Deck 7: Cognitive Development During the First Three Years

Question 1

As a child,Juan always enjoyed Sunday outings with his grandparents.Juan rarely felt happier than when he got into his grandparents' car and pulled away from his house.At the time,his grandmother loved to listen to one particular singer on the radio.Although this all happened more than 20 years ago,whenever Juan hears a song by that musician,he gets a warm feeling as he is reminded of those Sundays.Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

A)Classical conditioning
B)Habituation
C)Operant conditioning
D)Maturation

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The _____ approach to cognitive development examines the impact of the environment on learning processes.

A)information-processing
B)psychometric
C)psychodynamic
D)social-contextual

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In operant conditioning,the learner

A)acts on the environment.
B)is passive.
C)does not respond to a stimulus.
D)responds favorably to punishment.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Developmental scientists have proposed several explanations for why most people cannot remember anything that happened to them before about 2 years of age.Which of the following has NOT been offered as an explanation for this phenomenon?

A)Early events are not retained because the brain is not developed enough to store those memories.
B)Early memories are stored but then repressed because they are emotionally troubling.
C)Children cannot store memories until they have words to talk about them.
D)The introduction of television too early prevents retention of memories until after two years old.

Question 5

The _____ approach to cognitive development attempts to measure intelligence quantitatively.

A)psychometric
B)Piagetian
C)information-processing
D)behaviorist

Question 6

Fred is involved in a heated argument with Gene.Gene believes that the stages of a child's cognitive development are worthy of study.Fred sarcastically comments that this field of study is nothing more than speculation about the mind and that all that really matters is what you observe individuals doing.Gene is taking a _____ approach,while Fred is a proponent of the _____ approach.

A)behaviorist;psychometric
B)Piagetian;behaviorist
C)psychometric;Piagetian
D)Piagetian;information-processing

Question 7

Lucas is interested in the basic mechanics of learning,especially how behavior changes in response to experience.Lucas's interest is consistent with the _____ approach.

A)Piagetian
B)behaviorist
C)psychometric
D)dialectical

Question 8

Infants can remember information best when

A)they are in a relaxed state,such as just before falling asleep.
B)memory retrieval occurs in the same context as memory storage.
C)the mother is present during the storage of the memory.
D)food is used to reinforce learning.

Question 9

Amy knows that when she stands quietly by her grandfather's chair,he will reach over and tickle her under her chin.When a child learns to behave in a specific way to obtain a specific result,what is occurring?

A)Habituation
B)Classical conditioning
C)Operant conditioning
D)Social learning

Question 10

Linda has learned that if she sits on the floor and cries,her father will give her a piece of candy.This is an example of

A)habituation.
B)classical conditioning.
C)operant conditioning.
D)social learning.

Question 11

Two-year-old Rhonda received an injection from a doctor who had a beard and wore glasses.Now she fears any man who has a beard and wears glasses.Rhonda's fear is a result of

A)operant conditioning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)maturation.
D)habituation.

Question 12

Learning is a result of

A)experience.
B)ability.
C)maturation.
D)all of these.

Question 13

Which is generally accepted to be true of intelligence testing today?

A)The test consists of questions or tasks designed to show how much of the measured ability a person has.
B)The test is normative in its approach.
C)The precise nature of intelligence has been debated for many years.
D)All of these are true.

Question 14

In classical conditioning,the subject exhibits a(n)_____ response to what at one time was a _____ stimuli.

A)automatic;neutral
B)voluntary;neutral
C)automatic;biological
D)programmed;biological

Question 15

The _____ approach to cognitive development focuses on perception,learning,memory,and problem solving.

A)information-processing
B)behaviorist
C)neuroscience
D)social-contextual

Question 16

Researchers use the _____ approach to cognitive development when they focus on the quality of cognitive functioning at different stages of life.

A)psychometric
B)Piagetian
C)information-processing
D)behaviorist

Question 17

Two-year-old Monica was playing with a balloon when it popped in her face and frightened her.Now when she sees a balloon,she starts to cry.This type of learning is called

A)habituation.
B)operant conditioning.
C)classical conditioning.
D)latent learning.

Question 18

Whenever 1-year-old Greg says "Da-Da," his father comes over and picks him up.Soon,Greg is saying "Da-Da" constantly.This example illustrates _____,and Greg being picked up serves as the _____.

A)classical conditioning;conditioned stimulus
B)habituation;reinforcer
C)classical conditioning;unconditioned response
D)operant conditioning;desired effect

Question 19

The psychometric study of intelligence involves all the following EXCEPT

A)identifying the different abilities that make up intelligence.
B)measuring the relative amounts of different intellectual abilities that individuals possess.
C)predicting the future academic performance of individuals.
D)assessing qualitative differences in intellectual functioning over the life span.

Question 20

Alfred has a mathematics background and believes strongly in quantitative measures of variables.Jeanne insists that many important developmental outcomes are more qualitative than numerical.It would appear that Alfred supports the _____ approach to studying cognitive development,whereas Jeanne endorses the _____ approach.

A)Piagetian;psychometric
B)psychometric;Piagetian
C)behaviorist;psychometric
D)Piagetian;behaviorist

Question 21

For children between the ages of 1 month and 3 1/2 years,the Bayley Scales of Infant Development produces a(n)

A)IQ score.
B)report of mental,motor,and behavioral development.
C)developmental assessment that correlates with adult abilities.
D)measure of reflex development.

Question 22

Dr.Kelly examines how children think and how their cognition changes in stages as they move from preschool to adolescence.She is using the _____ approach.

A)behaviorist
B)Piagetian
C)psychometric
D)information-processing

Question 23

_____ is a systematic process of providing therapeutic and educational services to families that need help in meeting young children's developmental needs.

A)Cognitive advancement
B)Infant support
C)Early intervention
D)Developmental priming

Question 24

Emma loves to place her cheek on the window because it feels cool to the touch.She learns to repeat this action to get a pleasurable sensation.According to Piaget,she has acquired a(n)

A)adaptation.
B)circular reaction.
C)unconditioned response.
D)symbolic representation.

Question 25

The Piagetian approach focuses on

A)qualitative changes in cognition.
B)quantitative differences in intelligence.
C)establishing norms for intelligence tests.
D)the relationship between brain development and sensorimotor function.

Question 26

Dr.Wilson is using a standardized test to determine the reasoning and comprehension abilities of 4-year-olds compared to other test takers.Dr.Wilson is measuring the children's

A)qualitative intelligence.
B)intelligence quotient.
C)literacy stage.
D)scheme level.

Question 27

One-year-old Jonathan has cookies for snack every afternoon.During snack time,whenever his dog Abby approaches,Jonathan quickly puts his cookie into his mouth.We may conclude that Jonathan has developed an organized pattern of behavior that Piaget referred to as a(n)

A)operation.
B)scheme.
C)gestalt.
D)circular reaction.

Question 28

Developmental quotients are most useful when used to describe which of the following?

A)Neurological deficits
B)Learning problems
C)Emotional disturbances
D)All of these

Question 29

Dr.Leon,a college professor,is explaining to students why it is difficult to assess the intelligence of infants.Which key reason should he include in his lecture?

A)All infants seem to show the same level of ability.
B)If infants fail to give the "expected" response,the reasons for the "failed" response may be unclear.
C)Intelligence does not develop until after infancy.
D)There are no tests that will reveal an infant's intelligence.

Question 30

Which is NOT a developmental area assessed by the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development?

A)Language development
B)Cognitive development
C)Logic skills development
D)Motor skills development

Question 31

Social workers are sometimes trained to administer the HOME,which assesses the effect of a child's home environment on

A)physical development.
B)emotional health.
C)intellectual development.
D)future career success.

Question 32

The Mortons' pediatrician has asked them to have their son Donny assessed by a development psychologist using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development.Which of the following descriptions would likely fit Donny?

A)A 4-month-old who seems to be very shy
B)A 2-year-old who has not yet spoken any words
C)A 3-year-old who developed language at an early age
D)A newborn who suffered anoxia during delivery

Question 33

HOME is an instrument for evaluating the effect of a child's home environment on

A)physical development.
B)emotional health.
C)cognitive development.
D)future career success.

Question 34

Kaitlyn spends her day discovering the world by putting almost everything she touches in her mouth.She is in Piaget's _______ stage.

A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)formal operational

Question 35

HOME examiners rate parents on which of the following?

A)Expressions of affection
B)Number of books in the home
C)Parents' involvement in children's play
D)All of these

Question 36

In Piaget's theory,a _____ is a simple behavior that is repeated often.

A)scheme
B)circular reaction
C)reflex
D)conditioned response

Question 37

Based on research using the HOME measure,which of the following has the greatest influence on children's cognitive development?

A)Socioeconomic status
B)Ethnic group
C)Developmental problems in infancy
D)Parental responsiveness

Question 38

Circular reactions

A)are primitive reflexes.
B)consist of continuous cycles of waking and sleeping.
C)are initially discovered by chance.
D)are another form of habituation.

Question 39

The sensorimotor stage

A)covers the period from birth to 6 months of age.
B)consists of the period from birth to about the age of 2 years.
C)occurs throughout the first four years of life.
D)lasts from birth until six years of age.

Question 40

The most effective early education interventions include those that

A)start and continue throughout preschool.
B)take a comprehensive approach.
C)are tailored to individual differences and needs.
D)All of these are true.

Question 41

Baby Lydia likes to squeeze her rubber duck because it makes a noise when she does so.She enjoys the sound,but her hand often gets tired after a short time.She suddenly puts the rubber duck in her mouth and starts squeezing the toy between her teeth.It is much easier and the noise is even louder.This is an example of which of the following concepts?

A)Primary circular reactions
B)Secondary circular reactions
C)Tertiary circular reactions
D)Reflexive responses

Question 42

A father talked on the telephone in front of his baby.The next day,the baby picked up a toy telephone and repeated his father's actions.According to Piaget,this is an example of

A)deferred imitation.
B)social learning.
C)invisible imitation.
D)reciprocal interaction.

Question 43

A researcher shows children little toys,and then he places the toys in a bus and "drives" the bus across the carpet.The researcher is trying to get the children to do the same.This is called

A)object permanence.
B)sensory imitation.
C)elicited imitation.
D)deferred imitation.

Question 44

Penny loves to play peekaboo with her baby brother.The realization that an object or person continues to exist even when out of sight is known as

A)deferred representation.
B)object permanence.
C)deferred symbolism.
D)attachment.

Question 45

According to Piaget,a baby who habitually sucks his thumb is demonstrating

A)a primary circular reaction.
B)a secondary circular reaction.
C)a tertiary circular reaction.
D)the coordination of secondary schemes.

Question 46

The acquisition of _____ is present in stage six of Piaget's sensorimotor stage.

A)reflexes
B)causality
C)representational ability
D)schemes

Question 47

Eight-month-old Gina finds that when she pulls on the cord at the side of her playpen,her jumping jack goes up and down.So she pulls it again.Gina is in the substage called

A)primary circular reactions.
B)secondary circular reactions.
C)coordination of secondary schemes.
D)tertiary circular reactions.

Question 48

Willie sees his mother put a DVD into the DVD player.When she leaves the room,Willie tries to reach up and put a DVD in the same place.The form of behavior that involves imitation of actions babies no longer see in front of them is called

A)invisible imitation.
B)visible imitation.
C)deferred imitation.
D)social learning.

Question 49

Researchers Meltzoff and Moore reported that babies as young as 6 weeks of age are capable of deferred imitation.This is consistent with other research that claims that

A)Piaget's developmental timetable sequence is accurate.
B)infants may develop later than Piaget stated.
C)infants may develop earlier than Piaget proposed.
D)early learning is the result of conditioning.

Question 50

Researchers Meltzoff and Moore reported that babies less than 72 hours old appeared to imitate adults by opening their mouths and sticking out their tongues.This is consistent with other research that claims that

A)Piaget's developmental timetable sequence is accurate.
B)infants may develop earlier than Piaget proposed.
C)infants may develop later than Piaget stated.
D)early learning is the result of conditioning.

Question 51

The substage of sensorimotor development in which the child uses trial and error to find which one of his or her physical skills works best for a particular task is called

A)primary circular reactions.
B)secondary circular reactions.
C)coordination of secondary schemes.
D)tertiary circular reactions.

Question 52

Research on Piaget's cognitive concepts supports which of the following statements?

A)Some abilities are present at an earlier age than Piaget noted.
B)Infants may know an object exists even if they do not search for it.
C)Children do not understand the concept of numbers before the age of 2.
D)Both A and B are correct.

Question 53

Sandra has learned to squeeze her stuffed bear to make it squeak.When her father gives her a new stuffed giraffe,she squeezes it in just the same way as she did the bear.Sandra's behavior is an example of

A)primary reflexes.
B)primary circular reactions.
C)secondary circular reactions.
D)coordination of secondary schemes.

Question 54

When infants engage in imitation that involves parts of their body that they cannot see,it is referred to as _____ imitation.

A)invisible
B)visible
C)motor
D)sensorimotor

Question 55

Infants who repeat actions to get results beyond their own bodies are engaging in

A)primary circular reactions.
B)secondary circular reactions.
C)deferred imitation.
D)sensorimotor conditioning.

Question 56

Paulo causes a piano to make sounds by hitting the keys with his fists.Later,he tries to make the piano play by hitting the keys with a stuffed animal.According to Piaget,this behavior is representative of

A)tertiary circular reactions.
B)the use of reflexes.
C)primary circular reactions.
D)secondary circular reactions.

Question 57

A newborn who smiles at a smiling adult is engaging in ______ imitation.

A)mirror
B)invisible
C)deferred
D)circular

Question 58

Alex watches his mother play tennis in the morning.Later,when he is alone,Alex picks up a stick and swings it like a tennis racquet,copying his mother's actions from earlier in the day.According to Piaget,Alex is in the _____ substage of sensorimotor development.

A)3^rd
B)4^th
C)5^th
D)6^th

Question 59

According to research by Melzoff and Moore,children become capable of deferred imitation

A)at an older age than Piaget suggested.
B)at a much younger age than Piaget suggested.
C)at the age Piaget suggested.
D)minutes after birth.

Question 60

Adam tries to get his bunny off the top of his toy box.After several failed attempts with his arm,he pushes it off with his foot.This example of a tertiary circular reaction involves

A)doing three things at once.
B)varying an action to see what will happen.
C)repeating a behavior at least three times.
D)manipulating symbols.

Question 61

Derek is asked to reach into a box while blindfolded and hold a small rubber duck.Later,he is shown several pictures of different toys,including the duck,and is asked to choose the one that he handled earlier.If he chooses the duck picture,this action suggests that he is capable of

A)polymodal attention.
B)habituation.
C)cross-modal transfer.
D)novelty avoidance.

Question 62

When a baby is first habituated to seeing an event as it would normally happen and then sees it in a way that conflicts with his/her beliefs,it is known as

A)inhibitory control.
B)violation of expectations.
C)visual recognition.
D)cross-modal transfer.

Question 63

The research method that is based on an infant's tendency to look longer at surprising phenomena rather than at familiar phenomena is known as

A)deferred imitation.
B)violation of expectations.
C)counterintuitive perception.
D)conditioned head turning.

Question 64

Leo cries loudly every time his mother leaves the room.He seems to believe that she is never coming back.Leo has not yet developed

A)anticipatory insight.
B)emotional attachment.
C)representational ability.
D)object permanence.

Question 65

Baillargeon's studies of babies' understanding of physical phenomena suggest that

A)infants may have innate learning mechanisms that help them make sense of the world.
B)infants in the sensorimotor period are unaware of causality.
C)the ability to reason about physical phenomena develops independently of the development of motor abilities and experience.
D)maternal responsiveness has little influence on early cognitive development.

Question 66

An 8- to 12-month-old infant searches for a hidden object in a place where she previously found it rather than in the place where she most recently saw someone hide it.This is an example of what Piaget referred to as

A)sensorimotor thought.
B)the development of object permanence.
C)the A-not-B,error.
D)none of these.

Question 67

Piaget's theory

A)has continued to be accepted with modifications.
B)has been found to be deeply flawed.
C)has stimulated little recent research.
D)was influential only in the 1950s and 1960s.

Question 68

Research on early visual preferences demonstrates that very young infants

A)pay more attention to familiar patterns than to new ones.
B)pay more attention to new patterns than to familiar ones.
C)cannot discriminate between new patterns and familiar patterns.
D)show no consistency in the attention they give to new and familiar patterns.

Question 69

A baby who experiences 100 presentations of a high-pitched tone no longer reacts to the sound by stopping the sucking response.When a new low-pitched tone is presented,the baby stops sucking.This cessation of sucking caused by the new tone is called

A)dishabituation.
B)disinhibition.
C)nonadaptation.
D)a conditioned response.

Question 70

Which is true of the visual expectation paradigm?

A)Visual reaction time is measured.
B)Visual anticipation is measured.
C)Attentiveness and processing speed are measured.
D)All of the above are true.

Question 71

Research on object permanence suggests that

A)a baby's failure to search for hidden objects is a result of his/her inability to perform the sequence of actions necessary for solving a problem.
B)the violation-of-expectations technique cannot be used with babies younger than 8 months.
C)infants as young as 4 months typically remember an object that they can no longer see.
D)babies gaze longer at "possible" events than at "impossible" events.

Question 72

Doris noticed that her infant son Alex had become bored with the mobile hanging above his crib.When Doris hung new pictures on the mobile,Alex's responsiveness increased.Alex's behavior is an example of

A)a circular reaction.
B)violation of expectations.
C)habituation.
D)dishabituation.

Question 73

Research with babies less than 2 days old suggests that they seem to prefer all of the following EXCEPT

A)curved lines.
B)complex patterns.
C)three-dimensional objects.
D)familiar sights.

Question 74

Baby Stephanie stops sucking her thumb to listen to a tone.She resumes sucking and stops again when the tone sounds again.Later,after the tone has been repeated a number of times,she ignores it.This is an example of

A)operant conditioning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)habituation.
D)boredom.

Question 75

Researchers study habituation in infants by

A)pairing a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response.
B)reinforcing infants' responses to stimuli so that the infants will continue to produce these responses.
C)testing infants for development of object permanence.
D)repeatedly presenting the same stimulus to see if an infant loses interest in it.

Question 76

The capacity for joint attention develops by about _____ months.

A)6
B)12
C)18
D)24

Question 77

The length of time spent looking at a new stimulus compared with the length of time looking at familiar stimuli is called

A)habituation.
B)visual-recognition.
C)visual preference.
D)attention recovery.

Question 78

In studies in the United States and Africa's Ivory Coast,DeLoache and colleagues observed infants using their hands to explore pictures.What is true about their observations?

A)Children explored the pictures as though they were objects.
B)Children patted,rubbed and grasped the pictures in an attempt to lift the depicted object off the page.
C)Manual exploration of the pictures diminished by 15 months of age,hinting at the symbolic understanding of pictures.
D)All of these are true.

Question 79

Researchers study infants' information processing by considering all of the following EXCEPT

A)visual references.
B)habituation time.
C)cross-modal transference.
D)language development.

Question 80

Virginia has noticed that her baby no longer looks at the picture of the dinosaur on his bedroom wall.A baby's gradual loss of interest in a particular picture is evidence of

A)habituation.
B)classical conditioning.
C)operant conditioning.
D)cognitive regression.