Deck 12: Moral Understanding and Behavior

Question 1

At about __________ years) of age, children first become aware that people impose demands on them and that they are not entirely free to behave as they wish.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Before school, Ben stole some cookies from the cookie jar. During recess that day, someone threw his favorite ball onto the school roof. Ben thinking that losing his ball is his punishment for stealing is an example of

A) social system morality.
B) moral relativism.
C) immanent justice.
D) conventional reasoning.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

You and your spouse want to make it more likely that your preschool child develops self-control. After reading about self-control in your textbook, you tell your spouse,

A) "Honey, we need to be very strict with Junior."
B) "Pumpkin pie, we need to do what we can to help Junior develop a concrete plan for resisting temptations."
C) "Dear, we need to talk to Junior about temptations and explain to him why they are so attractive."
D) "Babe, we're worrying about this a little early. Children can't develop self-control until they're at least elementary school-age."

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Heather really wanted to eat a piece of candy, but her mother had told her not to eat anything before dinner so she didn't. Heather's ability to resist the temptation to eat the candy shows

A) moral realism.
B) moral relativism.
C) empathy.
D) self-control.

Question 5

The belief that breaking a rule always leads to punishment is referred to as

A) moral relativism.
B) postconventional reasoning.
C) conventional reasoning.
D) immanent justice.

Question 6

Children who are most likely to resist temptation

A) frequently look at the tempting object.
B) remind themselves of rules against touching the tempting object.
C) do not try to divert attention from the object of temptation.
D) do not have a concrete way of handling the temptation.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the relation of parenting and self-control?

A) Children with very strict parents have higher levels of self-control.
B) Children whose parents do not encourage independence have greater self-control.
C) Children whose parents encourage them to make their own decisions have more self-control.
D) Children whose parents "overcontrol" them have higher levels of self-esteem.

Question 8

It's a cold and snowy day, and it's tempting to skip class for the day to avoid going out in the weather. What could you do to make it easier to resist that temptation?

A) Tell yourself that if you skip class just this once, you'll be less likely to do it on other days.
B) Think of all the fun outdoor activities like cross country skiing and sledding that you could do in the snow.
C) Remind yourself that it'll be a lot easier to get an "A" in your class if you go to class every day.
D) Think about how nice it would be to curl up with your textbook and a cup of hot chocolate at home.

Question 9

The beginnings of self-control occur when children

A) internalize some of the external controls placed on them.
B) become capable of self-regulation.
C) realize that other people impose demands on them and expect them to react accordingly.
D) can delay gratification.

Question 10

Who is likely to have the LEAST self-control?

A) Ray, whose parents encourage him to be independent
B) Mark, whose parents don't have a set after-school routine for him to follow
C) Peter, whose parents are very strict
D) John, whose parents have relinquished their control over him

Question 11

Which of the following would be the LEAST effective plan for resisting temptation?

A) Remind yourself about the attraction of the tempting event.
B) Remind yourself to avoid looking at the tempting object.
C) Remind yourself of the rules against touching a tempting object.
D) Try to distract yourself by taking part in activities not related to the tempting object.

Question 12

At about __________ months of age, children have internalized some control and are capable of some control in their parents' absence.

A) 6
B) 12
C) 24
D) 48

Question 13

Which of the following is characteristic of moral realism?

A) a belief in immanent justice
B) postconventional level reasoning
C) understanding that rules are created by people to help them get along
D) making moral decisions based on personal, moral principles

Question 14

The ability to delay gratification at four years of age is positively related to __________ during adolescence.

A) distractibility when trying to concentrate
B) a tendency to go to pieces under stress
C) the likeliness to yield to temptation
D) SAT scores

Question 15

__________ is the ability to rise above immediate pressures and not give in to impulse.

A) Empathy
B) Moral relativism
C) Moral realism
D) Self-control

Question 16

According to research, which of the following best describes self-control?

A) stable over time
B) variable from task to task
C) few individual differences
D) little long-term consistency

Question 17

According to the research of Peake, Hebl, and Mischel 2002) which of the following is NOT correct regarding preschool children's ability to delay gratification?

A) Left to their own devices, preschool children are very successful in delaying gratification.
B) If attention is engaged in other tasks, preschool children are successful in delaying gratification.
C) For preschool children, a critical part of resisting temptation is the ability to control the direction of attention.
D) For preschool children, a critical part of resisting temptation is the ability to move the focus of attention across a situation strategically.

Question 18

At about __________ of age children first become capable of self-regulation.

A) 1 year
B) 3 years
C) 5 years
D) 8 years

Question 19

In a study by Rotenberg and Meyer 1990), children completed a task and then could receive a small reward immediately or wait one day for a much larger reward. Not until __________ years of age did most children wait to receive the larger reward.

A) 4 to 5
B) 6 to 8
C) 9 to 11
D) 12 to 15

Question 20

According to Piaget's theory of moral development, 5- to 7-year-old children are in a stage called __________, in which they believe that rules are created by wise adults, and, therefore, must be followed and cannot be changed.

A) moral relativism
B) moral realism
C) the preconventional level
D) the conventional level

Question 21

Sergei is in Piaget's stage of moral relativism. He is likely to

A) think that breaking a rule always leads to punishment.
B) believe that rules must be followed and cannot be changed.
C) believe that adult authority is absolute.
D) understand that rules are created by people to help them get along.

Question 22

A child who reasons at the preconventional level would help another person because

A) she might get a reward for helping.
B) she is afraid that others would disapprove of her if she didn't help.
C) helping is a good behavior that is valued by society.
D) she has a moral principle of responsibility for others.

Question 23

Which of the following statements concerning Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning is TRUE?

A) The stages occur in an invariant sequence.
B) Higher levels of moral reasoning are sometimes found among individuals of all ages.
C) Most adults' moral reasoning is at the postconventional level.
D) The level of moral reasoning is unrelated to the level of cognitive development.

Question 24

Michael decided that hugging his grandmother was a good thing to do, because every time he did, she gave him a piece of candy. Michael is in Kohlberg's __________ level of moral reasoning.

A) unconventional
B) conventional
C) postconventional
D) preconventional

Question 25

Lonnie believes that preservation of life takes precedence over all other rights. Lonnie is in Kohlberg's __________ stage of moral reasoning.

A) social contract orientation
B) universal ethical principles
C) social system morality
D) instrumental orientation

Question 26

Who is in Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning?

A) Juanita, whose moral reasoning is based on a personal moral code
B) Kelly, whose moral reasoning is based on looking out for her own needs
C) Ivan, whose moral reasoning is based on avoidance of punishment
D) Linda, whose moral reasoning is based on the approval of other people

Question 27

At which level of Kohlberg's moral reasoning is reasoning governed by personal, moral principles?

A) preconventional level
B) conventional level
C) postconventional level
D) empathic level

Question 28

Piaget's stage of __________ is characterized by an understanding that rules are created by people to help them get along.

A) immanent justice
B) moral relativism
C) moral realism
D) preconventional reasoning

Question 29

Moral decision-making based on social norms is characteristic of which of Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning?

A) preconventional level
B) conventional level
C) postconventional level
D) empathic level

Question 30

Which comment would you expect to hear from Gina, who is in Kohlberg's instrumental orientation stage?

A) "I'm going to give money to the poor because that's what good people do."
B) "Sometimes I really hate not being able to run in the hallway, but I know it's important for everyone's safety that students obey school rules."
C) "If you let me play with your toy, I'll let you play with my toy."
D) "Even though you're supposed to be at school by 8:00, sometimes being late to school is justified - like when you're late because you stopped to help a friend who got hurt on the way to school."

Question 31

Adolescents and adults believe that they should act according to others' expectations when they are in Kohlberg's __________ stage of moral reasoning.

A) instrumental orientation
B) social contract orientation
C) social system morality
D) interpersonal norms

Question 32

At Kohlberg's postconventional level, moral reasoning is based on

A) social norms.
B) obedience to authority.
C) personal moral principles.
D) rewards and punishments.

Question 33

A child who judges whether an act is good in terms of the physical consequences of reward and punishment is reasoning at which of Kohlberg's levels?

A) preconventional level
B) conventional level
C) postconventional level
D) empathic level

Question 34

Individuals who believe that laws become invalid when they no longer benefit individuals have an) __________ orientation according to Kohlberg.

A) social contract
B) obedience
C) instrumental
D) interpersonal norms

Question 35

Hans' mother told him that it is wrong to lie, so Hans thinks people shouldn't lie because then they won't get punished. Hans is in Kohlberg's stage called

A) interpersonal norms.
B) instrumental orientation.
C) obedience orientation.
D) social contract orientation.

Question 36

In a research study, Dr. Evanshen has children respond to the Heinz dilemma. What is she studying?

A) self-control
B) prosocial behavior
C) altruism
D) moral reasoning

Question 37

Which of the following aspects of Piaget's theory of moral development has NOT been supported by research?

A) the idea that moral reasoning progresses through a sequence of stages
B) the idea that moral reasoning is related to cognitive development
C) the idea that moral reasoning is influenced by interactions with peers
D) the idea that young children consider adult authority to be final and absolute

Question 38

Longitudinal studies measuring individuals' level of moral reasoning over time found that

A) many individuals skipped at least one of Kohlberg's stages.
B) it was common for individuals to regress to lower levels of reasoning.
C) most individuals progress to the highest levels of reasoning.
D) higher levels of moral reasoning were more common in older adolescents and adults.

Question 39

Rebecca responded to the Heinz dilemma by saying "Heinz shouldn't steal the drug because stealing is against the law and our society has to outlaw theft in order to be a good place to live." Rebecca is in Kohlberg's __________ stage of moral reasoning.

A) interpersonal norms
B) universal ethical principles
C) social system morality
D) instrumental orientation

Question 40

Juanita and her friends have set some rules for a playground game. Juanita realizes that these rules will reduce arguments and can be changed if needed. Juanita is showing

A) immanent justice.
B) conventional reasoning.
C) moral realism.
D) moral relativism.

Question 41

Which of the following does Carol Gilligan believe forms the basis of moral reasoning in women?

A) justice
B) responsibility and care
C) the need to find rewards and avoid guilt
D) the need to mature

Question 42

According to research, how does the moral reasoning of males and females compare?

A) Males think about moral issues in terms of justice, while females think about moral issues in terms of caring for others.
B) Males emphasize interpersonal relations when using moral reasoning, whereas females are more likely to consider justice.
C) Male moral reasoning tends to be more advanced than female moral reasoning.
D) Males and females do not differ markedly in the bases of their moral reasoning.

Question 43

While at the dinner table, Patrick knows that it is okay to eat his roll with his fingers, but not his mashed potatoes. Patrick's behavior reflects his understanding of

A) social conventions.
B) personal domain.
C) reactive aggression.
D) monitoring.

Question 44

Which of the following statements is NOT CORRECT regarding the domains of social justice across culture?

A) Young children in many countries worldwide share the view that decisions in the personal domain should be left to the individual and that adults should not interfere.
B) Children and adolescents in many different Western and non-Western countries reason similarly within each social domain.
C) Helping others is seen as a basic moral rule for many Western children whereas it is seen as a social convention for most non-Western children.
D) Lying is acceptable for most Chinese children when it helps the group, but hurts an individual; however the reverse is true for most American children.

Question 45

Actions that benefit others are called __________ behaviors.

A) hedonistic
B) perspective-taking
C) empathic
D) prosocial

Question 46

Preschoolers

A) are incapable of altruistic behavior.
B) show limited altruistic behavior because they don't always know what they can do to help others.
C) show limited altruistic behavior because even though they usually know what they could do to help, they do not usually want to help other people.
D) typically show adult-like levels of altruistic behavior.

Question 47

Research on Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning suggests that

A) his theory describes people in all cultures equally well.
B) moral reasoning is related to moral behavior.
C) many individuals skip stages in his theory.
D) moral reasoning does not change with age.

Question 48

One day after school, Alfonso got his hair cut into a Mohawk and dyed purple. This decision represents which domain of social judgment?

A) personal moral codes
B) social conventions
C) personal domain
D) immanent justice

Question 49

When Julianne saw her mother scurrying to get everything ready for dinner, she said, "Mom, you have so many things to do, what can I do to help?" Julianne's ability to see that her mother's task was burdensome is best described as an example of

A) prosocial behavior.
B) perspective-taking.
C) empathy.
D) moral reasoning.

Question 50

When Dana heard about an impoverished family not having money to buy food, she decided to donate her allowance to the family, even though she would not get anything in return. Dana's behavior is best described as

A) cooperative behavior.
B) antisocial behavior.
C) altruism.
D) empathy.

Question 51

Critics of Kohlberg's theory have noted that not all cultures have the same emphasis on __________ that is found in traditional American culture and in Kohlberg's theory.

A) individual rights and justice
B) duty and responsibility to others
C) care-based morality
D) the Hindu religion

Question 52

Gilligan criticized Kohlberg's theory for

A) having stages of moral reasoning.
B) applying more to men than to women.
C) claiming that moral reasoning becomes more sophisticated with age.
D) overemphasizing the role of care-based moral reasoning.

Question 53

__________ are arbitrary standards of behavior agreed to by a cultural group to facilitate interactions within the group.

A) Personal moral codes
B) Social conventions
C) Stages of moral reasoning
D) Immanent justices

Question 54

Actions that help others with no direct benefit to the individual are known as

A) empathy.
B) antisocial.
C) role-taking.
D) altruism.

Question 55

Which of the following statements about prosocial lying is correct?

A) Chinese school children believe that polite lying is acceptable when it helps the group, but hurts an individual. The reverse is true in the United States.
B) Chinese school children believe that polite lying is acceptable when it helps an individual, but hurts the group. The reverse is true in the United States
C) In both the Unites States and China, polite lying is acceptable when it helps the group and, in the process, hurts an individual.
D) In both the Unites States and China, polite lying is acceptable when it helps an individual, and in the process hurts the group.

Question 56

A controversial element of Kohlberg's theory is his claim that

A) there are universal, absolute standards of right and wrong.
B) his theory is an outgrowth of Piagetian principles.
C) the stages of his theory are differentiated by the reasoning that underlies the decision.
D) moral reasoning becomes more sophisticated with development.

Question 57

At what point do children begin to understand that breaking a moral rule is more serious than breaking a social convention?

A) during preschool
B) during early elementary school
C) during late elementary school
D) during adolescence

Question 58

Individuals who are reared with traditional Hindu beliefs

A) base their moral reasoning on principles of individual rights and justice.
B) do not differ in their moral reasoning from those who are reared with Judeo-Christian beliefs.
C) base their moral reasoning on principles of duty and responsibility to others.
D) support Kohlberg's claim that the bases of moral reasoning are universal.

Question 59

Carol Gilligan has argued that Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning puts too much emphasis on __________ and not enough emphasis on __________.

A) justice; caring
B) caring; justice
C) cognition; behavior
D) behavior; cognition

Question 60

Simple acts of altruism can be seen as early as __________ of age.

A) 18 months
B) 3 years
C) 6 years
D) 10 years

Question 61

Billy often teases and picks fights with other children. Billy is showing

A) assertiveness.
B) moral relativism.
C) prosocial behavior.
D) aggression.

Question 62

Physically punishing children for aggressive behavior

A) has a long-term effect on suppressing aggression.
B) has no immediate effect on suppressing aggression.
C) serves as a model and illustrates that punishment "works" as a means of controlling others.
D) has both immediate and long-term effects on suppressing aggression.

Question 63

Which of the following is an example of instrumental aggression?

A) Tony pushed Joyce out of the way so that he can get to the swing first
B) Abe doesn't allow Justin to play with the other children
C) Amy tells Diana that she wants the paint brush that Diana is using
D) Natalie spreads rumors about Yolanda because Yolanda stole money from her

Question 64

Research suggests that children who are highly aggressive

A) are equally likely to be boys or girls.
B) are more likely than less aggressive children to commit criminal offenses when they get older.
C) are likely to remain aggressive, but are no more likely than less aggressive children to commit criminal offenses when they get older.
D) are simply being playful and are likely to outgrow their aggressiveness as they get older.

Question 65

Assertive behavior differs from aggressive behavior in

A) that assertive behavior is carried out without regard for the rights of others.
B) that assertive behavior is carried out while respecting the rights of others.
C) that aggressive behavior is physical while assertive behavior is verbal.
D) no significant ways.

Question 66

When Beth watched a movie in which a baby elephant's mother died, she cried because she could feel the baby elephant's loneliness and sorrow. Beth displayed

A) prosocial behavior.
B) altruism.
C) self control.
D) empathy.

Question 67

Which child would be most likely to act altruistically?

A) a child who does not feel responsible for the person in need
B) a child who believes that there are few costs associated with the act
C) a child who is in a bad mood
D) a child who feels that she doesn't have the skills necessary to help

Question 68

Parental use of __________ is associated with high levels of aggressive behavior in children.

A) reasoning
B) time out
C) physical punishment
D) positive reinforcement

Question 69

Which of the following is an example of reactive aggression?

A) Michelle, for no reason, hits Brenda on the arm
B) Samantha, after losing a game of tennis to Paula, starts the "I hate Paula" club
C) Khadijah, after losing a game of checkers to Tiana, throws all the checkers on the floor
D) Jon shoves Ricky in order to get to the front of the lunch line

Question 70

Which child would be most likely to engage in prosocial behavior?

A) a child with high levels of perspective-taking
B) a child who uses rewards and punishments as the basis for moral judgments
C) a child who has low levels of empathy
D) a child with high levels of egocentrism

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding the biological contributions of aggressive behavior?

A) Fraternal twins are usually more alike in their levels of physical aggression than are identical twins.
B) Children who are temperamentally difficult are more likely to be aggressive.
C) Boys with higher levels of testosterone are more often irritable.
D) Aggressive behavior is more likely if there is a deficit in the neurotransmitters that inhibit aggressive behavior.

Question 72

__________ is behavior that is meant to harm others.

A) Assertiveness
B) Aggression
C) Hedonism
D) Altruism

Question 73

The ability to experience the feelings of another person is called

A) role-taking.
B) egocentrism.
C) altruism.
D) empathy.

Question 74

Which of the following is an example of hostile aggression?

A) Randy spontaneously yells at Eric saying "You're a big jerk!" and then kicks him
B) Janelle grabs the Barbie doll out of Lisa's hands
C) Marcus throws the ball at the wall after being picked last for the baseball team
D) Vivian, after having a fight with Nicole, tells all of her friends to avoid Nicole

Question 75

Parents who use which of the following disciplinary practices are most likely to have children who exhibit more altruistic behavior?

A) physical punishment
B) reasoning
C) time out
D) rewarding good behavior

Question 76

A new student in school enters the cafeteria looking lonely and scared. Who is most likely to help the new student adjust to school by showing her how to get her lunch and sitting with her?

A) Allie, who knows her from church
B) Sarah, who isn't familiar with the cafeteria routine because she usually eats at home
C) Janelle, who was punished by the teacher earlier in the day
D) Emily, who won't be able to talk to her friends if she sits with the new student

Question 77

Which of the following is NOT an example of relational aggression?

A) Julia starts the "I hate Sierra club" after losing to Sierra at the science fair
B) Sarita painted "Jessica is a dork" on Jessica's locker after they had a fight
C) Irene yells "You're stupid" and then hits the team captain after being chosen last for the team
D) Georgia spreads a rumor about Felicia because she doesn't want other people to become friends with Felicia

Question 78

Which of the following statements about prosocial behavior is INCORRECT?

A) Children are more likely to help when they feel another person's emotions.
B) Children are more likely to help when they practice helping at home and elsewhere.
C) Children are more likely to help when parents behave prosocially themselves.
D) Children are more likely to help when they base more decisions on their own needs.

Question 79

Studies link children's prosocial behavior to several parental behaviors. Which of the following factors is associated with the LEAST amount of prosocial behavior in children?

A) parents who use physical punishment rather than reasoning to discipline their children
B) parents who frequently report feelings of warmth and concern for others
C) parents who are responsive and helpful to their children
D) parents who praise their children for acting prosocially

Question 80

Which of the following children is LEAST likely to engage in prosocial behavior?

A) Antoine, whose parents volunteer weekly at the local nursing home
B) Bianca, who has warn, supportive parents who frequently engage in emotional discussions with her
C) Clemson, who helps his grandmother with her laundry
D) Devinia, who is discouraged by her parents from volunteering at the YMCA