Deck 7: Communication-And-Learning-Disorders

Question 1

Which statement about learning disabilities is true?

A)Learning problems occurring as a result of intellectual disability may qualify as "learning disabilities."
B)Learning problems occurring as a result of brain injury may qualify as "learning disabilities."
C)Learning problems occurring as a result of either intellectual disability or brain injury may qualify as "learning disabilities."
D)Learning disabilities can affect daily routines,work,and family life.

Answer 1

Learning disabilities can affect daily routines,work,and family life.

Question 2

Deficits in phonological awareness are diagnosed when a child ____.

A)cannot express his/her thoughts
B)cannot understand others
C)stutters
D)has trouble manipulating sounds

Answer 2

has trouble manipulating sounds

Question 3

Learning disabilities differ from physical disabilities in childhood in that they are ____.

A)more pronounced
B)not as easy to detect
C)not diagnosed by professionals
D)fairly rare

Answer 3

not as easy to detect

Question 4

____ is highly related to expressive language development.

A)Semantic ability
B)Pragmatic awareness
C)Phonological awareness
D)Morphological ability

Question 5

To see if a child has phonological awareness,a teacher might ____.

A)ask the child to rhyme words
B)have the child try to complete a page of math problems
C)have the child sing out loud
D)ask the child to recite the alphabet

Question 6

Deficits in ____ are a chief reason that most children with communication and learning disorders have problems in learning to read and spell.

A)phonology
B)comprehension
C)attention
D)adaptation

Question 7

Phonological awareness is a broad construct that includes ____.

A)recognition of the independence of sounds and letters
B)awareness that sounds cannot be manipulated within syllables in words
C)detection of rhyme and alliteration
D)reciting the alphabet

Question 8

____ is one of the best predictors of school performance and overall intelligence.

A)Well-developed fine motor skill
B)Early infant stimulation
C)Early attainment of developmental milestones
D)The development of language

Question 9

To strengthen a child's neural circuits for verbal memory,a parent should ____.

A)teach the child to play baseball
B)put the child in piano class
C)teach the child to swim
D)use flashcards of math problems

Question 10

By the early school-age years,which communication disorder is most prevalent?

A)language disorder
B)speech sound disorder
C)childhood-onset fluency disorder
D)pragmatic communication disorder

Question 11

A child diagnosed with a learning disorder would typically score ____.

A)better on IQ tests than on tests of academic achievement
B)lower on IQ tests than on tests of academic achievement
C)comparably high on both IQ tests and tests of academic achievement
D)comparably low on both IQ tests and tests of academic achievement

Question 12

Which disorder is determined by achievement test results that are substantially below what is expected for the child's age,schooling,and intellectual ability?

A)communication disorder
B)phonological awareness
C)specific learning disorder
D)fluency disorder

Question 13

By mid to late adolescence,most children with communication disorders ____.

A)stop speaking
B)have acquired normal language
C)show declines in the quality of speech
D)drop out of school

Question 14

Which statement regarding gender differences in rates of communication disorders is true?

A)Girls are more likely to be diagnosed with communication disorders,due to biological differences.
B)Girls are more likely to be diagnosed with communication disorders,due to referral bias.
C)Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with communication disorders,due to biological differences.
D)Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with communication disorders,due to acting out behaviors.

Question 15

Dyslexia refers to ____.

A)problems with fine motor control
B)problems decoding and recognizing simple words
C)a specific kind of reading problem in which the child reverses letters
D)problems in writing

Question 16

Julia's father asked her to go to her bedroom to select a book that they could read together.Julia went upstairs to her bedroom and chose her favorite book from her bookshelf.On her way back downstairs,Julia's mother asked her what she was doing.Julia's response was "Book read." Based on this description,Julia may meet the criteria for ____.

A)phonological disorder
B)expressive language disorder
C)speech sound disorder
D)stuttering

Question 17

Which statement regarding the general intellect of children with learning disabilities is true?

A)Children with learning disabilities usually have mild intellectual disability.
B)Children with learning disabilities usually have below-average intelligence.
C)Children with learning disabilities usually have average intelligence.
D)Children with learning disabilities usually have average or above-average intelligence.

Question 18

____ is/are connected to the later onset of learning disorders.

A)Parental age
B)Communication disorders
C)Head injuries
D)Developmental delay

Question 19

Which sound is least likely to be misarticulated by children with phonological problems?

A)s
B)l
C)a
D)th

Question 20

By the age of ____,a child's auditory map for phonetic discrimination is complete.

A)1 month
B)6 months
C)1 year
D)5 years

Question 21

Which statement about gender differences in rates of stuttering is true?

A)Boys and girls are equally affected by stuttering.
B)Girls are more likely to stutter than boys.
C)Boys are more likely to stutter than girls.
D)Boys are more likely to stutter than girls,except among children of low socioeconomic status.

Question 22

A child with a mathematics disorder would most likely have difficulty with ____.

A)reading
B)visual-spatial ability
C)coordination
D)memory

Question 23

Language functions are housed primarily in the ____.

A)left temporal lobe
B)right temporal lobe
C)frontal lobe
D)occipital lobe

Question 24

Which is an appropriate treatment for children who stutter?

A)teach parents how to discipline their children
B)aggressively encourage proper speech
C)contingency management procedures
D)make the child accountable for progress

Question 25

The most common underlying feature associated with reading disorders is ____.

A)associating new words with those in memory
B)visually processing the shapes of letters
C)interpreting the meaning of words
D)distinguishing or separating sounds in spoken words

Question 26

Almost ________ of children who stutter before the age of 5 will no longer stutter once they have been in school for about a year.

A)10%
B)50%
C)80%
D)100%

Question 27

Which statement about the causes of stuttering is true?

A)Empirical studies have shown stuttering to be due to unresolved emotional problems or anxiety.
B)The communicative behavior of mothers significantly contributes to the development of stuttering.
C)Stuttering is probably related to abnormal development of the right hemisphere of the brain.
D)A combination of genetic and environmental factors seem to cause the abnormal development

Question 28

Which of the following is a category of learning disorders?

A)social
B)mathematics
C)phonological
D)fluency

Question 29

Decoding can be described as ____.

A)interpreting the hidden meaning of words
B)recognizing concepts in sentences
C)breaking a word into parts rapidly enough to read the whole word
D)errors in sequence of words and spelling

Question 30

Studies comparing language-impaired children with and without a positive family history for a language-based learning disability suggest that children with a positive family history may inherit ____.

A)co-morbid behavior problems
B)temporal processing deficits
C)structural abnormalities in the temporal lobe
D)brain lesions in a pinpointed region

Question 31

Studies investigating the causes of communication disorders suggest that ____.

A)there is no genetic basis for language problems
B)left-handed people are more likely to develop language impairments
C)communication problems are often tied to poor parental efforts to stimulate language development
D)there is an interaction of genetic influences,slowness of brain maturation,and possible minor brain lesions

Question 32

Mary is reading out loud to her class.She reads "from," when in fact the word is "form." Mary has made a(n)____ error.

A)omission
B)reversal
C)transposition
D)sight

Question 33

____ education strategies are based on the premise that children with special needs will benefit from associating with normally developing peers.

A)Segregation
B)Inclusion
C)Incorporation
D)Cooperation

Question 34

The most common learning disorder is in ____.

A)reading
B)mathematics
C)written language
D)memory

Question 35

Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with learning disorders because ____.

A)their parents are more likely to seek help
B)they are more likely to also have behavior problems
C)their problems are more severe
D)they actually do out number girls in epidemiological studies

Question 36

Evidence of mathematics disorder typically emerges ____.

A)well before entry into school
B)upon entry into school
C)several years after beginning school
D)in early adolescence

Question 37

The course of SLD is associated with ____.

A)improvement in high school
B)better reading comprehension in adulthood
C)reduction in reading deficits,but not in mathematics
D)dropping out of school

Question 38

The age at which stuttering tends to recede is around ____.

A)2 years
B)5 years
C)9 years
D)10 years

Question 39

A child with a writing disorder has the most difficulty with ____.

A)spelling accuracy
B)visual-spatial ability
C)gross motor skills
D)memory

Question 40

For some children,recurrent ____ during the first year of life may be related to speech and language delays.

A)fevers
B)throat infections
C)ear infections
D)feeding problems

Question 41

This Act,signed into U.S.law in 2002,allowed for more intensified efforts by each state to improve the academic achievement of public school students considered at risk for school failure.

A)No Child Left Behind
B)No Child Left Out
C)All Children Included
D)All Children Moving Forward

Question 42

Eden et al.(1996)found that the brains of adults with reading disorders show no activation in an area that detects ____.

A)pressure
B)auditory stimuli
C)vestibular changes
D)visual motion

Question 43

To prevent ____,it is important to provide early interventions that teach both phonologic and verbal abilities.

A)aphasia
B)stuttering
C)ataxia
D)dyslexia

Question 44

In comparison to men with learning disorders,women tend to have ____.

A)have higher self-esteem
B)have better paying jobs
C)outgrow their difficulties
D)have more relationship problems

Question 45

Which intervention would be least likely to be used with a child with a learning disorder?

A)implementation of behavioral reinforcement
B)prescribing of medications that help learning
C)teaching the child to monitor their own thought processes
D)individual counseling to help the child to develop more positive feelings about their abilities

Question 46

____ is based on the premise that the ability to decode and recognize words accurately and rapidly must be acquired before reading comprehension can occur.

A)Recognition Learning
B)Direct Learning
C)Direct Instruction
D)Recognition Instruction

Question 47

Nonverbal learning disabilities are characteristic of children who perform worse at ____ than reading.

A)sports
B)singing
C)math
D)spelling

Question 48

According to your text,almost ____ % of school-age children in the United States receive some level of support through special education.

A)14
B)16
C)22
D)26

Question 49

The most likely relationship between learning disorders and behavior problems in young children is that ____.

A)behavior problems,such as inattentiveness,interfere with learning behaviors and may lead to later learning disorders
B)learning disorders are frustrating for children and may lead them to act out
C)the two are distinct disorders that arise separately but increase the potency of either or both problems over time
D)behavior problems are ultimately the root cause of learning disorders

Question 50

The planum temporale in individuals with reading disorders is ____.

A)larger on the right side of the brain
B)larger on the left side of the brain
C)of equal size on both sides of the brain
D)scarred and malfunctioning

Question 51

With regard to reading and phonological processing,a specific defect in perception of ____ may interfere with many different brain functions,and has been noted in children with autism and learning disorders.

A)visual motion
B)auditory stimuli
C)spatial orientation
D)written expression

Question 52

Nonverbal learning disabilities are deficits related to ____.

A)cellular abnormalities in the left hemisphere
B)functional abnormalities in the right hemisphere
C)abnormalities of the planum temporale
D)excesses of dopamine neurotransmitters

Question 53

Shaywitz and Shaywitz (2002)found that the brains of dyslexic children compared to nonimpaired children had ____.

A)higher activation primarily in the right hemisphere
B)lower activation primarily in the right hemisphere
C)higher activation primarily in the left hemisphere
D)lower activation primarily in the left hemisphere

Question 54

Heritability accounts for approximately ____ of the variance in reading disorders.

A)10%
B)25%
C)60%
D)95%

Question 55

The cause of most learning disorders is ____.

A)limited exposure to reading material in the home
B)genetically based neurological problems
C)perinatal injury and/or anoxia
D)poor instructional methods

Question 56

Which factor is least likely to lead to increased resiliency and adaptation in children with learning disorders?

A)easy or positive temperament
B)positive sense of efficacy and self-esteem
C)competent and supportive caregivers
D)clear consequences for when mistakes are made

Question 57

Children with learning disorders are least likely to show features of ____.

A)conduct problems
B)ADHD
C)depression
D)autism

Question 58

As adults,men with learning disorders ____.

A)experience poor job satisfaction
B)engage in greater levels of antisocial behavior
C)experience greater levels of depression
D)perceive lower levels of social support

Question 59

Children with learning disorders are likely to also have ____.

A)low sports self-concept
B)difficulty with appearance self-concept
C)poor academic self-concept
D)trouble balancing an overactive social life with school

Question 60

Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA)mandate that children with special needs ____.

A)should have access to all educational services
B)should have special education classroom placement
C)should have regular education classroom placement
D)should be appropriately tested for educational level

Question 61

Discuss why children with learning disorders might display more acting out behaviors at school and the behavioral strategies used.

Question 62

Eight-year-old Jessica has a mathematics disorder.You have been asked to make recommendations to Jessica's parents and teacher as to how they might help Jessica.From a behavioral and cognitive-behavioral standpoint,what specific recommendations would you make?

Question 63

Straus and Werner (1943)pointed out that children learn in their own individual ways.List the three important concepts developed from their idea that continues to influence the field to this day.

Question 64

You are a clinical psychologist and you have recently diagnosed Jeremy,an 8-year-old boy,with a learning disorder.Jeremy's parents are worried about what this will mean for Jeremy as he goes through school,as well as when he is an adult.What would you tell Jeremy's parents about the short- and long-term prognosis for children with specific learning disorders?

Question 65

How do the biological causes of language-based learning disabilities and nonverbal learning disabilities differ?

Question 66

What kind of deficits might a parent or teacher notice from a child who has a writing disorder?​

Question 67

Differentiate between the terms learning disabilities,communication disorders,and specific learning disorder.

Question 68

What particular difficulties and errors might suggest that a child has a reading disorder?​

Question 69

What is meant by a "perceptual map" for language and how does it develop?

Question 70

It has been suggested that language-based learning disorders are related to neurological deficits in sensitivity.What is the nature of this argument?​

Question 71

Summarize the use of computer-assisted learning for specific learning disorders.

Question 72

Why is it common to have more than one specific learning disorder?

Question 73

Discuss the importance of placing children with different needs in classrooms with typically developing peers.How can this improve communication skills,academic performance,and social skills?

Question 74

List the steps involved in Direct Behavioral Instruction.