Deck 5: Methods for Looking Within Ourselves

Question 1

Renee asks students to describe their first experiences at college in their own words in order to gain an insight into the freshman year experience. Renee is using a(n) __________ measure.

A) closed
B) fixed-choice
C) open-ended
D) autobiographical

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Rachel develops an instrument in which respondents are supposed to indicate whether they strongly disagree, disagree, agree, or strongly agree to each question. Which type of rating scale is Rachel employing?

A) numerical
B) forced choice
C) graphic
D) bipolar

Answer 2

A

Question 3

An example of a structured personality measure is the

A) Rorschach test. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
C) Thematic Apperception Test.
D) Semantic Differential Scale. (101)

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Andrew is given a series of pictures and asked to make up a story explaining each picture. Which personality measure is Andrew completing?

A) MMPI
B) TAT
C) Rorschach
D) Thurstone

Question 5

Whenever Jack is asked to answer questions about himself, he is worried that his answers will portray him in an unfavorable light. As a result, Jack tends to answer questions in a way that he believes will give others a more positive impression of himself. Jack is experiencing __________ whenever he is asked to complete a self-report measure.

A) an ethical conflict
B) limited recall
C) evaluation apprehension
D) a leniency bias

Question 6

Which type of rating scale may be effective in minimizing the halo effect?

A) forced-choice
B) bipolar
C) numerical
D) graphic

Question 7

Peter responds to an item on a measure by circling "5" which indicates that he "strongly agrees" with the item. Peter is most likely completing a measure using a __________ rating scale.

A) graphic
B) numerical
C) segmented
D) forced choice

Question 8

Self-report measures that provide respondents with fixed response options are referred to as __________ measures.

A) open-ended
B) precise
C) fixed-choice
D) forced-choice

Question 9

Julie asks students to rate their freshman experience on a nine-point scale (1 = extremely unpleasant; 9 = extremely pleasant). Julie is using a(n) ________ self-report measure.

A) limited
B) open-ended
C) forced-choice
D) fixed-choice

Question 10

Self-report measures that allow respondents to express their feelings and impressions in their own words are referred to as __________ measures.

A) open-ended
B) fixed-choice
C) standardized
D) closed

Question 11

__________ measures allow one the opportunity to freely express one's feelings whereas __________ measures do not.

A) Open-ended; fixed-choice
B) Fixed-choice; open-ended
C) Structured; fixed-choice
D) Open-ended; unstructured

Question 12

Observations that ask research participants to look within themselves and describe their impressions are referred to as

A) systematic observations.
B) self-report measures.
C) secondary observations.
D) exploratory measures.

Question 13

Self-report measures that are developed and are administered and scored according to certain rules are referred to as __________ measures.

A) fixed-choice
B) open-ended
C) psychological
D) standardized

Question 14

Rating scales that require respondents to choose between equally desirable or equally undesirable response alternatives are called

A) graphic scales.
B) numerical scales.
C) Likert scales.
D) forced-choice scales.

Question 15

Paul is asked to describe what he sees in a series of inkblots. Paul is completing a

A) Thematic Apperception Test.
B) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
C) Rorschach test.
D) Likert scale.

Question 16

A type of rating scale that requires respondents to work with a sequence of defined numbers is the

A) graphic scale.
B) forced-choice scale.
C) segmented scale.
D) numerical scale.

Question 17

True-false questions utilize which type of rating scale?

A) numerical
B) forced-choice
C) graphic
D) Likert

Question 18

The primary difference between attitudes and opinions is that

A) attitudes are a guiding label and opinions are not.
B) attitudes can be used with a Likert scale but opinions cannot.
C) opinions are verbal entities that can be measured directly, while attitudes are inferred entities.
D) opinions influence participants' behavior in some way, while attitudes are designed to bring out explicit verbal responses.

Question 19

Anthony G. Greenwald and Mahzarin R. Banaji (1995) developed an approach intended to measure what they called implicit attitudes, using what they called the

A) Implicit Attitude Test (IAT).
B) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).
C) Forced-choice scale.
D) Central tendency bias.

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of a projective test?

A) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
B) Thematic Apperception Test
C) Thurstone attitude scale
D) Likert scale

Question 21

Barbara refuses to use the "not at all" and the "extremely" response options on a rating scale. Which rating error does this exemplify?

A) acquiescent response set
B) logical error in rating
C) leniency bias
D) central tendency bias

Question 22

Because Janet is perceived by Hal as being warm, Hal also judges Janet to be friendly, kind, and sincere. This is an example of which rating error?

A) the halo effect
B) the leniency bias
C) the logical error in rating
D) the central tendency bias

Question 23

Which of the following scales is constructed using the method of equal-appearing intervals?

A) Likert
B) semantic differential
C) Thurstone
D) TAT

Question 24

In order to identify potential problems with one's questionnaire, one should always

A) use as many respondents as possible.
B) pilot test the questionnaire.
C) carefully proofread the questionnaire before administering it to others.
D) pretend to be an actual respondent and personally complete the questionnaire.

Question 25

The procedures for developing a telephone interview schedule are __________ the procedures for developing face-to-face interview schedules.

A) more complex than
B) exactly opposite of
C) similar to
D) unrelated to

Question 26

Megan consistently tends to give all of her professors extremely positive teaching evaluations. Which rating error would best describe Megan's responses?

A) halo effect
B) leniency bias
C) central tendency bias
D) acquiescent response set

Question 27

The script an interviewer uses to ask questions during a face-to-face interview is called a(n)

A) self-report measure.
B) interview schedule.
C) interview questionnaire.
D) interviewer report.

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of face-to-face interviews?

A) Face-to-face interviews provide an opportunity to establish rapport with the respondents.
B) Face-to-face interviews provide an opportunity to help respondents with interpretation of the questions.
C) Face-to-face interviews provide an opportunity to challenge the respondents on questionable answers.
D) Face-to-face interviews allow flexibility in determining the wording and sequence of questions.

Question 29

"Yea sayers" are respondents who exhibit which response bias?

A) central tendency bias
B) acquiescent response set
C) logical error in rating
D) leniency bias

Question 30

Interested in the freshman year experience, David asks freshmen to describe in their own words the first college class that they had attended. David is most likely using which self-report method?

A) the projective test
B) the critical incident technique
C) the semantic differential
D) the structured interview

Question 31

Carol is given a list of attitude statements and is asked to check the statements with which she agrees. Carol's attitudinal position is then determined by calculating the median of the scale values from the statements she endorsed. Carol is most likely completing which standardized measure?

A) Likert scale
B) Thurstone scale
C) TAT
D) MMPI

Question 32

Upon examination of a respondent's answers, Tom notices that the individual circled the "strongly agree" option for every item on the questionnaire. This is most likely an example of which response bias?

A) logical error in rating
B) leniency bias
C) halo effect
D) acquiescent response set

Question 33

One way to overcome problems associated with the reliance on one's memory in self-reports is to use a(n)

A) Thurstone scale.
B) projective test.
C) behavioral diary.
D) face-to-face interview.

Question 34

Barbara asks respondents to make a check mark on a straight line to indicate how they would rate themselves on several dimensions. Barbara then uses a ruler to transform these marks into numbers. Barbara is most likely using which type of rating scale?

A) forced-choice
B) Thurstone
C) numerical
D) graphic

Question 35

Which rating error refers to a person forming a favorable impression based on one central trait and then extending this impression to all of the person's characteristics?

A) leniency bias
B) positivity bias
C) halo effect
D) logical error in rating

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT one of the three primary dimensions measured using the semantic differential method?

A) importance
B) evaluation
C) potency
D) activity

Question 37

While making interpersonal judgments, Fred gives a person similar ratings on traits that he sees as being interrelated without serious consideration of whether the person actually exhibits all of these traits. This is an example of which rating error?

A) halo effect
B) logical error in rating
C) central tendency bias
D) acquiescent response set

Question 38

Which standardized measure is developed using the summated ratings method?

A) Thurstone scale
B) Rorschach Test
C) Likert scale
D) Thematic Apperception Test

Question 39

Mark is asked to evaluate how he perceives certain career options along three different dimensions. Mark is most likely completing a

A) Likert scale.
B) Thurstone scale.
C) numerical scale.
D) semantic differential.

Question 40

Which of the following self-report items would be considered to be a leading question?

A) How satisfied are you with the President's economic policies to reduce unemployment?
B) To what extent do you agree with the President's economic initiatives?
C) How confident are you that the President's economic policies will be effective?
D) To what extent do you believe the President should be blamed for the high unemployment rate?

Question 41

Describe how a scale is created using the summated ratings method.

Question 42

What is the semantic differential method for studying attitudes?

Question 43

How are attitudes measured? What is the difference between an attitude and an opinion? Provide one example of a test that measures implicit attitudes.

Question 44

Why is pilot-testing important in the development of questionnaires? What problems might pilot-testing identify?

Question 45

Describe how a scale is created using the method of equal-appearing intervals.

Question 46

What is an interview schedule? Describe the four steps in pilot-testing an interview schedule.

Question 47

What advantages do questionnaires have over face-to-face interviews? What advantages do face-to-face interviews have over questionnaires?

Question 48

Why might a researcher ask subjects to keep diaries of experienced events rather than using questionnaires or interviews to investigate those events?

Question 49

Why must researchers sometimes use self-report measures rather than exclusively relying on systematic observations of behavior?

Question 50

Describe the three common types of rating scales.

Question 51

What is the difference between open-ended and fixed-choice self-report measures? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each type of measure?

Question 52

What is a rating error? Describe three types of rating errors and how they may be controlled in a self-report measure.

Question 53

To study college students' eating behaviors, Diane asks students to keep a log of what they eat for one week. Diane is using which method of self-report?

A) tally sheets
B) Likert scale
C) semantic differential
D) behavioral diaries