck 1: Child Development: Theories and Themes

Question 1

Jill was the first moving object a newly hatched chick saw. The chick later followed her around, just as if Jill were the chick's mother. The chick's behaviour is a result of

A)maturation.
B)a tabula rasa.
C)self-efficacy.
D)imprinting.

Answer 1

imprinting.

Question 2

Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory

A)emphasizes the influence of early experiences on later development.
B)suggests that learning is the key to understanding development.
C)suggests that behaviour should be considered in context.
D)emphasizes the importance of maturation.

Answer 2

emphasizes the influence of early experiences on later development.

Question 3

Gesell's maturational theory most closely fits with the ideas of

A)Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
B)Urie Bronfenbrenner.
C)John Locke.
D)John Watson.

Answer 3

Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Question 4

Raeanne believes that babies are born with tendencies to form emotional bonds with their caregivers because it makes them more likely to survive. Raeanne's beliefs fit most closely with ________ theory.

A)maturational
B)psychodynamic
C)learning
D)ethological

Question 5

Viewing infants as tabula rasa suggests that

A)infants will develop naturally unless the environment interferes.
B)experience will mould infants into unique individuals.
C)nature is more important than nurture.
D)infants are born with a sense of morality.

Question 6

Freud's psychodynamic theory contributed to the field of child development by suggesting that

A)learning is more important than maturation.
B)early experiences establish patterns that endure throughout a person's life.
C)learned, adaptive behaviours influence later development.
D)children's cognitive development influences later behaviour.

Question 7

________ theory states that child development occurs according to a prearranged scheme or plan within the body.

A)Psychodynamic
B)Ecological
C)Maturational
D)Cognitive developmental

Question 8

An emotional bond between human children and their parents is sometimes called

A)imprinting.
B)adapting.
C)attachment.
D)maturation.

Question 9

Heather believes her 12-month-old daughter will develop optimally if Heather gives her freedom to grow naturally and does not try to shape her development. Heather's beliefs about child-rearing are most similar to those of

A)Sigmund Freud.
B)Urie Bronfenbrenner.
C)John Locke.
D)Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Question 10

Which of the following theories has a biological perspective?

A)Freud's psychosexual theory
B)Bandura's social cognitive theory
C)Gesell's maturational theory
D)Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory

Question 11

If parents believe that children are tabula rasa at birth, they are likely to

A)leave their children alone so their virtuous natures can unfold.
B)be very permissive with their children.
C)assume that nothing they do will have any influence on their children's development.
D)plan their children's experiences from the moment of their birth.

Question 12

Freud based his psychodynamic theory on

A)his patients' case histories.
B)observations of his children.
C)correlational research studies.
D)experimental research studies.

Question 13

According to ethologists, some behaviours can only be learned

A)when the behaviour is reinforced and opposing behaviours are punished.
B)through observational learning.
C)during a critical period when the organism is biologically programmed to learn that behaviour.
D)when the conflict between biological drives and society's standards is resolved.

Question 14

James Mark Baldwin, a psychologist in Canada more than 100 years ago, was an important pioneer in the study of child development because

A)he believed that research should come before theories.
B)he established the first psychological laboratory in the British Empire.
C)he proposed studying the mind philosophically rather than empirically.
D)he worked closely with Jean Piaget.

Question 15

When a particular type of learning can take place only during a specific time period, not before or after that period, there is a(n) ________ for learning that behaviour.

A)instinct
B)critical period
C)blank slate
D)emotional bond

Question 16

An organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development is referred to as a

A)theory.
B)critical period.
C)tabula rasa.
D)case history.

Question 17

An evolutionary perspective is most closely associated with which of the following theories?

A)ecological
B)psychodynamic
C)maturational
D)ethological

Question 18

Dr. Christopher Green at York University in Ontario, Canada, developed a website which focuses on which of the following aspects of psychology in Canada?

A)history of psychology
B)child development research
C)neuroscience
D)theories of child development

Question 19

The French philosopher, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, believed that

A)the human infant is born a tabula rasa.
B)infants were born with an innate sense of justice and morality.
C)experience moulds each human into a unique individual.
D)parents should teach their children rationality and self-control.

Question 20

The idea that the mind of the human infant is tabula rasa at birth reflects the belief that

A)experience moulds each person into a unique individual.
B)children should be left alone so that their good natures can unfold.
C)heredity plays a major role in an individual's development.
D)infants cannot think because their minds are blank.

Question 21

Psychodynamic theorists believe the developmental path

A)is typically filled with many conflicts.
B)has many conflicts only for those who are maladjusted.
C)follows a very individualized route, with different people facing different challenges.
D)is predetermined by biological factors.

Question 22

Experience plays the most important role in which of the following theories?

A)maturational
B)cognitive-developmental
C)ethological
D)learning

Question 23

If an ego could talk, it might say,

A)"I want to eat NOW!"
B)"Do you think that is the right and honourable way to act?"
C)"Let's see if we can discuss this issue calmly and rationally."
D)"Is that what your mother would do?"

Question 24

The id

A)wants immediate gratification of bodily desires.
B)provides a sense of morality.
C)works to resolve conflicts.
D)presses for socially acceptable actions.

Question 25

Your friend finds out that you are studying child development and asks you whether his one-year-old should know "right" from "wrong" yet. Having just studied Freud, you tell your friend,

A)"Yes, infants are born with a superego."
B)"Maybe, babies usually develop a superego around one year of age."
C)"Probably not, as babies don't develop a superego until the preschool years."
D)"No, the superego does not emerge until adolescence."

Question 26

The "moral agent" in a child's personality is/are the

A)ego.
B)superego.
C)primitive instincts.
D)id.

Question 27

Who was the first theorist to use learning theory to explain child development?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)John Watson
C)Jean Piaget
D)Konrad Lorenz

Question 28

Hedy lives according to the philosophy "If it feels good, do it." Hedy's personality appears to be dominated by her

A)ego.
B)imprinting.
C)superego.
D)id.

Question 29

According to Freud, psychosexual development is determined by

A)how a child satisfies the need for pleasure that is focused on various areas of the body.
B)improvements in mental hardware and mental software.
C)children's efforts to understand their physical and social worlds.
D)the reinforcements and punishments in one's environment.

Question 30

Erikson emphasized

A)psychological and social aspects of development.
B)biological and physical aspects of development.
C)environmental influences on development.
D)cognitive development.

Question 31

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, development is

A)the result of a natural unfolding of biological plans.
B)determined by the resolution of conflicts between one's biological drives and society's standards of right and wrong.
C)the result of children's attempts to understand their worlds.
D)determined by children's resolution of psychological and social crises.

Question 32

As children pass through the stages in Freud's theory,

A)pleasure is focused on different parts of the body.
B)they are faced with different psychosocial crises.
C)their cognitive structures change radically.
D)they are influenced by different environmental systems.

Question 33

Nehama believes that we could understand why children behave as they do if we would just look at the rewards and punishments they've received for their behaviours in the past. Nehama looks at child development as a(n) ________ theorist does.

A)ecological
B)cognitive-developmental
C)psychodynamic
D)learning

Question 34

In Erikson's psychosocial theory,

A)outcomes of earlier stages influence how well children deal with the challenges of later stages.
B)each stage is self-contained and has no influence on other stages.
C)physical aspects of development are more important than social aspects of development.
D)the same challenges are faced over and over again in each stage.

Question 35

Erikson's theory suggests that 16-year-old Glenn is likely to be facing the challenge of

A)realizing that he is an independent person.
B)establishing an intimate relationship with another person.
C)developing a sense of trust in the world.
D)developing a sense of his own identity.

Question 36

Heidi is a strong proponent of Freudian theory. When raising her children, she is most likely to

A)be very indulgent with them.
B)be very strict and demanding.
C)try to meet her children's needs but not overindulge them.
D)set up a system of rewards and punishments for various behaviours.

Question 37

The first of Erikson's stages focuses on the issue of

A)industry vs. inferiority.
B)autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
C)trust vs. mistrust.
D)identity vs. identity confusion.

Question 38

Psychosocial theory is associated with

A)Arnold Gesell.
B)Sigmund Freud.
C)Erik Erikson.
D)Albert Bandura.

Question 39

Jaraan was never really able to answer the question "Who am I?" as a teenager. Erikson would predict that during young adulthood, Jaraan will

A)be likely to view his life as satisfactory and worth living.
B)establish a loving relationship with another person.
C)develop the ability to try new things and handle failure.
D)have difficulty forming intimate relationships.

Question 40

Erikson proposed a ________ theory in which development consists of a sequence of stages, each defined by a unique crisis or challenge.

A)biological
B)learning
C)psychosocial
D)cognitive-developmental

Question 41

A consequence that decreases the future likelihood of the behaviour that it follows is called

A)positive reinforcement.
B)negative reinforcement.
C)self-efficacy.
D)punishment.

Question 42

One difference between Skinner's operant conditioning and Bandura's social cognitive theory is that

A)Bandura believes children play an active role in their own development while Skinner sees them as being passively shaped by the environment.
B)Skinner views reinforcement and punishment as being important while Bandura does not.
C)Skinner believes that self-efficacy influences behaviour while Bandura does not.
D)Bandura emphasizes rewards and punishment while Skinner does not.

Question 43

A reward that consists of taking away something unpleasant is called

A)positive reinforcement.
B)negative reinforcement.
C)extinction.
D)punishment.

Question 44

Piaget believed that children

A)are passively shaped by their experiences.
B)actively try to make sense of their world.
C)learn through a series of reinforcements and punishments.
D)face a series of conflicts or challenges as they develop.

Question 45

Whenever Krysia hung up her coat and put away her backpack after school, she was excused from setting the table, a chore she detests. Krysia's parents were using ________ to modify her behaviour.

A)self-efficacy
B)punishment
C)negative reinforcement
D)positive reinforcement

Question 46

When eight-year-old Chris brought home a report card with all As, his parents gave him one dollar for each A. Chris's parents were attempting to use ________ to shape Chris's future behaviour.

A)negative reinforcement
B)positive reinforcement
C)punishment
D)self-efficacy

Question 47

Your neighbor tells you about his little boy who is always manipulating objects "just like a scientist trying to test his theory about the world." Having just read the first chapter of your child development textbook, you reply, "You sound just like

A)B.F. Skinner!"
B)Sigmund Freud!"
C)Urie Bronfenbrenner!"
D)Jean Piaget!"

Question 48

Carol begged her father for some candy when they were in the grocery store. Eventually, Carol's father gave in and bought Carol some candy. According to theories of operant conditioning, what is likely to happen the next time Carol and her father go to the grocery store?

A)Carol will not beg for candy because her father punished her begging the last time that they were in the store.
B)Carol will not beg for candy because her father reinforced her begging the last time that they were in the store.
C)Carol will beg for candy because her father reinforced her begging the last time they were in the store.
D)Carol will beg for candy because her father punished her begging the last time they were in the store.

Question 49

Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development focused on

A)the resolution of psychological crises.
B)improvements in mental hardware and software.
C)children's creation of "theories" that help them understand their worlds.
D)adaptive behaviours that are learned during critical periods.

Question 50

Which shows the correct sequence of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

A)preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor
B)sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational
C)sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
D)concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor, preoperational

Question 51

B.F. Skinner is most closely associated with which of the following concepts?

A)imprinting
B)self-efficacy
C)operant conditioning
D)observational learning

Question 52

The cognitive-developmental perspective is mainly concerned with

A)experience.
B)personality.
C)thinking.
D)context.

Question 53

Social cognitive theory extended operant conditioning theory by adding the concept of

A)imitation.
B)punishment.
C)reinforcement.
D)genetic influences.

Question 54

Jean Piaget is associated with ________ theory.

A)ecological
B)psychodynamic
C)learning
D)cognitive-developmental

Question 55

Nate watched another boy pull a girl's hair. Nate is most likely to imitate the boy's behaviour if

A)the boy is not very popular.
B)a teacher sends Nate to time-out.
C)the girl smiled at the boy after he pulled her hair.
D)the boy is not very smart.

Question 56

Seth failed to put away his bicycle at night as he was supposed to do. His father told him that he would not be allowed to ride his bicycle for one week. Seth's father tried to change Seth's behaviour by using

A)punishment.
B)extinction.
C)positive reinforcement.
D)negative reinforcement.

Question 57

Piaget stated that children's theories about the world

A)remain the same until adulthood.
B)undergo three major changes during development.
C)are never tested by the children.
D)are based on what adults tell them.

Question 58

Amanda noticed that whenever other children asked a question in class, their teacher seemed to get mad at them. Amanda decided not to ask her teacher for help, even though she needed it and her teacher had never seemed to be angry with her. Amanda's behaviour was shaped by

A)positive reinforcement.
B)negative reinforcement.
C)observational learning.
D)self-efficacy.

Question 59

Frank was watching a Saturday morning cartoon in which the main character kicked someone and took away a toy. Frank then walked across the room and kicked his brother Joe and took away Joe's toy just as a cartoon character had done on the TV show. According to social cognitive theory, Frank has just demonstrated

A)observational learning or imitation.
B)punishment for aggressive behaviour.
C)reinforcement for sharing toys.
D)imprinting.

Question 60

Six-year-old Sarah had been watching her older brother and sister in swim meets for several years. Sarah believed she was a good swimmer too, and eagerly entered her first swim meet shortly after she turned six. Bandura would say that ________ played a role in Sarah's desire to imitate her siblings.

A)genetic factors
B)self-efficacy
C)punishment
D)negative reinforcement

Question 61

The computer is used as a metaphor for the mind in which theory?

A)learning theory
B)information processing theory
C)psychodynamic theory
D)Piaget's theory

Question 62

Bronfenbrenner's theory has a ________ perspective.

A)psychodynamic
B)learning
C)cognitive-developmental
D)contextual

Question 63

Which of the following journals is produced in Canada out of the University of Calgary?

A)Theory and Psychology
B)Psychology Today
C)Educational Psychology Review
D)Journal of Child Development

Question 64

According to information-processing theory, mental hardware

A)does not change with development.
B)refers to cognitive structures.
C)includes organized sets of cognitive processes.
D)becomes less sophisticated with age.

Question 65

According to ________ theory, development is a result of how conflicts are resolved.

A)biological
B)learning
C)cognitive-developmental
D)psychodynamic

Question 66

According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory,

A)events that happen in one microsystem do not influence other microsystems.
B)only one's immediate environment influences development.
C)individuals experience exosystems first hand.
D)the macrosystem is the broadest environmental context.

Question 67

________ was a theorist who was primarily interested in ways that adults convey cultural beliefs to children.

A)Piaget
B)Skinner
C)Freud
D)Vygotsky

Question 68

Bronfenbrenner's ________ theory emphasizes the many levels of environmental influences.

A)ethological
B)cognitive-developmental
C)psychodynamic
D)ecological

Question 69

The day after he discovered his parents were divorcing, Benji was upset by the news from home and picked a fight at school. Bronfenbrenner would describe this relationship between home and school environments as being part of the

A)exosystem.
B)microsystem.
C)macrosystem.
D)mesosystem.

Question 70

One example of a theory with a learning perspective is

A)Erikson's theory.
B)Bandura's social cognitive theory.
C)Piaget's theory.
D)Bronfenbrenner's theory.

Question 71

According to Lev Vygotsky, development

A)should be considered within the context of the child's culture.
B)occurs within contexts that are embedded within each other.
C)occurs when children create "theories" that help them understand their worlds.
D)is the result of resolving psychological and social crises.

Question 72

What is the new approach in Canada that emphasizes dynamic transformation throughout the lifespan and focuses on how abnormal development can occur?

A)longitudinal
B)ecological
C)cognitive-developmental
D)developmental psychopathology

Question 73

Biology is to environment as ________ theory is to ________ theory.

A)maturational; Skinner's operant conditioning
B)ecological; ethological
C)Piaget's; Freud's
D)information processing; ecological

Question 74

Information-processing theorists believe that the development of thinking is a result of

A)improvements in mental hardware only that occur with age.
B)improvements in mental software only that occur with age.
C)improvements in both mental hardware and software that occur with age.
D)more sophisticated theories that children create.

Question 75

Information-processing theorists use a ________ as a model for human cognition.

A)black box
B)microsystem
C)computer
D)macrosystem

Question 76

People and objects in an individual's immediate environment comprise an individual's

A)macrosystem.
B)mesosystem.
C)microsystem.
D)exosystem.

Question 77

Cultural influences are part of the

A)microsystem.
B)macrosystem.
C)mesosystem.
D)exosystem.

Question 78

In information-processing theory, mental hardware includes

A)cognitive processes.
B)cognitive structures.
C)schemas.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 79

The election of new school board members brought about a radical change of philosophy in Hannah's school system which changed her teacher's behaviour in the classroom. The indirect influence of the composition of the school board on Hannah in her school environment is an example of a(n)

A)mesosystem.
B)microsystem.
C)exosystem.
D)macrosystem.

Question 80

Cognitive processes are compared to computer ________ by information-processing theorists.

A)memory
B)disk drives
C)hardware
D)software