Deck 1: Thinking Like a Scientist

Question 1

Questions that are potentially answerable by means of currently available research techniques are known as

A)systematic empiricism.
B)the principle of falsifiability.
C)solvable problems.
D)public verification.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A psychologist from the _____ research area might study brain organization or the chemical messengers used in the nervous system.

A)cognition
B)social psychology
C)psychobiology
D)human development

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Gaining knowledge via science involves using _____ and _____.

A)empiricism; intuition
B)tenacity; authority
C)intuition; logical reasoning
D)empiricism; rationalism

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The idea that a scientific theory must be stated in such a way that it is possible to refute or disconfirm it is known as the principle of

A)pseudoscience.
B)falsifiability.
C)public verification.
D)systematic empiricism.

Question 5

Psychologists interested in how being part of a group affects the individual are most likely from the _____ research area.

A)cognition
B)social psychology
C)psychobiology
D)human development

Question 6

Gaining knowledge from those viewed as authority figures is to knowledge via _____ as stubbornly clinging to knowledge gained from repeated ideas is to knowledge via _____.

A)tenacity; authority
B)rationalism; tenacity
C)authority; tenacity
D)intuition; authority

Question 7

Gaining knowledge through logical reasoning is to knowledge via _____ as gaining knowledge through observation of organisms and events in the real world is to knowledge via _____.

A)rationalism; empiricism
B)science; empiricism
C)rationalism; science
D)empiricism; rationalism

Question 8

Presenting research so that it can be observed,replicated,criticized,and tested is known as

A)systematic empiricism.
B)the principle of falsifiability.
C)pseudoscience.
D)public verification.

Question 9

An event or behavior that has at least two values is

A)a hypothesis.
B)a theory.
C)a variable.
D)science.

Question 10

Mike pitched a great game on Saturday and he believes that it is because he wore his lucky socks.He has now decided that he will wear these socks for every game of the season because he believes that they will make him lucky.This belief is based on _____. a.superstition
B)rationalism
C)authority
D)science

Question 11

A psychologist from the _____ research area might conduct research on prenatal development or gerontology.

A)cognition
B)social psychology
C)psychobiology
D)human development

Question 12

The three goals of science are to

A)describe,research,and explain.
B)describe,predict,and research.
C)predict,explain,and research.
D)describe,predict,and explain.

Question 13

A psychologist from the _____ research area might study how humans process,store,and retrieve information.

A)cognition
B)social psychology
C)psychobiology
D)human development

Question 14

A belief that is based on subjective feelings is to knowing via _____ as gaining knowledge without being consciously aware of where the knowledge was gained is to knowing via _____.

A)authority; superstition
B)superstition; intuition
C)tenacity; intuition
D)intuition; superstition

Question 15

The scientific approach involves using

A)intuition,skepticism,and tenacity.
B)tenacity,public verification,and skepticism.
C)systematic empiricism,public verification,and solvable problems.
D)superstition,intuition,and skepticism.

Question 16

Although Mulder believes in the paranormal,Scully questions the validity of such beliefs because she is a

A)pagan.
B)parapsychologist.
C)skeptic.
D)pseudoscientist.

Question 17

A psychologist studying whether therapy is really effective in helping people is most likely from the _____ research area.

A)cognition
B)social psychology
C)psychotherapy
D)human development

Question 18

Making observations in a systematic manner to test hypotheses and refute or develop a theory is known as

A)systematic empiricism.
B)the principle of falsifiability.
C)pseudoscience.
D)public verification.

Question 19

Hypothesis is to _____ as theory is to _____.

A)an organized system of assumptions and principles that attempts to explain certain phenomena and how they are related; a prediction regarding the outcome of a study
B)a prediction regarding the outcome of a study; an organized system of assumptions and principles that attempts to explain certain phenomena and how they are related
C)not used in science; used in science
D)used in science; not used in science

Question 20

_____ often violates _____.

A)Science; public verification
B)Pseudoscience; the principle of falsifiability
C)Science; systematic empiricism
D)Basic research; systematic empiricism

Question 21

Questioning individuals on a topic or topics and then describing their responses is to the _____ method as an in-depth study of one or more individuals is to the _____ method.

A)case study; survey
B)survey; case study
C)case study; observational
D)observational; case study

Question 22

Manipulated independent variable is to nonmanipulated independent variable as _____ method is to _____ method.

A)experimental; quasi-experimental
B)correlational; quasi-experimental
C)experimental; correlational
D)quasi-experimental; experimental

Question 23

An in-depth study of one or more individuals is

A)laboratory observation.
B)naturalistic observation.
C)a survey.
D)a case study.

Question 24

Because Jim was interested in the nest building behavior of wrens,he went into the field to observe them.Jim was using the _____ method of research.

A)case study
B)laboratory observational
C)naturalistic observational
D)correlational

Question 25

In an experimental study of the effects of practice on reaction time,reaction time would be the

A)control group.
B)independent variable.
C)experimental group.
D)dependent variable.

Question 26

Identifying the causes that determine when and why a behavior occurs involves using

A)prediction.
B)description.
C)explanation.
D)falsifiability.

Question 27

In a study on the effects of sleep on driving performance,sleep would be the

A)control group.
B)independent variable.
C)experimental group.
D)dependent variable.

Question 28

Research on the treatment of AIDS is to _____ research as research on the differences between short-term memory and long-term memory is to _____ research.

A)basic; applied
B)applied; basic
C)naturalistic; laboratory
D)laboratory; naturalistic

Question 29

If participants are randomly assigned to conditions,then _____ research is being conducted.

A)case study
B)experimental
C)correlational
D)quasi-experimental

Question 30

If a researcher assigns participants to groups based on,for example,their gender,the researcher would be employing

A)a manipulated independent variable.
B)random assignment.
C)the quasi-experimental method.
D)a manipulated dependent variable.

Question 31

The group of participants that serves as the baseline in a study is to _____ group as the group of participants that receives some level of treatment is to _____ group.

A)independent; dependent
B)dependent; independent
C)control; experimental
D)experimental; control

Question 32

A method that assesses the degree of relationship between two variables is the _____ method.

A)survey
B)observational
C)case study
D)correlational

Question 33

In a study on the effects of sleep on driving performance,driving performance would be the

A)control group.
B)independent variable.
C)experimental group.
D)dependent variable.

Question 34

When Stella finishes graduate school,she wants to conduct research that can be used immediately in order to improve the lives of others.Stella is most interested in _____ research.

A)basic
B)applied
C)naturalistic
D)laboratory

Question 35

In order to discover the extent to which education can be used to predict political preferences,researchers are most likely to engage in

A)correlational research.
B)naturalistic observation.
C)the case study approach.
D)experimental research.

Question 36

Increasing or decreasing together is to _____ as moving in an opposite direction is to _____.

A)quasi-experimental method; experimental method
B)experimental method; quasi-experimental method
C)positive correlation; negative correlation
D)negative correlation; positive correlation

Question 37

When we identify factors that indicate when an event or events will occur,we have used

A)prediction.
B)description.
C)explanation.
D)falsifiability.

Question 38

In an experimental study of the effects of practice on reaction time,practice would be the

A)control group.
B)independent variable.
C)experimental group.
D)dependent variable.

Question 39

As a researcher,Ray is simply interested in finding answers to the questions he poses.Ray is most interested in _____ research.

A)naturalistic
B)laboratory
C)applied
D)basic

Question 40

The group of people who participate in the study is to _____ as all of the people about whom a study is meant to generalize are to _____.

A)sample; population
B)population; sample
C)positive correlation; negative correlation
D)negative correlation; positive correlation

Question 41

Descriptive methods include

A)correlational and quasi-experimental methods.
B)only the experimental method.
C)observational,case study,and survey methods.
D)only the quasi-experimental method.

Question 42

In a study comparing collaborative group learning to the traditional lecture/discussion method of learning,participants are randomly assigned to one of the two conditions.Identify the independent variable and dependent variable in this study.Is the independent variable a manipulated variable or a participant variable? What type of research method is used in this study?

Question 43

Identify and briefly describe the three criteria that help to define science.

Question 44

What is the principle of falsifiability and how is it related to pseudoscience and science?

Question 45

In a study of the effects of nicotine on concentration,participants who smoke are compared to those who do not on a measure of concentration.Identify the independent variable and dependent variable in this study.Is the independent variable a manipulated variable or a participant variable? What type of research method is used in this study?

Question 46

Independent variable is to dependent variable as _____ is to _____.

A)manipulate; measure
B)measure; manipulate
C)controlled; uncontrolled
D)uncontrolled; controlled

Question 47

Random assignment is used exclusively in the _____ method.

A)experimental
B)quasi-experimental
C)correlational
D)case study

Question 48

Explain what it means to gain knowledge via science.

Question 49

Manipulate is to measure as _____ is to _____.

A)independent variable; dependent variable
B)dependent variable; independent variable
C)positive correlation; negative correlation
D)negative correlation; positive correlation

Question 50

Identify and briefly describe the three goals of science.

Question 51

Explain what a negative correlation between depression and self-esteem means.

Question 52

Briefly describe what a hypothesis is and what a theory is noting the relationship between these terms.

Question 53

Give an example of basic research and an example of applied research.

Question 54

Test the hypothesis presented in the problem below.
Each of the cards below has a number on one side and a letter on the other side.Two of the cards have their letter side showing and two have their number side showing.Here is a rule: "If a card has a vowel on one side,then it has an even number on the other side".In order to check that the rule is true or false,which card or cards below would you turn over? Turn over only the card or cards that you need to check to be sure.
Answer the problem and explain how it relates to hypothesis testing,proof,and disproof as discussed in the text.