Deck 7: Development Across the Lifespan

Question 1

Comparing the same group of people on the same measure(s)over a lengthy time period defines _______ research.

A)longitudinal
B)cross-sectional
C)basic
D)applied

Answer 1

longitudinal

Question 2

A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is,by definition,using the __________ method.

A)longitudinal
B)correlational
C)cross-sectional
D)biographical study

Answer 2

cross-sectional

Question 3

An approach which is concerned with description and explanation of changes within an individual and between individuals from conception until death is call the _______ approach.

A)whole life
B)life-span developmental
C)entire life developmental
D)childhood/adulthood developmental

Answer 3

life-span developmental

Question 4

How one develops is determined by continuous interaction between _________ and __________.

A)learning;environment
B)heredity;environment
C)nurture;environment
D)heredity;nature

Question 5

Dr.Halk is studying a group of 25 youngsters from the time they are born until they reach school age.This is known as _______ research.

A)cross-sectional
B)mixed design
C)longitudinal
D)historical

Question 6

Cultural and historical influences are BEST controlled using _______ research.

A)longitudinal
B)cross-sectional
C)basic
D)applied

Question 7

Collecting the responses of different people at different ages all at the same time characterizes _______ research.

A)longitudinal
B)cross-sectional
C)basic
D)applied

Question 8

A researcher who studies a fixed group of people over a long period of time is,by definition,using the __________ method.

A)longitudinal
B)correlational
C)cross-sectional
D)biographical study

Question 9

The description and explanation of behavior changes in the individual and the differences between individuals from conception to death is called _________.

A)developmental psychology
B)the whole life approach
C)the life-span development approach
D)the longitudinal method

Question 10

An audience of 20-year-olds finds a series of off-color jokes highly amusing.A group of 50-year-olds finds the same jokes highly offensive.It is concluded that,as people age,their senses of humor become more rigid and narrow.The major difficulty in drawing conclusions of this sort is that _______.

A)longitudinal studies cannot distinguish between age differences and generational differences
B)cross-sectional studies cannot distinguish between age differences and generational differences
C)longitudinal studies cannot distinguish between age differences and differences in the time at which measurements are taken
D)cross-sectional studies cannot distinguish between age differences and differences in the time at which measurements are taken

Question 11

The description and explanation of behavior changes in the individual and the differences between individuals from conception to death is called __________.

A)developmental psychology
B)the whole life approach
C)the life-span development approach
D)the longitudinal method

Question 12

Which of the following is a weakness associated with longitudinal research?

A)It cannot measure the stability of behavior.
B)Cultural experiences cannot be controlled.
C)It costs a lot in terms of time and money.
D)Historical influence cannot be controlled.

Question 13

Dr.Cross is studying whether the psychological trait of dependency vs.independence changes as one gets older.He collects data from first,fourth,and ninth graders.Dr.Cross is studying the relationship between age and dependency/independence using _______ research.

A)longitudinal
B)cross-sectional
C)case study
D)applied

Question 14

A researcher who studies a fixed group of people over a long period of time is,by definition,using the __________.

A)longitudinal method
B)correlational method
C)cross-sectional method
D)case study method

Question 15

A developmental psychologist believes that increased TV watching by young children is responsible for a decline in reading scores when these children enter school.To explore her hypothesis,she records the TV watching habits of toddlers in a suburban community.She examines these habits again when the children enter kindergarten and once more when they complete first grade.This method is _______.

A)longitudinal
B)cross-sectional
C)convergent
D)experimental

Question 16

A weakness of longitudinal studies is that they _______.

A)take far too long to gather the appropriate data
B)cannot eliminate sample biases
C)cannot distinguish age differences from cohort differences
D)do not distinguish significant from non-significant relationships

Question 17

A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people as they get older.This psychologist is most likely a(n)__________ psychologist.

A)evolutionary
B)personality
C)health
D)developmental

Question 18

The life-span development approach has which of the following goals?

A)Describe the physical changes that occur between birth and adolescence.
B)Describe and explain behavior changes within an individual and differences between individuals from conception to death.
C)Explain the results of learning from conception to death.
D)Investigate the influence of heredity and environment upon individuals from conception to death.

Question 19

Which of the following is an advantage of longitudinal research?

A)It takes a relatively short period of time.
B)It is quite flexible.
C)It can measure stability of behavior.
D)It is extremely practical.

Question 20

Dr.Halk is studying the influence of getting older on intelligence.He tests a group of first graders,a group of third graders,and a group of sixth graders.They are all tested in one day.This is an example of _______ research.

A)cross-sectional
B)longitudinal
C)mixed design
D)fixed effects

Question 21

Drugs that can distort the prenatal organism's physical development are called ___________.

A)mutagens
B)teratogens
C)controlled substances
D)congenital defectors

Question 22

When adults are surprised by a loud noise,they often show the startle reflex.In infants,the same reflex is called the ________ reflex.

A)rooting
B)Moro
C)grasping
D)sucking

Question 23

Which of the following is the correct order for Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?

A)sensory-motor,preoperational,concrete operations,formal operations
B)preoperational,concrete operations,formal operations,sensory-motor
C)preoperational,sensory-motor,concrete operations,formal operations
D)preoperational,formal operations,sensory-motor,concrete operations

Question 24

During prenatal development,the organism depends on the ________ to exchange food and waste products with the mother's blood stream.

A)ovum
B)umbilicus
C)placenta
D)uterus

Question 25

Adjusting behavior or thoughts to fit new environmental demands is called _______.

A)schema
B)accommodation
C)assimilation
D)structure

Question 26

Which of the following developmental sequences is in correct order?

A)embryo,zygote,fetus,infant
B)ovum,embryo,fetus,infant
C)fetus,embryo,ovum,infant
D)ovum,fetus,embryo,infant

Question 27

Toxic substances such as alcohol and nicotine that cross the placenta and may result in birth defects are called __________.

A)neuroleptics
B)teratogens
C)pathogens
D)antigens

Question 28

Postnatal is to after being born as _______ is to before being born.

A)fetal
B)prenatal
C)neonatal
D)pregnancy

Question 29

When adults are surprised by a loud noise,they often show the startle reflex.In infants,the same reflex is called the ________ reflex.

A)rooting
B)Moro
C)grasping
D)sucking

Question 30

A reflex crucial to an infant's survival is __________.

A)cooing
B)grasping
C)sucking
D)stepping

Question 31

_______ is most famous for his theory that all children go through a series of sequential intellectual stages.

A)Ainsworth
B)Bowlby
C)Gesell
D)Piaget

Question 32

Human and animal neonates come into the world equipped with a number of built-in responses called _______.

A)reflexes
B)tropisms
C)instincts
D)motor programs

Question 33

Drugs that can distort the prenatal organism's physical development are called ___________.

A)mutagens
B)teratogens
C)controlled substances
D)congenital defectors

Question 34

Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of __________.

A)cognitive development
B)language development
C)perceptual development
D)motor development

Question 35

An infant will turn his head toward anything which touches his cheek.This is the ________ reflex.

A)rooting
B)Moro
C)grasping
D)sucking

Question 36

From the second week until the third month after conception,the developing organism is called a(n)__________.

A)neonate
B)fetus
C)zygote
D)embryo

Question 37

The __________ roughly resembles a human being.

A)zygote
B)fetus
C)embryo
D)placenta

Question 38

Piaget's theory of intellectual development assumes that:

A)children pass through certain stages at a specific age.
B)children pass through a series of 6 sequential stages.
C)children pass through a series of stages in the same order.
D)children pass through stages but in no particular order and at no specified ages.

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a stage of development?

A)ovum
B)uterine
C)embryo
D)fetal

Question 40

The period of development from conception to birth is called the __________.

A)neonate period
B)prenatal period
C)natal period
D)postnatal period

Question 41

Piaget attributed cognitive development to the interaction of what two processes?

A)assimilation and accommodation
B)assimilation and egocentric thinking
C)egocentric thinking and conservation
D)conservation and accommodation

Question 42

Which of the following sequences of Piagetian stages is the correct order?

A)sensorimotor,preoperational,concrete operations,formal operations
B)preoperational,concrete operations,formal operations,sensorimotor
C)concrete operations,preoperational,formal operations,sensorimotor
D)sensorimotor,concrete operations,preoperational,formal operations

Question 43

Suppose that you show a small boy two bars of fresh fudge that are equal on all dimensions (exactly the same size,shape,and weight).You ask him if the two bars are the same,and he says "Yes." You then cut one of the bars into 10 chunks as he watches.You are surprised when he now asks if he can have the cut up fudge because it has more candy than the intact bar.This episode illustrates that the youngster:

A)probably is retarded.
B)lacks the concept of object permanence.
C)is in the preoperational stage.
D)is in the concrete operational stage.

Question 44

According to Piaget,which of the following is crucial to cognitive development at the sensory-motor stage?

A)egocentrism
B)attachment
C)language
D)object permanence

Question 45

If a child can tell you what "Y" is equal to when you give her the equation X = Y + 10,then she is in the _______ stage of cognitive development.

A)formal operations
B)concrete operations
C)preoperational
D)sensorimotor

Question 46

Based on Piagetian theory,which of the following relationships is NOT correct?

A)concrete operations--have attained conservation
B)preoperational--animism
C)formal operations--egocentrism
D)sensorimotor--developing object permanence

Question 47

Preoperational,concrete operations,and formal operations are all stages devised by _______.

A)Bruner
B)Freud
C)Skinner
D)Piaget

Question 48

Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of _______.

A)cognitive development
B)language development
C)perceptual development
D)attachment

Question 49

Which of the following concepts was NOT used by Piaget?

A)schema
B)assimilation
C)accommodation
D)critical period

Question 50

A characteristic that first shows up in the concrete operations stage is _______.

A)irreversibility
B)abstract thinking
C)egocentrism
D)logical thinking

Question 51

The mother of a young child who didn't like to drink juice was trying to coax him to drink some.Taking the glass of juice,she poured it all into a smaller cup and said,"There! Now you won't have to drink so much." She would never have fooled the child if he had not been in the _______ stage.

A)preconventional
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 52

In which stage of cognitive development does the conservation concept first appear?

A)formal operations
B)concrete operations
C)preoperational
D)sensorimotor

Question 53

A characteristic that first shows up in the formal operations stage is _______.

A)irreversibility
B)abstract thinking
C)egocentrism
D)logical thinking

Question 54

According to Piaget,the stage of cognitive development between two and seven years of age,in which the individual becomes able to use mental representations and language to describe,remember,and reason about the world,though only in an egocentric fashion,is the __________ stage.

A)concrete operations
B)preoperational
C)sensory-motor
D)formal operations

Question 55

What event marks the end of the Piagetian stage of sensorimotor development?

A)the ability to do abstract thinking
B)the ability to do reversible thinking
C)the development of conservation
D)the development of object permanence

Question 56

Piaget's stage theory assumes that:

A)all children pass through certain stages at a specified age.
B)all children pass through a series of 6 stages.
C)all children pass through stages in the same order.
D)children often skip some of the stages.

Question 57

The proper sequence of the intellectual stages of development are:

A)preoperational,sensorimotor,concrete,and formal.
B)sensorimotor,concrete,preoperational,and formal.
C)formal,sensorimotor,preoperational,and concrete.
D)sensorimotor,preoperational,concrete,and formal.

Question 58

Erik knows that the Saint Bernard is a large dog instead of a little pony.This is an example of what Piaget called ________.

A)accommodation
B)assimilation
C)conservation
D)egocentric thinking

Question 59

The mother of a young child who didn't like to drink milk was trying to coax him to drink some.Taking the glass of milk,she poured it all into a smaller cup and said,"There! Now you won't have to drink so much." She would never have fooled the child if he had not been in the __________ stage.

A)preconventional
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 60

The adage,"Out of sight,out of mind," is most accurately applied to the early part of the _______ stage of development.

A)formal operations
B)concrete operations
C)preoperational
D)sensorimotor

Question 61

The belief that one is the center of the world is called,by Piaget:

A)animism.
B)egocentrism.
C)self-centering.
D)centrismic thinking.

Question 62

Which of the following states has as a main theme the ability to consider many possible solutions to a problem and the ability to systematically test those possibilities?

A)preoperational
B)sensorimotor
C)formal operations
D)concrete operations

Question 63

The period of life between roughly the ages of 10 and 20 when a person is transformed from a child to an adult is __________.

A)puberty
B)menarche
C)maturation
D)adolescence

Question 64

Facial hair in boys and breast development in girls are both signs of:

A)primary sexual characteristics.
B)menarche.
C)adolescent growth spurt.
D)secondary sexual characteristics associated with puberty.

Question 65

In Erikson's theory,children between the ages of 3 and 5 are concerned with the issue of _______.

A)trust vs.mistrust
B)autonomy vs.shame
C)initiative vs.guilt
D)industry vs.inferiority

Question 66

According to Piaget,children learn to retrace their thoughts,correct themselves,see more than one dimension to a problem,but cannot yet handle abstract concepts during the __________ stage.

A)preoperational
B)formal operational
C)concrete operational
D)sensory-motor

Question 67

Which of the following theorists believe that people go through stages,each of which has a "crisis" associated with it?

A)Bandura
B)Kohlberg
C)Piaget
D)Erikson

Question 68

Traits which are typical of a sex but not directly concerned with reproduction are called _______.

A)secondary sexual characteristics
B)primary sexual characteristics
C)non-primary sexual characteristics
D)non-reproductive traits

Question 69

Holly,at age 13,is suspicious of both friends and strangers,and very cautious before trying anything new.According to Erikson,these traits were probably formed during Holly's passage through the stage of _______.

A)introversion vs.extroversion
B)trust vs.mistrust
C)autonomy vs.doubt
D)initiative vs.guilt

Question 70

According to Piaget,what are the ages for the formal operational stage?

A)birth to age two
B)age two to seven
C)age seven to eleven
D)beyond age eleven or twelve

Question 71

The development of secondary sexual characteristics:

A)is directly concerned with reproduction.
B)provides external signs of the approach of puberty.
C)occurs only in boys.
D)occurs only in girls.

Question 72

Which of the following ages is considered the period of adolescence?

A)11-13 years
B)13-15 years
C)10-15 years
D)12-19 years

Question 73

The most obvious change ushering in adolescence is __________.

A)voice change
B)intellectual growth
C)the growth spurt
D)emotional upheaval

Question 74

Erikson's theory of social development viewed the ages of three to six,his third stage,as being characterized by the major challenge of __________.

A)identity versus role diffusion
B)initiative versus guilt
C)industry versus inferiority
D)autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 75

Erikson's theory of social development viewed the ages of two to three,his second stage,as being characterized by the major challenge of __________.

A)identity versus role diffusion
B)basic trust versus mistrust
C)industry versus inferiority
D)autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 76

Erik is a newborn.According to Erikson,his main task will be to develop a sense of __________.

A)trust
B)initiative
C)industry
D)autonomy

Question 77

Which of the following is directly concerned with reproduction?

A)complex changes in hormones
B)primary sexual characteristics
C)secondary sexual characteristics
D)the onset of menarche

Question 78

Most young adolescents are at the level of thinking which Piaget described as __________.

A)formal operational
B)preoperational
C)sensory-motor
D)concrete operational

Question 79

The first stage of Erikson's personality theory is known as:

A)autonomy vs.doubt.
B)trust vs.mistrust.
C)initiative vs.guilt.
D)industry vs.inferiority.

Question 80

Erik Erikson found that each stage in personality development has a particular _______.

A)crisis
B)conflict
C)identity
D)anxiety