Deck 8: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Thirst,sex,and hunger are examples of _______ drives.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)internalized
D)externalized

Answer 1

primary

Question 2

An innate or inborn predisposition to act in a specific way is called a/an _______.

A)instinct
B)drive
C)incentive
D)need

Answer 2

instinct

Question 3

Drives that are unlearned are called _______________.

A)primary
B)secondary
C)reflexive
D)learned

Answer 3

primary

Question 4

Bill hasn't eaten for four days and is very hungry.A friend offers to take him to lunch or to a new Arnold Schwartzennegger movie that she knows Bill wants to see.The drive theory of motivation would predict:

A)Bill is equally likely to select either option.
B)Bill will select the lunch.
C)Bill will select the movie.
D)Bill will not select either option.

Question 5

When you get too warm,you begin to perspire.This is an example of:

A)a drive.
B)homeostasis.
C)a need.
D)adjustment.

Question 6

Hugh has such powerful sexual needs that he engages in dangerously promiscuous behavior.In this case,Hugh's sexual needs are a(n)_______.

A)emotion
B)motive
C)stimulus
D)cue

Question 7

An example of intrinsic motivation is reading a textbook because:

A)you want to earn an A on a test.
B)you want to avoid a D or F.
C)you enjoy reading it.
D)you are being paid to read it.

Question 8

A need that energizes and directs behavior towards some goal is known as a _______.

A)cue
B)behavior
C)motive
D)stimulus

Question 9

The concept of primary motives would explain our need for _______.

A)food
B)Gucci jeans
C)a water bed
D)companionship

Question 10

Social motives are:

A)not affected by primary motives.
B)common to all people.
C)derived from social interactions and learning.
D)essential for the survival of an organism.

Question 11

The concept that a person acts in a certain manner because of an innate predisposition to do so is based on the _______ theory.

A)aggression
B)drive
C)instinct
D)incentive

Question 12

An example of a primary motive is _______.

A)greed
B)thirst
C)wantonness
D)piety

Question 13

The major shortcoming of the instinct concept is that:

A)instincts have never been shown to exist in any species.
B)the instinct concept is too complex an explanation of most motivated behavior.
C)asserting the existence of an instinct does not help us to understand the behavior in question.
D)it is too physiological in theoretical orientation.

Question 14

The observation that people often seek stimulation and that not all motives are aroused by internal states contradicts the _______ theory of motivation.

A)incentive
B)drive-reduction
C)Gestalt
D)cognitive

Question 15

The drive-reduction perspective was based on which of the following principles?

A)homeostasis
B)instinct
C)psychic energy
D)genetics

Question 16

Primary motives are:

A)learned.
B)unlearned.
C)cognitive.
D)socially determined.

Question 17

Motivation refers to that which:

A)explains the physical make-up of an organism.
B)energizes the behavior of an organism.
C)directs the behavior of an organism.
D)both b and c

Question 18

The concept that an organism is motivated to act because its body is in a state of need is based on the __________ theory.

A)incentive
B)affiliation
C)drive
D)instinct

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the instinct theory of motivation?

A)Tension is created within an organism when it has been deprived of something it needs,thus compelling it to satisfy its needs.
B)External cues elicit behavior from an organism.
C)Organisms have inborn patterns of behavior and innate desires to perform in a certain manner.
D)Organisms have desires to act in specific ways,but these behaviors can be modified by learning.

Question 20

Instincts are thought to:

A)exist within the individual.
B)explain why people act differently in the same situation.
C)explain what an individual does but not why.
D)be caused by conditions outside the organism that push it into action.

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT true about hunger?

A)It is a physiological motive.
B)It is a drive-reduction motive.
C)It is a social motive.
D)It is a motive common to most people.

Question 22

The basis of drive theory is the principle of ________.

A)reinforcement
B)achievement
C)homeostasis
D)homeopathy

Question 23

For Maslow,the most highly evolved motive is _______.

A)esteem
B)physiological need
C)intellectual need
D)self-actualization

Question 24

A(n)_______ is an external stimulus that can motivate behavior even if no drive is initially present.

A)homeostatic mechanism
B)motor program
C)arousal mechanism
D)incentive

Question 25

A famed psychologist claims that motivated behaviors result from an effort to reduce tension caused by bodily needs such as hunger or thirst.This psychologist's philosophy most closely matches _______ theory.

A)threshold
B)trait
C)homeostatic
D)drive reduction

Question 26

Maslow theorized that human needs are:

A)basically identical to those of animals.
B)arranged in a hierarchy of importance.
C)destined to conflict with one another at all times.
D)less important than emotions.

Question 27

Maslow is associated with which of the following notions?

A)that when the body temperature falls,we are motivated to eat
B)that the motive to explore and manipulate is important for individual survival
C)that our motives are organized into a hierarchy
D)that some people are driven by the achievement motive

Question 28

According to Maslow's hierarchy of motives theory,which one of the following needs must first be satisfied?

A)self-actualization
B)esteem needs
C)physiological needs
D)safety needs

Question 29

Which motivational theorist is associated with the following assumption? "Before higher level needs can be addressed or acted on,one's lower level needs must be met."

A)Freud
B)Maslow
C)McClelland
D)Harlow

Question 30

Which of the following does NOT support drive-reduction theory?

A)getting some food when you are hungry
B)going to sleep when you are tired
C)getting something to drink when you are thirsty
D)going jogging when you are bored

Question 31

Homeostasis refers to:

A)realizing one's full potential.
B)a balanced state in the body's internal environment.
C)a state of optimum stimulation either above or below equilibrium.
D)the mechanism by which unconscious needs are satisfied.

Question 32

The correct order of Maslow's hierarchy of motives from most primitive to the most complex and human is _______.

A)safety,physiological,belongingness,esteem,self-actualization
B)physiological,esteem,self-actualization,safety,belongingness
C)physiological,esteem,safety,belongingness,self-actualization
D)physiological,safety,belongingness,esteem,self-actualization

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT an emotion?

A)anger
B)thirst
C)fear
D)lust

Question 34

What is the lowest need in Maslow's hierarchy?

A)physiological
B)safety
C)achievement
D)self-actualization

Question 35

Amphetamines are __________.

A)barbiturates
B)stimulants
C)hallucinogens
D)opiates

Question 36

Two important elements of stimulus-seeking behavior are _________.

A)novelty and complexity
B)comfort and friendship
C)sex and aggression
D)rest and relaxation

Question 37

Chemical substances that change moods and perceptions are called __________ drugs.

A)psychosomatic
B)analgesic
C)psychoactive
D)prescription

Question 38

The process by which the body maintains a balance or equilibrium in its internal environment is called ______.

A)neoteny
B)autoregulation
C)homeostasis
D)hypothalamus

Question 39

Cocaine is a(n)__________.

A)opiate
B)stimulant
C)barbiturate
D)hallucinogen

Question 40

The concept of _______ replaced the concept of instinct in motivation theory.

A)purpose
B)optimal level of stimulation
C)drive reduction
D)homeostasis

Question 41

According to Cannon-Bard,which of the following plays an important role in experiencing emotion?

A)thalamus
B)hypothalamus
C)limbic system
D)sympathetic nervous system

Question 42

When photographs of facial expressions conveying different emotions were shown to subjects in different countries,the subjects:

A)tended to agree on the emotional meaning of the different expressions.
B)rarely agreed on the emotional meaning of the different expressions.
C)agreed only on expressions of anger and fear.
D)none of the above

Question 43

Researchers have concluded that the ________ is/are the most important part of the body in nonverbal communication.

A)hands
B)face
C)legs
D)torso

Question 44

Emotional experience and arousal occur at the same time due to stimulation of the cerebral cortex,according to ________.

A)Schachter-Singer
B)James-Lange
C)Valins
D)Cannon-Bard

Question 45

Which is NOT a typical physiological change during an emotional episode?

A)Less blood goes to the muscles,and more goes to the internal organs.
B)Saliva production in the mouth decreases.
C)The pupils of the eyes dilate.
D)The galvanic skin response occurs.

Question 46

Note the following sequence of events: Emotional stimulus-->thalamus-->simultaneous physiological arousal and emotional experience.The order of occurrences summarizes the _______ theory of emotion.

A)James-Lange
B)Cannon-Bard
C)Activation
D)Jukebox

Question 47

The _______ theory of emotion placed the source of emotions in the thalamus.

A)James-Lange
B)Cannon-Bard
C)Activation
D)Jukebox

Question 48

The _______ nervous system influences physiological effects associated with emotions.

A)apathetic
B)primal
C)empathic
D)sympathetic

Question 49

Which theory of emotion includes activation of the thalamus?

A)James-Lange
B)Cannon-Bard
C)Schacter-Singer
D)appraisal

Question 50

The most frequently used drug in Western societies is __________.

A)alcohol
B)nicotine
C)cocaine
D)marijuana

Question 51

__________ are used today for treating insomnia,epilepsy and other disorders.

A)Barbiturates
B)Opiates
C)Hallucinogens
D)Stimulants

Question 52

According to the _______ theory,the thalamus plays a significant role in one's emotions.

A)James-Lange
B)Cannon-Bard
C)Schacter-Singer
D)cognitive

Question 53

Who proposed that the human expression of emotion is innate and has survival value?

A)William James
B)Stanley Schachter
C)Charles Darwin
D)Emmett Kelly

Question 54

Affective states accompanied by physiological changes that often influence behavior are called __________.

A)motives
B)drives
C)emotions
D)traits

Question 55

The active ingredient in marijuana is __________.

A)PCB
B)THC
C)LSD
D)PCP

Question 56

A careful examination of emotions can be traced back to ___________.

A)B.F.Skinnerian emotion
B)Charles Darwin
C)The Renaissance
D)World War I

Question 57

The emotions which are most easily recognized from facial expressions include happiness,anger,and _______.

A)love
B)disgust
C)fear
D)sadness

Question 58

Emotional arousal and experience occur at the same time because of stimulation of the cerebral cortex,according to the _______ theory.

A)James-Lange
B)Cannon-Bard
C)Schacter-Singer
D)appraisal

Question 59

Which of the following is NOT a physiological change associated with emotion?

A)adrenalin secretion
B)saliva secretion
C)increased perspiration
D)increased breathing

Question 60

According to the _______ theory,arousal of organs and the experience of emotion are simultaneous.

A)Schacter and Singer
B)Cannon-Bard
C)James-Lange
D)appraisal

Question 61

Schacter-Singer's famous emotion experiment showed that:

A)physiological arousal came after emotional arousal.
B)a physiological aroused person will label his arousal as greater when people are duped or misled.
C)emotional arousal is greater when people are duped or misled.
D)emotions start in the cortex and are sent to one's internal organs.

Question 62

Which theory maintains that emotion is caused by the interaction of physiological processes and interpretation?

A)James-Lange theory
B)cognitive theory
C)activation theory
D)Cannon-Bard theory

Question 63

The statement,"If you expect something to make you feel bad,chances are it will" is reflective of which of the following theories of emotion?

A)somatic
B)Darwinian
C)appraisal
D)opponent-process

Question 64

Anger is a(n)_______.

A)primary reflex
B)emotion
C)motive
D)social drive

Question 65

Bob tells Jan that he is feeling fine,but Jan doesn't believe him.What should she focus on to have the BEST chance of identifying any emotions Bob might be hiding?

A)his words
B)his body posture
C)his vocal intonations
D)his facial expressions