Deck 1: D: Introducing Psychological Science

Question 1

The pattern of characteristic thoughts,feelings,and behaviours that persists over time and situations and distinguishes one person from another is called _______.

A)a trait
B)an emotional profile
C)personality
D)the primary process

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The psychological school that asks,"What are mental processes for?" rather than "What are mental processes?" is which of the following?

A)structuralism
B)functionalism
C)humanism
D)Gestalt

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Titchener was a member of the ___________ school of thought.

A)structuralist
B)functionalist
C)behaviourist
D)reductionist

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The primary method of investigation used by structuralists was

A)natural observation.
B)dream interpretation.
C)introspection.
D)experimentation.

Question 5

Structuralism emphasizes __________.

A)individual differences
B)the application of biological principles to the mind
C)the influence of subconscious urges on conscious behaviour
D)the basic units of experience and their combinations

Question 6

What word describes the method of investigation used by Wundt?

A)structuralism
B)psychoanalysis
C)functionalism
D)introspection

Question 7

Freud was the founder of __________.

A)existential psychology
B)behavioural psychology
C)psychoanalysis
D)behaviourism

Question 8

Cognitive psychologists are a subgroup of experimental psychologists who are concerned primarily with

A)neurobiological events that underlie behaviour.
B)the function of age on behaviour.
C)mental events that intervene between stimuli and responses.
D)how people are affected by social situations.

Question 9

Freud's theories differed radically from the views of his predecessors because of __________.

A)his extensive use of laboratory research to support its claims
B)the emphasis it placed on Eastern philosophies and culture
C)the emphasis it placed on unconscious processes
D)his emphasis on environmental learning as the source for most personality characteristics

Question 10

A psychologist bases his/her theories completely on measuring observable behaviours.This psychologist is probably a __________.

A)humanist
B)behaviourist
C)structuralist
D)functionalist

Question 11

Psychology:

A)has an applied side.
B)is a science of behaviour.
C)has goals of describing,predicting,and explaining events.
D)all of the above

Question 12

Psychology is said to have begun when

A)medicine was seen to be ineffective in treating neurosis.
B)Wilhelm Wundt started the first psychological laboratory.
C)Sigmund Freud opened his private practice in Vienna.
D)it was discovered in the early 1900s that many illnesses have no medical basis.

Question 13

In the late 20^th century,psychology __________.

A)expanded dramatically
B)stagnated
C)contracted slightly
D)contracted dramatically

Question 14

By general agreement,psychology was born in __________.

A)1642
B)1853
C)1879
D)1906

Question 15

The first psychology laboratory was founded by __________.

A)Wundt
B)James
C)Titchener
D)Watson

Question 16

Studying the elements of sensations,feelings,and images is most directly associated with which school of psychology?

A)structuralism
B)functionalism
C)behaviourism
D)humanism

Question 17

Psychologists use research techniques based on __________.

A)inductive reasoning
B)objective introspection
C)deductive reasoning
D)the scientific method

Question 18

As a science,psychology is approximately how old?

A)50 years
B)100+ years
C)150 years
D)2500 years,since the field dates back to the ancient Greeks

Question 19

Modern psychology is said to have begun when

A)Greek philosophers began studying the differences between people.
B)Wundt opened the first laboratory devoted to the scientific study of psychology.
C)Freud developed psychoanalytic theory and therapy.
D)it was discovered in the early 1900s that many illnesses have no medical basis.

Question 20

Psychologists stopped relying on the method of introspection as their primary research tool because

A)they wanted to study mental processes rather than observable behaviour.
B)results were inconsistent across labs.
C)laboratory research was replaced by field research.
D)the technique did not provide useful information for therapists.

Question 21

A therapist is interested in interpreting dreams and in having clients relate their thoughts without modifying them.This therapist is most likely to be a

A)client-centred therapist.
B)psychoanalyst.
C)cognitive therapist.
D)behaviour therapist.

Question 22

_______ is the name of the theory that emphasizes the concept that humans are positively motivated and progress toward higher levels of functioning.

A)Humanism
B)Psychoanalysis
C)Social learning
D)Traitism

Question 23

Genuineness,empathy,unconditional positive regard,and self-growth are all associated with ________ therapy.

A)gestalt
B)humanistic
C)cognitive
D)behavioural

Question 24

Cognitive psychologists are concerned with the scientific study of __________.

A)reinforcement
B)alienation and apathy
C)mental processes
D)self-actualization

Question 25

Psychoanalytic theory was developed by

A)Freud.
B)Perls.
C)Erikson.
D)Rogers.

Question 26

Which of the following types of psychologists is most prepared to help a person who hears voices and believes she is Joan of Arc?

A)forensic
B)counselling
C)school
D)clinical

Question 27

Client-centred therapy was founded by __________.

A)Rogers
B)Wolpe
C)Adler
D)Jung

Question 28

Who of the following believes humans have a natural motivation to reach their highest potential?

A)Maslow
B)Skinner
C)Adler
D)Jung

Question 29

Which aspect of the mind held the greatest fascination for Freud?

A)the preconscious mind
B)the conscious area
C)suppressions
D)the unconscious

Question 30

Which of the following approaches is based on the premise that people naturally strive to reach their potential and lead a fulfilling life?

A)psychoanalytic
B)behavioural
C)humanistic
D)biomedical

Question 31

Freud believed that many psychological problems were the result of:

A)feelings and emotions repressed during childhood.
B)genetic factors.
C)organic disturbances.
D)the identity crises.

Question 32

Of the following,which type of therapist would be more interested in a client's past rather than the current situation?

A)psychoanalytic
B)rational-emotive
C)behavioural
D)Gestalt

Question 33

The belief that anxiety results from feelings and emotions repressed during childhood was proposed by _______.

A)Perls
B)Moniz
C)Pinel
D)Freud

Question 34

Psychologists use techniques based on ___________.

A)cultural ethnocentrism
B)objective introspection
C)philosophical logic
D)the scientific method

Question 35

___________________ emphasizes that humans are positively motivated and progress toward higher levels of functioning.

A)Humanistic psychology
B)Psychoanalytic theory
C)Social learning theory
D)Trait theory

Question 36

Psychoanalysis was a therapy technique designed by __________.

A)Fritz Perls
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Carl Rogers
D)Alfred Adler

Question 37

Person-centred therapy has its roots in

A)humanistic psychology.
B)the medical model.
C)psychoanalysis.
D)the cognitive model.

Question 38

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are _______.

A)behaviourists
B)psychoanalysts
C)humanists
D)cognitivists

Question 39

An individual's personality,as well as situational variables,will determine that person's _______.

A)behaviour
B)predispositions
C)uniqueness
D)all of the above

Question 40

In Gestalt psychology,the focus is on:

A)changing overt behaviour.
B)becoming more aware of the self.
C)resolving repressed conflicts.
D)fulfilling personal potential.

Question 41

Physiological psychologists study __________.

A)human mental and physical growth from the prenatal period through childhood,adolescence,adulthood,and old age
B)the biological basis for human behaviour
C)the differences among individuals in such traits as anxiety,sociability,self-esteem,the need for achievement,and aggressiveness
D)how people influence one another

Question 42

In keeping with scientific skepticism,upon what basis should scientific claims be accepted?

A)upon the evidence
B)upon unfalsifiable evidence
C)upon the disconfirmation bias
D)upon compatibilism

Question 43

Which claim is falsifiable?

A)Men are more physically aggressive than women.
B)A weak superego is at the root of psychopathy.
C)Bad things happen to bad people because of karma.
D)Introspection is a valid approach to studying sensation.

Question 44

Researchers who have questioned the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)therapy argue that supporters have failed to consider that patients are being administered exposure therapy at the same time as EMDR.Furthermore,the apparent effectiveness of EMDR is due to this exposure and not the eye movements.Which principle of critical thinking is best exemplified?

A)considering other viewpoints
B)falsifiability
C)correlation versus causation
D)Occam's razor

Question 45

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)A psychologist is a medical doctor specializing in the treatment of emotional disturbances.
B)A psychiatrist is a medical doctor specializing in the treatment of emotional disturbances.
C)Clinical psychologists treat severe psychological disturbances and psychiatrists treat mild disorders.
D)Both clinical psychologists and psychiatrists can prescribe medications to their patients.

Question 46

Proponents of speed-reading courses hold stubbornly to their beliefs,despite contradictory evidence.Which aspect of pseudoscience is being characterized?

A)intolerance of ambiguity
B)reliance on emotional evdience
C)lack of self-correction
D)absence of connectivity

Question 47

Dr.Martian claims that aliens are real and have been performing mind experiments on humans for years.Which principle of critical thinking is most important to consider when evaluating this claim?

A)being curious
B)avoiding emotional reasoning
C)examining the nature of the source of the evidence
D)tolerating ambiguity

Question 48

Steve,a college student,is seeing a psychologist because of his intense fear of people.His counsellor feels that Steve's fear is a product of unresolved conflicts about his parents and his childhood experiences with them.Steve's therapist is most characteristic of which school of psychology?

A)behaviourism
B)psychoanalytic
C)humanistic
D)Gestalt

Question 49

Political polls taken before major elections are examples of __________ research.

A)correlational
B)experimental
C)case study
D)survey

Question 50

Dr.Siela claims that all humans have invisible souls that guide their behaviour.Which principle of a good scientific theory is most important to consider when evaluating this claim?

A)replicability
B)Occam's razor
C)ruling out rival hypotheses
D)falsifiability