Deck 10: Memory Components, forgetting, and Strategies

Question 1

When participants in a memory experiment were given clock-face labels to associate with curvilinear limb positioning movements,retention tests results showed that the criterion positions were remembered with:

A) More error than unlabeled positions
B) No increase in error during a 60-sec retention interval
C) Large increase in error during a 60-sec retention interval
D) No error at all

Answer 1

B

Question 2

An organization process that results in increasing the size of working memory and involves combining smaller units of information to make larger ones is an activity commonly called ________.

Answer 2

chunking

Question 3

Which of the follow describes why verbal labels and visual metaphoric imagery aid the learning of complex motor skill? They:

A) Reduce the complexity of the skill that needs to be performed
B) Change an abstract array of movements to a more meaningful form
C) Direct the performer's attention to the movements to be performed
D) Increase the cognitive processing requirement for learning the skill

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In terms of capacity,working memory is comparable to what other information processing component? ________

Question 5

If you are asked to demonstrate how you tie your shoes,you would base your demonstration on knowledge stored in long-term memory in the:

A) Episodic memory system
B) Semantic memory system
C) Procedural memory system
D) Muscle memory system

Question 6

One reason why proactive interference affects memory performance is that interfering movements similar to the criterion-to-be-recalled movement create ________ so that the distinctiveness of the criterion movement is reduced.

Question 7

Declarative knowledge stored in long-term memory is easier to verbalize than procedural knowledge.

Question 8

In 1890,William James used which two terms to distinguish between memory of recent events and memory for information stored permanently?

A) Short-term memory and long-term memory
B) Working memory and long-term memory
C) Primary memory and secondary memory
D) Perceptual memory and permanent memory

Question 9

The term used in the study of memory to indicate that information that was once learned is no longer in memory or is not retrievable at the moment is ________.

Question 10

In a memory experiment,when information that is not to be recalled is presented during the retention interval,the experiment is investigating the effect of ________ interference on memory performance.

Question 11

The most commonly accepted reason serial discrete motor skills seem to be forgotten more quickly than continuous motor skills is that serial discrete motor skills are:

A) Difficult to perform
B) Very complex
C) Largely verbal
D) Not attention demanding

Question 12

When the context characteristics of the presentation and recall conditions in a memory test are considered,memory performance will:

A) Be better the more similar the two contexts
B) Be better the more dissimilar the two contexts
C) Not be affected by the similarity or dissimilarity of the two contexts
D) There is not enough evidence to make a conclusion

Question 13

In a memory experiment,when information not to be recalled is presented after information to be recalled,the experiment is designed to test the effect of:

A) Trace decay
B) Proactive interference
C) Retroactive interference
D) Context effects

Question 14

In addition to serving as a temporary storage system,working memory also serves as a:

A) Permanent storage system
B) Library of information
C) Procedural knowledge storage location
D) Temporary workspace

Question 15

Two important functions of working memory are to serve as a: (1)storage location for information just presented; (2)workspace to integrate information you just received with information retrieved from ________.

Question 16

The Atkinson and Shiffrin model of memory proposed that memory should be considered in terms of:

A) Structural characteristics
B) Structure and control processes
C) Functional rather than structural characteristics
D) Levels of processing characteristics

Question 17

Research investigations by Ste.-Marie and colleagues have shown that gymnastics judges' scoring is often biased due to the effects of:

A) Trace decay
B) Proactive interference
C) Retroactive interference
D) Context effects

Question 18

When we remember characteristics of a performance context that we were not instructed to remember,we demonstrate the influence of memory.

Question 19

The ________ principle proposes that the best memory test performance will occur when the practice and test conditions match.

Question 20

Experts use long-term working memory when they need access to a large amount of relevant knowledge while performing an activity.

Question 21

A recognition test is an example of an implicit memory test.

Question 22

Telling a beginning golf student that the backswing should stop when the club is pointing at a certain clockface hour is an example of attaching a meaningful verbal label to a movement that must be remembered.

Question 23

The encoding specificity principle predicts that practicing basketball free-throws as they would be shot in an actual game increases the probability of successful free-throw shooting in a game.

Question 24

An experiment by Millslagle supported the benefit of subjective organization in memory by showing that experienced basketball players performed better on a recognition test of structured plays they had previously seen than of unstructured plays.

Question 25

Some learning theorists argue that the information in the semantic and episodic memory systems should be considered declarative knowledge.

Question 26

When location and distance characteristics of limb positioning movements are compared in memory tests,distance characteristics are typically recalled with more accuracy.

Question 27

Highly skilled people are often unable to describe how they perform the skill at which they excel.

Question 28

When a person is asked to recall a movement they experienced,but had not been told to remember,the memory test is assessing incidental memory.