Deck 6: Somatic Symptom and Dissociative Disorders

Question 1

Which of the following terms refer to events that endanger physical or psychological well-being?

A) Stress responses
B) Stressors
C) Stress stimulators
D) Stress activators

Answer 1

Stressors

Question 2

Which of the following systems does not play a role in the fight-or-flight response?

A) Parasympathetic system
B) Adrenal-cortical system
C) Hypothalamus system
D) Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 2

Parasympathetic system

Question 3

Which of the following terms refers to a person's reaction to an event that is considered a threat to his/her physical or psychological well-being?

A) Stress response
B) Stress action
C) Stressor
D) Stress behaviour

Answer 3

Stress response

Question 4

Which of the following is true?

A) Negative events are less likely than positive events to cause stressful responses
B) Negative events are more likely than positive events to cause stressful responses
C) Negative events and positive events are equally likely to cause stressful responses
D) Negative events and positive events have relatively little influence on stressful responses

Question 5

What does stress refer to?

A) Experiencing negative events that are perceived as endangering physical or psychological well-being
B) Experiencing positive events that are perceived as enhancing physical or psychological well-being
C) Experiencing events that are perceived as endangering physical or psychological well-being
D) Experiencing both negative and positive events that are perceived as enhancing physical and psychological well-being

Question 6

Which of the following is not a phase of the general adaptation syndrome?

A) Exhaustion
B) Flight
C) Alarm
D) Resistance

Question 7

Penny is a senior college student who must present her research topic to the class. The closer the time gets to her presentation, the more nervous she becomes. Her hands begin to tremble, her breathing is erratic, and her heart rate increases. Although Penny is feeling anxious, she begins to use self-talk to calm herself. Penny finds that her breathing has become more regular and she doesn't feel as nauseated. Penny is most likely in which phase of the general adaptation syndrome?

A) Fight
B) Exhaustion
C) Alarm
D) Resistance

Question 8

Who discovered that laughter was good medicine?

A) Norman Cousins
B) John Watson
C) Erik Erikson
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 9

Which of the following terms refers to a drop in the electrical resistance of the skin (indicating physiological arousal)?

A) Behavioural response
B) Autonomic response
C) Somatic response
D) Galvanic skin response

Question 10

Mata was standing on the sidewalk when a car drove too close to the curb. She immediately jumped back and began to tremble. Mata's reaction to this event can be described as which of the following?

A) Fight-and-flight response
B) Fight-or-flight response
C) Fight-or-flight-or-flee response
D) Fight-and-fight-and-freeze response

Question 11

Which of the following hypotheses proposes that people are better able to prepare themselves and reduce their stress if they know that a negative event will take place?

A) Safety alert hypothesis
B) Safety and security hypothesis
C) Safety regulation hypothesis
D) Safety signal hypothesis

Question 12

Which of the following biological hormone-releasing systems does the hypothalamus activate?

A) Reproductive system
B) Pituitary gland
C) Adrenal-cortical system
D) Thyroid

Question 13

Which nervous system initiates the activation of the fight-or flight response?

A) Central nervous system
B) Parasympathetic nervous system
C) Somatic nervous system
D) Sympathetic nervous system

Question 14

Penny is a senior college student who must present her research topic to the class. The closer the time gets to her presentation, the more nervous she becomes. Her hands begin to tremble, her heart rate increases and her breathing is erratic. Penny's anxiety overwhelms her to the point that she leaves the classroom without giving her presentation. Penny is most likely in which phase of the general adaptation syndrome?

A) Flight
B) Exhaustion
C) Resistance
D) Alarm

Question 15

The sympathetic nervous system stimulates the release of all of the following biochemicals, except:

A) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
B) Epinephrine
C) Norepinephrine
D) Dopamine

Question 16

Which of the following refers to physiological changes that all organisms show in response to stress?

A) General adaptation syndrome
B) General adoption response
C) General adaptation cluster
D) General adoption cycle

Question 17

Which system is the sympathetic nervous system a division of?

A) Adrenal-cortical system
B) Autonomic nervous system
C) Parasympathetic nervous system
D) Somatic nervous system

Question 18

The hypothalamus controls which of the following systems?

A) Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
B) Peripheral nervous system and somatic nervous system
C) Somatic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system
D) Sympathetic nervous system and adrenal-cortical system

Question 19

Penny is a senior college student who must present her research topic to the class. The closer the time gets to her presentation, the more nervous she becomes. Her hands begin to tremble, her heart rate increases, and her breathing is erratic. Penny is probably in which phase of the general adaptation syndrome?

A) Fight
B) Exhaustion
C) Alarm
D) Resistance

Question 20

The general adaptation syndrome is credited to which of the following individuals?

A) Hans Eysenck
B) Franz Gall
C) Anton Mesmer
D) Hans Selye

Question 21

What is the colloquial term for a myocardial infarction?

A) Hypertension
B) Stomach ulcer
C) Stroke
D) Heart attack

Question 22

Dr. Smith is conducting a study of how stress affects college students' grades. He is especially interested in the students who must work more than 20 hours a week. What field of psychology is Dr. Smith most likely in?

A) Health psychology
B) Occupational psychology
C) Behavioural medicine
D) Academic psychology

Question 23

Which of the following is the leading cause of death and chronic illness in Canada?

A) AIDS
B) Coronary heart disease
C) Hypertension
D) Depression

Question 24

A myocardial infarction is one possible endpoint of the following health condition:

A) Coronary heart disease
B) Burst blood vessels
C) Hypertension
D) Asthma

Question 25

Which of the following is true concerning coronary heart disease (CHD)?

A) Men are less prone to CHD than are women
B) Men are more prone to CHD than are women
C) Men and women are equally prone to CHD
D) Neither men nor women are particularly prone to CHD

Question 26

Approximately what percentage of Canadians have hypertension?

A) 9%
B) 22%
C) 45%
D) 36%

Question 27

Which of the following is true?

A) Prolonged stress can lead to colds and fatigue
B) The way women handle stress is viewed as a weakness in their character
C) Men generally handle stress by engaging in the "tend and befriend" pattern
D) Stress tends to impact women more than men

Question 28

Which of the following is true concerning the indirect effects model?

A) Psychological factors such as personality characteristics can cause physiological changes in the body and exacerbate disease
B) Psychological factors must interact with a pre-existing biological vulnerability to a disease before an individual develops the disease
C) Psychological factors affect disease largely by influencing whether people engage in health-promoting behaviours
D) Psychological factors contribute to disease due to poor coping mechanisms

Question 29

Under which condition does coronary heart disease occur?

A) Blood vessels are widened by rapidly flowing blood and too much oxygen gets into the bloodstream
B) Blood vessels are narrowed or closed by slowly flowing blood and not enough oxygen gets into the bloodstream
C) Blood vessels are widened by the gradual build-up of plaque and too much oxygen gets into the bloodstream
D) Blood vessels are narrowed or closed by the gradual build-up of plaque and the flow of oxygen into the blood stream is blocked

Question 30

Penny is a senior college student who must present her research topic to the class. The closer the time gets to her presentation, the more nervous she becomes. Her hands begin to tremble, her heart rate increases and she was seen running to the restroom numerous times. She becomes faint and passes out. Penny's anxiety overwhelms her to the point that she is unable to give the presentation and must have someone drive her home. Penny is most likely in which phase of the general adaptation syndrome?

A) Flight
B) Exhaustion
C) Resistance
D) Alarm

Question 31

Dora is 80 years old. She is very healthy and claims that she has never had any serious illnesses. She has always exercised and watched her dietary consumption very closely. Which of the following models is this explanation of health most consistent with?

A) Indirect effects model
B) Direct effects model
C) Interactive model
D) Multidirectional model

Question 32

According to Canadian researchers Taylor and colleagues, females are more likely than males to manifest the "tend or befriend" response style rather than the "fight-or-flight" response pattern when faced with extremely stressful events. What is the hypothesized evolutionary explanation for this difference?

A) Since females are not as physically capable as males to defend against aggressors, and since they spend more effort at caring for their offspring, women tend to join social groups in order to reduce their vulnerability to dangerous stressful events and to secure resources
B) Since women live longer than men, they cannot afford to engage in a "flight or fight" response when dealing with a dangerous threat
C) Since females have been denied rights and privileges that males have taken for granted, women have had no choice but to concentrate on establishing complex social networks in order to deal with stressful events
D) Since females have increased levels of estrogen rather than testosterone, they are unable to maintain the fight-or-flight response

Question 33

What type of psychologists investigates the effects of stress and other psychological factors on physical illness?

A) Behavioural geneticists
B) Behavioural medicine specialists
C) Health psychologists
D) Medical psychologists

Question 34

Which of the following models suggests that psychological factors such as personality characteristics cause physiological changes in the body that can exacerbate disease?

A) Indirect effects model
B) Direct effects model
C) Interactive model
D) Multidirectional model

Question 35

Barbara is convinced that the reason she has the flu is because she was "stressing" so badly over her final exams that her body just broke down. Which of the following models is this explanation most consistent with?

A) Indirect effects model
B) Direct effects model
C) Interactive model
D) Multidirectional model

Question 36

All of the following are models that explain the effects of psychological factors on physical disease, except:

A) Indirect effects model
B) Direct effects model
C) Interactive model
D) Multidirectional model

Question 37

Wyatt was playing basketball and he suddenly felt short of breath. He felt a throbbing pain across his chest that radiated to his arm. Which health condition likely accounted for his pain?

A) A myocardial infarction
B) Low blood pressure
C) High cholesterol
D) Hypertension

Question 38

Which of the following models suggests that psychological factors must interact with a pre-existing biological vulnerability to a disease in order for an individual to develop a disease?

A) Indirect effects model
B) Direct effects model
C) Interactive model
D) Multidirectional model

Question 39

According to Statistics Canada, what percentage of all deaths in this country is due to coronary heart disease?

A) 21%
B) 75%
C) 49%
D) 36%

Question 40

Which of the following models suggests that psychological factors affect disease largely by influencing whether people engage in health-promoting behaviours?

A) Indirect effects model
B) Direct effects model
C) Interactive model
D) Multidirectional model

Question 41

Only 10 percent of the cases of hypertension are linked to genetics. What accounts for the remaining 90 percent of cases?

A) Bacteria in the blood
B) Unknown causes
C) Poor diet
D) Lack of exercise

Question 42

Which of the following statements is false?

A) Married couples who have continuous conflictual interactions and separated/divorced couples tend to show poor immunological functioning
B) In cases of separation/divorce the person with the perceived control tends to have lower immunological functioning
C) Perception of the stressor is a major contributing factor to the impact of the stressor on the immune system
D) Perception of control is related to immune functioning

Question 43

If the immune system is weakened, it makes the individual more susceptible to all of the following, except:

A) Economic stressors
B) Allergies
C) Infections
D) Cancer

Question 44

What are the cells of the immune system that attack viruses called?

A) Lymphocytes
B) Thyroids
C) Hormones
D) Neurotransmitters

Question 45

Which one of the following persons is most likely to develop hypertension?

A) Tom, who moves with his young family from his downtown Toronto condo to a rural house.
B) Pierre, who moves with his young family from a downtown Montreal condo to an urban apartment in Vancouver.
C) James, who has a highly stressful job at a major law firm in downtown Calgary and handles major corporate clients, but is supported by a strong team of coworkers.
D) Jose, who works as an investment portfolio manager for a major bank in downtown Ottawa and handles major corporate clients, but feels that he lacks support from his coworkers and higher management.

Question 46

Which of the following statements is false?

A) African American men are more prone to hypertension than African American women
B) The children of parents with hypertension tend to show stronger blood pressure response to a wide variety of stressors
C) Low-income African Americans may have a physiological predisposition to heighten stress and chronic exposure to stressful environments
D) When exposed to normal stressors, the blood pressure of an individual with hypertension will return to normal faster than a person without high blood pressure

Question 47

What can chronic high blood pressure result in?

A) Hardening of the arterial walls and deterioration of the cell tissue
B) Narrowing of the arterial walls and building of the cell tissue
C) Hardening of the arterial walls and building of the cell tissue
D) Narrowing of the arterial walls and deterioration of the cell tissue

Question 48

Which of the following conditions involves the supply of blood through the vessels putting excessive pressure on the vessel walls?

A) Coronary heart disease
B) Migraine headaches
C) Hypertension
D) Vascular headaches

Question 49

What is meant by the term "essential hypertension"?

A) It means hypertension in children
B) It refers to a form of hypertension much more prevalent in males
C) It means the causes of this condition are unknown
D) It refers to a form of hypertension much more prevalent in females

Question 50

Which of the following describes one way that stress affects the immune system?

A) By creating structural damage to the brain
B) By making the blood vessels narrow and decreasing the flow of oxygen to the brain
C) By activating biochemicals that may suppress the immune system
D) By altering the electrical transmission in the dendrites

Question 51

A study by Karasek and colleagues showed that workers in jobs that were highly ________ but low in _____________ had a greater risk of developing coronary heart disease than did workers in other occupation.

A) boring; unpredictability
B) demanding; control
C) demanding; intellectual stimulation
D) predictable; opportunities for promotion

Question 52

What field is becoming the fastest growing area of health psychology?

A) Psychopharmacology
B) Biopsychology
C) Behavioural medicine
D) Psychoneuroimmunology

Question 53

Which system protects the body from micro-organisms?

A) Neurotransmitter system
B) Immune system
C) Sympathetic nervous system
D) Reproductive system

Question 54

Which of the following is not recognized by the DSM-IV-TR as a sleep disorder?

A) Undifferentiated sleep disorders
B) Sleep disorders due to a general medical condition
C) Sleep disorders related to another mental disorder
D) Substance-induced sleep disorders

Question 55

Which of the following terms is another name for high blood pressure?

A) Hypertension
B) Hypotension
C) Hypomania
D) Hiatal hernia

Question 56

Dr. White is conducting a study of how psychological factors affect the immune system. She wants to know if students who are suffering from asthma have more attacks during final exam week because of the added stress. Dr. White's focus on the immune system would be of interest to which field of psychology?

A) Behavioural medicine
B) Psychoneuroimmunology
C) Behavioural genetics
D) Psychopharmacology

Question 57

Which of the following terms refers to the study of the effects of psychological factors on the functioning of the immune system?

A) Psychobiology
B) Psychopharmacology
C) Psychoneuroimmunology
D) Psychoimmunology

Question 58

Which of the following is true concerning hypertension?

A) Highly stressful circumstances have little or no impact on hypertension
B) Hypertension is linked primarily to European Canadians with Type A personality
C) Asian Canadians from a high socio-economic status have higher rates of hypertension than those from a low socio-economic status
D) Approximately 10 percent of cases are attributed to genetics or specific organ causes

Question 59

Janet is an African American who lives in a high crime neighbourhood. She smokes a pack of cigarettes a day, does not exercise, and rarely eats a balanced meal. She is overweight and has high cholesterol. Which health condition is Janet at especially high risk for?

A) Coronary heart disease
B) Stomach ulcer
C) Hiatal hernia
D) Respiratory problems

Question 60

What are the lymphocytes that secrete chemicals and kill harmful cells called?

A) T-cells
B) Antibodies
C) B-cells
D) Thrombocyte

Question 61

Which of the following is not a component of Type A personalities?

A) Urgency
B) Apathy
C) Competitiveness
D) Hostility

Question 62

Which of the following therapies involves providing the client with a set of instructions designed to curtail behaviours in order to regulate sleep patterns?

A) Stimulus-generalization therapy
B) Stimulus-discrimination therapy
C) Stimulus-control therapy
D) Stimulus-response therapy

Question 63

Lisa had her license revoked because she kept falling asleep while she was driving. Her sleep episodes had caused several accidents. She reported to her doctor that she falls down without any apparent reason. What sleep problem is Lisa most likely experiencing?

A) Sleep deprivation
B) Hypersomnia
C) Narcolepsy
D) Sleep apnea

Question 64

Which treatment technique provides a person with explicit information about how to engage in positive health-related behaviours?

A) Guided mastery techniques
B) Biofeedback techniques
C) Stimulus control techniques
D) Behavioural modification techniques

Question 65

Which personality type did Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman identify?

A) Type A personality
B) Resistant personality
C) Type B personality
D) Psychosocial personality

Question 66

Which of the following is false concerning pessimism and health?

A) Pessimists are more likely than optimists to engage in health-enhancing behaviours
B) Pessimists seem to have a lifelong vulnerability to illness
C) Pessimism may contribute to the chronic arousal of the fight-or-flight response resulting in physiological damage
D) Pessimists who have cancer are more likely to die during the first few years after diagnosis

Question 67

Blaine has difficulty falling asleep. When he feels sleepy, he goes to bed only to find himself aroused and alert. He becomes anxious about not sleeping because he knows he needs sleep to function properly. Blaine was instructed by his clinician to reduce the amount of time he spends sleeping at night. Once he has had success sleeping, sleep time would gradually increase. What type of treatment is Blaine's clinician most likely applying?

A) Cognitive behavioural therapy
B) Stimulus-control therapy
C) Sleep appropriation therapy
D) Sleep restriction therapy

Question 68

Insomnia is a form of which type of sleep disorder?

A) Parasomnias
B) Dyssomnias
C) Substance-related sleep disorders
D) Substance-induced sleep disorders

Question 69

Dyssomnias and parasomnias are subtypes of which sleep disorder?

A) Sleep disorders due to a general medical condition
B) Primary sleep disorders
C) Sleep disorders related to another disorder
D) Substance-induced sleep disorders

Question 70

Which of the following is true concerning gender and heart attacks?

A) Men are more likely than women to suffer from negative emotions, which are risk factors for coronary heart disease
B) Women are more likely than men to recognize the signs of a heart attack
C) Women are less likely than men to receive aggressive treatment for a heart attack
D) Men are more likely than women to die or have chronic impairment after a heart attack

Question 71

Blaine has difficulty falling asleep. When he feels sleepy, he goes to bed only to find himself aroused and alert. He becomes anxious about not sleeping because he knows he needs sleep to function properly. What sleep disorder is Blaine most likely suffering from?

A) Hypersomnia
B) Sleep apnea
C) Insomnia
D) Narcolepsy

Question 72

Which of the following is the opposite of insomnia?

A) Narcolepsy
B) Sleep apnea
C) Hypersomnia
D) Dyssomnia

Question 73

Ted keeps telling his friend, Joe, that he has narcolepsy. Ted tells Joe that people with narcolepsy sleep for long periods and do not feel rested when they wake. Which of the following applies to Ted's assumptions?

A) Ted is incorrect with his assumptions because he is most likely suffering from hypersomnia
B) Ted is incorrect with his assumption because he is probably depressed
C) Ted is incorrect with his assumptions because his sleep patterns are more representative of sleep apnea
D) Ted is incorrect with his assumptions because narcolepsy involves sleep deficits

Question 74

Which of the following is not a primary sleep disorder?

A) Nightmare disorder
B) Sleep terror disorder
C) Sleep-wake disorder
D) Circadian rhythm sleep disorder

Question 75

Which of the following is false concerning research on Type A personalities?

A) Research suggests that women are more likely to have Type A personalities
B) Research suggests that women carry as much anger and hostility as men
C) Research suggests that the current definition of Type A personality is too diffuse
D) Research suggests that a relationship exists between hostility and mortality

Question 76

Blaine has difficulty falling asleep. When he feels sleepy, he goes to bed only to find himself aroused and alert. He becomes anxious about not sleeping because he knows he needs sleep to function properly. Which of the following therapies would be the least beneficial to Blaine?

A) Stimulus-control therapy
B) Psychodynamic therapy
C) Cognitive-behavioural therapy
D) Sleep restriction therapy

Question 77

Raymond is constantly on the go. He usually has several projects going at the same time. He gets very agitated when things throw off his schedule and he expects others to have the same urgency as he. What type of personality does Raymond likely have?

A) Type AB personality
B) Type A personality
C) Type B personality
D) Type O personality

Question 78

A person diagnosed with narcolepsy must present with which of the following?

A) Psychomotor agitation
B) Echopraxia
C) Psychomotor retardation
D) Cataplexy

Question 79

Which of the following is false concerning social support and positive health?

A) People who seek positive emotional support are more likely to have positive health outcomes
B) A partner/spouse is an important source of social support
C) Women are often more conscious of martial conflict than men which may counteract positive health effects
D) Men and women use social support in similar ways

Question 80

What is the most common breathing-related sleep disorder?

A) Circadian rhythm sleep disorder
B) Sleep apnea
C) Narcolepsy
D) Sleep Disorder Not Otherwise Specified