Deck 1: Introduction and Historical Overview

Question 1

Which of the following suggests that many "witches" condemned during the Inquisition were,in fact,mentally disordered individuals?

A)The inquisitors themselves read letters from witches.
B)The witches were typically from lower social classes.
C)The witches "confessed" to delusions and hallucinations.
D)The witches were labeled insane by the courts of the times.

Answer 1

The witches "confessed" to delusions and hallucinations.

Question 2

Hippocrates suggested which of the following treatments for mental illness?

A)application of leaches.
B)herbal remedies.
C)prayer and chants by faith healers.
D)relaxation and care in choosing foods.

Answer 2

relaxation and care in choosing foods.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text as a strategic area for fighting against stigma?

A)policy and legislation.
B)the mental health and health professions.
C)individual and family.
D)All of the above are mentioned as strategic areas for fighting stigma.

Answer 3

All of the above are mentioned as strategic areas for fighting stigma.

Question 4

Defining mental disorder on the basis of personal distress is problematic for which reason?

A)High levels of distress and suffering are normal in modern society.
B)Some behaviors of mental disorder do not involve personal distress.
C)It ignores suffering that family members of disturbed people experience.
D)It does not apply to physiological disorders.

Question 5

Variations in cultural background make it difficult to define mental disorder as simply behavior which

A)involves a deviation from social norms.
B)leads to dysfunction.
C)improves after therapy.
D)causes personal distress.

Question 6

The best definition of mental disorder takes all of the following into account EXCEPT

A)personal distress.
B)violations of norms.
C)disability.
D)syndromes.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes treatment of disordered people during the Dark Ages?

A)Monks in monasteries prayed over them.
B)They were chained in early asylums.
C)They were condemned as witches and tortured.
D)They were given bed rest,fed simple foods,and forced to subscribe to clean living.

Question 8

Through the use of modern analyses,it was found that the majority of the witches of the latter Middle Ages were psychotic because

A)they were delusional.
B)they actively hallucinated.
C)both a and b.
D)None of the above is correct;the majority of these witches are now thought to have not been psychotic.

Question 9

Edith was accused of being a witch in 1532.She most likely lived in

A)Russia.
B)China.
C)Europe.
D)Japan.

Question 10

The 'Malleus Maleficarum' was a

A)witch hunt manual.
B)ceremonial guide used by witches.
C)treatment manual used in early mental hospitals.
D)Freudian perspective on mental illness.

Question 11

The word 'lunacy' comes from a theory espoused by Paracelsus,who attributed odd behavior to

A)the effects of a full moon.
B)drinking the witches brew.
C)a misalignment of the moon and stars.
D)witchcraft.

Question 12

After presenting characteristics of mental disorder,the text concludes that

A)research is needed to identify which characteristic is best.
B)different characteristics apply to various psychopathologies.
C)personal distress is the most useful characteristic.
D)together the characteristics give a partial definition of abnormality.

Question 13

Demonology is the

A)practice of exorcism.
B)devil worship and satanic cults that some ascribed to causing mental illness.
C)idea that an evil being may live in a person and control his or her mind and body.
D)practice of drilling a hole in a person's head to allow evil spirits to escape.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of stigma?

A)A label applied to a group of people that distinguishes them from others.
B)A label applied to a group of people that breaks the law.
C)The label is linked to deviant or undesirable attributes of society.
D)People with the label face unfair discrimination.

Question 15

Hippocrates' early views on mental health contributed to an enduring emphasis on

A)natural causes.
B)spirituality.
C)humors.
D)classification.

Question 16

A detailed re-examination of the witch hunts during the Middle Ages revealed that

A)Most of the accused were not mentally ill.
B)Mental illness was more common during that time period.
C)Most witches were psychotic.
D)Many more men than women were accused,tortured and put to death.

Question 17

Which is a limitation of "harmful dysfunctions" as a definition of mental disorder?

A)It ignores the personal suffering of disturbed individuals.
B)Many dysfunctional mechanisms are not harmful.
C)Harmful dysfunctions also have an impact on others.
D)The dysfunctional mechanisms are largely unknown.

Question 18

Hippocrates influenced psychology by

A)distinguishing medicine from religion and magic.
B)debunking the notion that the four humors were related to disorders.
C)reforming mental hospitals.
D)suggesting mental illness was punishment from God.

Question 19

Cindy is an accomplished lawyer who sought psychological help in dealing with the stresses of balancing work and family responsibilities.Which definition of mental disorder applies to Cindy?

A)harmful dysfunction.
B)violation of social norms.
C)personal distress.
D)disability.

Question 20

Mental illness in the 21^st century

A)is conceptualized mostly from a psychoanalytic perspective.
B)remains stigmatized.
C)is largely treated by the cathartic method.
D)is seldom treated with psychotherapy.

Question 21

An adherent for biological approaches would suggest which of the following treatments for depression?

A)antidepressant medication
B)psychotherapy
C)relaxation therapy
D)hypnosis

Question 22

Dorothea Dix is famous for

A)greatly improving the standard of care for people with mental illness.
B)overseeing the creation of thirty-two state hospitals for the mentally ill.
C)providing moral treatment to many people with mental illness.
D)All of the above are correct.

Question 23

"Moral treatment" was largely abandoned because of the development of

A)psychoanalysis.
B)improved medications.
C)large impersonal hospitals.
D)scandals at retreat centers.

Question 24

Early asylums were developed

A)for the confinement and care of the mentally ill.
B)to protect people from witch hunts.
C)after the discovery of syphilis.
D)centuries before leprosy hospitals.

Question 25

Early work in behavior genetics led to

A)electroconvulsive therapy.
B)the cure for general paresis.
C)reduced interest in psychoanalysis.
D)forced sterilization of mental patients.

Question 26

Treatment for the mentally ill became more humane when

A)treatment was introduced that focused on the individual.
B)asylums were abolished.
C)abnormal behavior was seen as based upon medical problems.
D)specialty hospital wards were created for the mentally ill within general care facilities.

Question 27

In 1791,John was committed to an asylum in the United States.Which treatment was he likely to experience there?

A)a form of group therapy
B)bloodletting
C)moral treatment
D)hypnosis

Question 28

General paresis is best described as

A)an early term for schizophrenia.
B)hysterical paralysis with no medical cause.
C)a deterioration of mental and physical health associated with syphilis.
D)a blood-letting technique.

Question 29

The germ theory of disease,which states that disease is caused by infection of the body by tiny organisms,was put forth by

A)Emil Kraepelin.
B)Franz Anton Mesmer.
C)Jean Charcot.
D)Louis Pasteur.

Question 30

The eugenics movement

A)was a direct result of the germ theory of disease.
B)sought to cleanse society of people with undesirable characteristics.
C)classified mental disorders according to their genesis.
D)sought to abolish ECT treatments.

Question 31

In comparison to early asylums,present-day mental hospitals

A)provide a great deal of stimulation.
B)provide intensive individual therapy.
C)are primarily custodial.
D)are well-staffed with nurses and psychiatrists,but have few psychologists.

Question 32

Who is associated with creating more humane environments at mental hospitals?

A)Emil Kraepelin
B)Joseph Breuer
C)Philippe Pinel
D)John Watson

Question 33

Bedlam

A)originated from observations of ritualistic chantings of 'witches'.
B)was a common practice of witches that involved trances and casting spells.
C)is the term associated with the chaotic conditions at early asylums.
D)is the practice of prescribing total bed rest for mentally ill people.

Question 34

Psychopathology has been dominated by biological hypotheses because of the

A)dominance of nonmedical professionals in the area.
B)discovery of the link between general paresis and syphilis.
C)general lack of other theories.
D)identification of brain dysfunction in schizophrenia.

Question 35

The discovery of the cause of syphilis was important to the field of mental illness for which reason?

A)Syphilis was widely feared and exacerbated mental illness.
B)It increased interest in determining biological causes for mental illness.
C)More asylum patients were diagnosed with syphilis.
D)It highlighted the need for valid diagnostic systems.

Question 36

Elizabeth was receiving moral treatment while in an early asylum.Which of the following treatments was she LEAST likely to receive?

A)medication
B)physical restraints
C)purposeful work activities
D)menial tasks

Question 37

Moral treatment involved

A)herbal remedies that may have been toxic.
B)fighting social inequities.
C)encouraging patients to engage in purposeful activities.
D)frightening the individual.

Question 38

The germ theory of disease

A)showed the link between syphilis and mental illness.
B)explained the cause of schizophrenia and depression.
C)disproved the biological hypotheses.
D)showed the link between influenza and adjustment disorder.

Question 39

Some of the first asylums for the mentally ill

A)performed lobotomies on patients.
B)were associated with medical care,and thus were more humane.
C)relied heavily on talk therapy.
D)were tourist attractions.

Question 40

Which of the following is true about ECT?

A)It is used today to effectively treat patients with severe depression.
B)Today it is primarily used in the treatment of epilepsy.
C)It destroys the tracts connecting the frontal lobes to the lower centers of the brain.
D)ECT practices ceased to exist after the introduction of the lobotomy.

Question 41

The psychoanalytic theory rests upon the assumption that psychopathology is the result of

A)incomplete superego development.
B)unconscious conflicts.
C)ego defense mechanisms.
D)over control of the pleasure principle.

Question 42

Dr.Jones encourages her clients,under hypnosis,to recall childhood traumas and the emotions associated with them.This technique was developed by

A)Josef Breuer.
B)Carl Jung.
C)Fritz Perls.
D)Franz Mesmer.

Question 43

While studying for an exam,Greg worked for 15 minutes before becoming tired.He decided that it would be better to work for another 30 minutes before taking a break.His behavior is being guided by which part of his personality?

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)ego defense

Question 44

Hypnosis,as originally used by Mesmer,was used for

A)mild exorcism.
B)uncovering early child abuse.
C)acting as an anesthetic.
D)treating hysteria.

Question 45

The reasoning behind hypnosis as developed by Mesmer was that

A)changing magnetic fields in his patients would result in symptom reduction.
B)relaxation was a sufficient treatment for alleviating symptoms.
C)frightening patients would result in symptom reduction.
D)faith in the healer caused healing.

Question 46

The superego allows us to

A)be capable of rational thought.
B)know right from wrong.
C)act in line with reality.
D)be spontaneous.

Question 47

According to Freud's theory,the superego develops from the

A)id.
B)ego.
C)emergence of defense mechanisms.
D)conflicts in the Oedipal stage.

Question 48

Esther was a patient of Mesmer,who was treating her for blindness.What was the likely scenario when she entered his treatment room?

A)a quiet room,with a soft reclining chair
B)a 'bleeding device' used to drain blood believed to be in excess that resulted in psychogenic blindness
C)a stock of chemical- filled rods,with Mesmer presiding over the room
D)a sterile,well-lit room with several doctors in white laboratory coats

Question 49

Dealing with reality is the primary role of the

A)id.
B)ego.
C)superego.
D)preconscious.

Question 50

The ego operates according to the _________ principle.

A)reality
B)Oedipal
C)Electra
D)pleasure

Question 51

The basic energy source for the psyche is the

A)id.
B)ego.
C)superego.
D)Oedipus complex.

Question 52

Which structure involves activity of the unconscious?

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)All of these have some unconscious activity.

Question 53

When one refers to their conscience,they are also describing their

A)id.
B)ego.
C)superego.
D)ego defenses.

Question 54

Breuer observed an association between recalling past traumatic events and expression of the original emotion in hysterics.This resulted in

A)increased hysteria.
B)decreased hysteria.
C)the emergence of new symptoms.
D)the repression of emotions.

Question 55

Which is TRUE regarding catharsis?

A)It is a moral therapy method.
B)It was initiated by Pinel.
C)It consists of drawing blood from a patient.
D)It encourages the release of emotional tension.

Question 56

When you feel hungry and immediately seek out food,this is an example of the _____ acting.

A)superego
B)ego
C)id
D)projection

Question 57

If you went to Josef Breuer for treatment of hysterical paralysis,which treatment would you probably NOT receive?

A)hypnosis
B)free association
C)talk therapy
D)medication

Question 58

The cathartic method was created by

A)Sigmund Freud.
B)Josef Breuer.
C)Jean Martin Charcot.
D)Richard von Krafft-Ebing.

Question 59

The id,ego,and superego are

A)structures of the mind.
B)orders in a developmental sequence.
C)biological drives.
D)brain structures.

Question 60

Very strict parents might create a very strong _______________ in their children.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)sublimation defense

Question 61

The following type of response to behavior results in an increased probability of the behavior occurring again.

A)positive reinforcement
B)negative reinforcement
C)extinction
D)Both a and b

Question 62

The earliest experimental work on classical conditioning was conducted by

A)Bandura.
B)Tolman.
C)Skinner.
D)Pavlov.

Question 63

According to Freud,what is the most important determinant of behavior?

A)conscious
B)pre-conscious
C)unconscious
D)All are equally important.

Question 64

Which of the following is NOT a technique in psychoanalytic psychotherapy?

A)transference.
B)free association.
C)interpretation.
D)cognitive reappraisal.

Question 65

Marcia states confidently "I never get angry.In fact,I never recall feeling angry." Marcia is exhibiting

A)projection.
B)reaction formation.
C)repression.
D)sublimation.

Question 66

When engaging in free association,you begin to censor your thoughts and do not report everything that comes to mind.You are

A)resisting.
B)experiencing transference.
C)experiencing countertransference.
D)All of the above are correct.

Question 67

As part of therapy,you are asked to lie on a couch and say anything that comes to mind.This is called

A)interpretation.
B)transference.
C)real analysis.
D)free association.

Question 68

You begin to regard your therapist in a similar way to your sister so you begin to treat the therapist as you treat your sister.This is referred to as

A)countertransference.
B)identification.
C)transference.
D)projection.

Question 69

Adler developed a theory of psychoanalytic thought oriented towards

A)psychoticism.
B)doing things for the social good.
C)overt behavior change.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 70

Carol is trying to decide whether to drink alcohol,knowing that her parents are strongly opposed to drinking.According to Freudian theory,Carol's struggle is between her _______________,which makes her want to drink,and her _______________,which discourages her from drinking.

A)id;superego
B)ego;superego
C)id;ego
D)superego;ego

Question 71

Fiona faints when her doctor begins to draw blood.What is the unconditioned response?

A)the needle
B)blood
C)fainting
D)blood flow

Question 72

Behaviorists advocate that

A)abnormal behavior arises from discussions of abnormal behavior.
B)abnormal behavior is learned.
C)insight is important in changing behavior.
D)defenses are associated with resolving anxiety.

Question 73

The ego uses _______ to protect itself from anxiety.

A)the libido.
B)defense mechanisms.
C)the superego.
D)the id.

Question 74

Anne experienced extreme pain at the dentist as a child.Now,she goes to a different dentist,but feels her heart race when she arrives,and goes down when she leaves.Her heart racing whenever she goes to the dentist is due to ______________,and the calming feeling when she leaves is due to _______________.

A)classical conditioning,operant conditioning.
B)operant conditioning,classical conditioning.
C)operant conditioning,meditational learning.
D)operant conditioning,modeling.

Question 75

Frank has an unresolved Oedipus complex.This suggests that he did not complete the ______ stage of development.

A)phallic
B)anal
C)latency
D)oral

Question 76

Conflicts from a particular stage of development,according to Freud,will

A)be completely ignored.
B)be unimportant in later stages.
C)continue to affect development.
D)be important only when one is informed of the specific conflict.

Question 77

Dr.Smith argues that the desire to hunt is built into all men dating back to the times of cave men.Dr.Smith is relying on the concept of

A)positive reinforcement.
B)collective unconscious.
C)self-actualization.
D)sublimation.

Question 78

Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?

A)Jung: collective unconscious
B)Freud: womb envy
C)Erikson: shadow
D)Bandura: dream interpretation

Question 79

Fixation at a particular stage,according to Freud,results in

A)difficulties in determining the nature of the conflicts when the person enters analysis.
B)a sexually unresponsive individual.
C)an inability to develop further.
D)regression to that stage when stressed later in life.

Question 80

Psychoanalytic theory specifically refers to

A)defense mechanisms.
B)the Oedipus complex.
C)the psychosexual stages of development.
D)the assumption that psychopathology results from unconscious conflicts.