Deck 6: Interconnections Between Acquisition and Retrieval

Question 1

Familiarity (as opposed to source memory):

A) is essential for adequate performance on a recall test
B) is established by "relational" or "elaborative" rehearsal
C) is promoted by deep processing
D) provides one of the important sources for recognition

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Two groups of participants were asked to learn a series of word pairs and were then given a memory test. Both groups were told to remember the second word in each pair and use the first word as an aid to remember the targets. For Group A the first word was semantically associated with the target word (e.g., dark-light). For Group B the first word rhymed with the target word (e.g., sight-light). Each group was given hints during their memory test. These hints could be related to meaning (e.g., Was there a word associated with "dark"?) or sound (e.g., Was there a word associated with "sight"?). Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A) Overall, participants in Group A recalled more words than those in Group B.
B) Participants in Group A performed better when given a meaning hint than when given a sound hint.
C) Participants in Group B performed better when given a sound hint than when given a meaning hint.
D) Participants in Group B performed better when given a meaning hint than when given a sound hint.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following statements is an example of a recognition test?

A) "Which one of these individuals is the person you saw at the party?"
B) "Describe how you spent New Year's Eve in 1994."
C) "What is the formula needed for computing the area of a circle?"
D) "What political event does this song remind you of?"

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Herbert says, "I can't figure out where I've seen that person before, but I know that I have seen her before!" Herbert:

A) has an episodic memory for the face, but no generic memory for the face
B) has a sense of familiarity, but no source memory
C) would perform well on a recall test, but not on a recognition test
D) seems to have formed interitem associations when he last encountered the face

Question 5

Jerry, a lawyer, has read about a case (Jones v. Arizona) that he thinks will help a client of his. Jerry wants to make sure that he remembers to discuss the case with his client and that he brings up the case in his opening statement in court. His BEST bet is likely to be to:

A) repeat to himself, over and over again, "Don't forget Jones v. Arizona"
B) use a mnemonic device, like the peg-word system, and hope that his client and the judge do not think him odd for saying, "One is a bun . . ." in court
C) build multiple retrieval paths between the new case and the situations in which he wishes to use it
D) put the case book containing Jones v. Arizona on his desk with all of the other books and hope he finds it when his client arrives and when he writes his opening statement

Question 6

"Context reinstatement" refers to:

A) improved memory if the materials to be remembered were thought about in a novel context
B) improved memory if we recreate the context that was in place during learning
C) improved memory if the mnemonics used have a similar context to the materials to be remembered
D) impaired memory performance if participants recall the context where the material was learned

Question 7

In an experiment participants learned materials in Room A and were tested in Room B. If they were asked to think about Room A just before taking the test, participants:

A) performed as well as they would have done had there been no room change
B) performed worse on the test due to dual-task memory disruption
C) performed the same as those participants who were not asked to think about Room A
D) performed better than participants who were tested in Room B and were not asked to think about Room A, but worse than participants tested in Room A

Question 8

Participants are asked to memorize a list of words. In addition to the words themselves, participants will remember some aspects of the context in which the words appeared. This tendency to remember a stimulus within its context is referred to as:

A) background learning
B) multiple encoding
C) implicit memory
D) encoding specificity

Question 9

Because of the effects of state-dependent learning, students might find it wise to:

A) use mnemonic devices as a study aid
B) study only when they are entirely sober
C) focus on their instructor's intended meaning rather than on the instructor's exact words
D) prepare for their examinations under conditions similar to the test conditions

Question 10

A researcher hypothesizes that high doses of caffeine can produce state-dependent learning. To confirm this hypothesis, the researcher would need to show that:

A) participants learn more effectively if they drink several cups of coffee before studying the material to be learned
B) participants' recall performance is improved if they are tested soon after drinking several cups of coffee
C) participants who drink a lot of coffee are, in general, likely to do better on memory tests
D) if participants studied the material after drinking a great deal of coffee, they will remember the material better if they drink a great deal of coffee just before taking the memory test

Question 11

Which of the following statements seems to be the BEST illustration of encoding specificity?

A) Susan is terrible at learning general arguments, although she is excellent at learning more specific claims.
B) Susan has learned the principles covered in her psychology class, but she has difficulty remembering the principles in the context of her day-to-day life.
C) Susan easily learns material that is meaningful but cannot learn material that is abstract.
D) Susan quickly masters new material if she knows some related information, but she has trouble learning things if the domain is new to her.

Question 12

A participant is asked, "In the list of words I showed you earlier, was there a word that rhymed with 'lake'?" The participant is likely to be well prepared for this sort of memory test if he or she:

A) used maintenance rehearsal when trying to memorize the words
B) paid attention to the sounds of the words when trying to memorize them
C) paid attention to the appearance of the words when trying to memorize them
D) relied on perceptual fluency when studying the words

Question 13

An investigator asks, "Can you remember what happened last Tuesday at noon while you were sitting in the back room of Jane's Restaurant?" This is an example of a question relying on:

A) recognition
B) implicit memory
C) procedural memory
D) recall

Question 14

Group 1 is shown a series of words ("down," "right," and "sad") and is then asked to read the words aloud. Group 2 is shown a series of words ("up," "left," and "happy") and is then asked to say aloud their antonyms (opposites). If we later test participants' memories for the words, we expect better performance for Group 1 if the test involves:

A) tachistoscopic recognition of the words
B) recall of the words
C) cued recall of the words
D) a standard recognition test for the words

Question 15

A participant is asked to memorize a series of word pairs, including the pair "heavy-light." The participant is asked later if any of the following words had been included in the list memorized earlier: "lamp," "candle," "spark," and "light." The participant denies having seen any of these words recently. This is probably because:

A) the learning context does not provide adequate support for perceptual encoding
B) the learning context does relatively little to encourage deep processing
C) what was memorized was the idea of "light" as a description of weight, not "light" as illumination
D) the learning context led the participant to think in terms of opposites, while the test context led the participant to think in terms of semantic associates

Question 16

Context has an effect on memory:

A) because it interferes with the retrieval paths
B) only if the information is recalled in the same physical environment where it was learned
C) because it influences how the person thinks of the material to be remembered
D) but not on the way a person perceives a memory

Question 17

Participants are asked to memorize a list of words. The eighth word on the list is "inches," the ninth word is "meters," and the tenth is "feet." In which of the following statements would the participants be MOST likely to remember the previous exposure to "feet"?

A) In the memory test, the fourth word tested is "yards," and the fifth is "feet."
B) In the memory test, the fourth word tested is "heat," and the fifth is "feet."
C) In the memory test, the fourth word tested is "hands," and the fifth is "feet.'
D) In the memory test, the fourth word tested is "fight," and the fifth is "feet."

Question 18

Establishing a memory connection:

A) allows you to access memory X from memory Y if they are connected but will not help you access memory Z if it is not connected to memory X or Y
B) primes all memory connections so that all memories are quicker to retrieve
C) can occur only for emotional memories
D) is better for emotional memories than for other types of memories

Question 19

In tachistoscopic testing, implicit memory seems to be maximized by:

A) a previous experience of thinking about the meaning of the words being tested
B) a recent experience of actually seeing the words being tested
C) state-dependent learning for the words being tested
D) deep processing

Question 20

Which of the following observations is MOST likely an illustration of state-dependent learning?

A) "I haven't been to Athens in years, but I still remember all the great times I had there!"
B) "Mike has told me his phone number over and over again, but somehow I can't get it into my head."
C) "Last month I went to my 20th high school reunion. I saw people I hadn't thought about for years, but the moment I saw them, I was reminded of the things we'd done together 20 years earlier."
D) "I spent hours studying in the library last night preparing for my history midterm. And it really paid off; I did a great job on the exam."

Question 21

Which of the following statements is NOT likely to be an influence of implicit memory?

A) Participants know they have encountered the stimulus recently but can't recall the details of the encounter.
B) Participants have a preference for a familiar stimulus in comparison to other, new stimuli.
C) Participants believe a false, made-up phrase, that they have heard recently, to be true.
D) Participants remember the circumstances in which they first met a stimulus.

Question 22

Abigail saw the stimulus "all_____" and was asked to think of a word that began with these letters. This task is called:

A) a lexical decision
B) word-stem completion
C) semantic priming
D) explicit memory

Question 23

Which of the following statements is NOT true for explicit memory?

A) Explicit memory is typically revealed as a priming effect.
B) Explicit memory is usually assessed by direct, rather than indirect, testing.
C) Explicit memory is usually revealed by specifically urging someone to remember the past.
D) Explicit memory is often tested by recall testing or by a standard recognition test.

Question 24

Because of implicit memory's influence, participants judge:

A) unfamiliar sentences to be more believable
B) familiar sentences to be more believable
C) familiar sentences to be more believable, but only if they heard the sentence from a trustworthy source
D) unfamiliar sentences to be more believable, but only if they have forgotten the source of the familiar sentences

Question 25

Participants are asked to read a series of unrelated words out loud. According to the hypothesis described in the text, this experience will help the participants:

A) if they now try to perceive words synonymous with the words contained on the list
B) the next time they try to perceive these same words
C) the next time they try to remember the concepts associated with the words on the list
D) if they try to recall a series of words related to the words on the list

Question 26

Cindy and Linda are both eyewitnesses to a bank robbery. At the police station, they each select Mike from a police lineup, and say, "He's the thief!" It turns out, though, that Mike has been a customer at the store at which Cindy works. Linda has never seen Mike before. With this background:

A) Cindy's identification is more valuable to the police because she has an advantage of familiarity and context
B) both identifications are likely to be accurate because face recognition draws on specialized mechanisms that work effectively with both familiar and unfamiliar faces
C) Cindy's identification is more valuable to the police because her recognition of Mike will be more fluent than Linda's, thanks to the previous encounters
D) Linda's identification is more valuable to the police because Cindy may have been misled by the fact that Mike seemed familiar because of her other encounters with him

Question 27

In a lexical decision task, a researcher finds no effect of priming. Which of the following statements is a plausible explanation for this?

A) The researcher neglected to tell the participants that some of the test words had been recently encountered.
B) Some of the test words were high in frequency, but others were quite low in frequency.
C) When the priming words were first presented, participants failed to pay attention to the meaning of the words.
D) Participants initially heard the words via a tape-recorded list but were tested under conditions where they were visually presented the list.

Question 28

If you perceive a stimulus and then later perceive the same stimulus again, you are likely to perceive the stimulus more quickly and more easily the second time. This benefit can be described as a(n):

A) state-dependent memory
B) explicit memory
C) increase in processing fluency
D) recognition memory

Question 29

Theodore has suffered from Korsakoff's amnesia for the last decade. Theodore is LEAST likely to do which of the following actions?

A) accurately recall events from early childhood
B) hold a coherent conversation lasting many minutes
C) recall events that occurred last month
D) recognize people he met 18 years ago

Question 30

The famous patient H.M. is unable to remember events he experienced after his brain surgery. The surgery apparently produced:

A) repression
B) anterograde amnesia
C) retrograde amnesia
D) infantile amnesia

Question 31

A friend of yours has recently grown a beard. When you encounter him, you realize at once that something about his face has changed, but you are not certain what has changed. We can conclude from this that:

A) you detected the decrease in fluency in your recognition of your friend's face
B) your memory of your friend's face is influenced by state-dependent learning
C) you are displaying an instance of source amnesia
D) you are being influenced by the fact that there are fewer men with beards than men without beards

Question 32

When a person experiences familiarity but no accompanying source memory, the effect can be far-reaching but is unlikely to include:

A) the person believing that a familiar statement is true, even though he or she cannot remember where he or she heard it
B) the person inaccurately accusing someone of a crime, merely because that person seems familiar
C) the person's preferences changing in favor of the familiar information
D) explicit recollection of a person's name or profession

Question 33

Current evidence indicates that patients suffering from Korsakoff's amnesia:

A) show greater disruption in implicit memory than in explicit memory
B) suffer from disruption in both implicit and explicit memory
C) show intact implicit memory with perceptual cues, but disrupted implicit memory with conceptual cues
D) have preserved implicit memory despite severe disruption in explicit memory

Question 34

Participants listen to a series of sentences played against a background of noise. Some of the sentences are identical to sentences heard earlier (without the noise), but other sentences heard in the noise are new. In this setting, participants will perceive:

A) the unfamiliar sentences heard as louder than the familiar sentences
B) the unfamiliar sentences as being clearer than the familiar sentences
C) the noise as being less loud when it accompanies the familiar sentences
D) no difference between the unfamiliar and the familiar sentences

Question 35

Which of the following tasks is LEAST appropriate as a means of testing implicit memory?

A) lexical decision
B) word-stem completion
C) direct memory testing
D) repetition priming in tachistoscopic recognition

Question 36

In a classic demonstration, Claparède showed that:

A) the behavior of a Korsakoff's amnesia patient can be changed by a recent event even though the patient shows no signs of remembering that event
B) Korsakoff's amnesics show more severe retrograde amnesia than anterograde amnesia
C) Korsakoff's amnesics show an extraordinary ability to recall their plans for the future even though they cannot remember their own pasts
D) the behavior of a Korsakoff's amnesia patient is less well organized than clinicians have theorized

Question 37

Evidence for state-dependent learning has been found in all of the following situations EXCEPT:

A) underwater and out of water with scuba divers learning words
B) odors present or absent during learning
C) reading an article in a noisy or quiet environment
D) class lecture in a very cold or hot room

Question 38

Which of the following sounds is MOST like an example of the influence of implicit memory?

A) Alexander was taking a true-false test. He didn't know the answer to #12, so he skipped it.
B) Bill couldn't remember the answer for the question, but he did his best to reconstruct what the answer might be.
C) Not only did Dave remember the answer, he also remembered where the answer appeared on the textbook page.
D) Marcus was taking a multiple-choice test. He was having a hard time with #17, but option d for that question seemed familiar, so he decided that d must be the correct answer.

Question 39

In many circumstances, participants correctly recognize that a stimulus is familiar, but they are mistaken in their beliefs about where and when they encountered the stimulus. This error is referred to as:

A) source confusion
B) origin error
C) amnesia
D) false identification

Question 40

Mark suffered a blow to the head many weeks ago, causing retrograde amnesia. Which of the following incidences is Mark LEAST likely to remember?

A) facts that he learned in the month after his injury, including the layout of the hospital in which he received care
B) any explicit memory for an event that took place just after his injury
C) specific episodes in the 2 weeks following his injury
D) events that took place just prior to his injury

Question 41

H. M. had much of his hippocampus removed to alleviate seizures. An unfortunate side effect was impaired explicit memory, even though later testing revealed his implicit memory was spared. In order to establish a double dissociation, which of the following patients would need to be found?

A) A patient with intact implicit memory and intact explicit memory
B) A patient with an intact hippocampus and explicit memory deficits
C) A patient with intact explicit memory and impaired implicit memory
D) A patient with explicit memory intact and a damaged hippocampus

Question 42

fMRI results using a "Remember/Know" testing procedure suggest that:

A) "Remember" responses are associated with activity in the rhinal cortex at learning
B) "Know" responses are associated with activity in the hippocampus during learning
C) "Remember" responses are associated with activity in the hippocampal region during learning
D) "Know" responses are associated with anterior parahippocampus activity at learning

Question 43

Double-dissociations in memory are important because they:

A) provide strong evidence for separate memory systems
B) remain unchallenged by contemporary standards
C) provided early evidence of the extent of H. M.'s amnesia
D) suggest that damage to any area of the brain will impact all memory functioning

Question 44

If you organized a game of Trivial Pursuit with a group of Korsakoff patients, which of the following actions is LEAST likely to occur?

A) The patients do very poorly at the beginning.
B) The patients get better if questions are recycled.
C) The patients make up excuses about the source of their knowledge.
D) The patients do well on current events.

Question 45

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the role the hippocampus plays in memory?

A) Hippocampus damage is associated with retrograde amnesia.
B) The hippocampus is important only for old memories from months and years back
C) The hippocampus plays an important role in memory acquisition.
D) Korsakoff patients have little to no damage in hippocampal areas.

Question 46

In the "Remember/Know" paradigm, "Know" responses are NOT:

A) given when the participant knows he or she saw the stimulus before, because he or she can recall details about the context in which it was encountered
B) given when a participant thinks the stimulus was previously encountered, but he or she cannot remember any contextual details
C) associated with activity in the anterior parahippocampal area
D) associated with familiarity

Question 47

If a memory is like a city you want to travel to, and the retrieval paths you use to find the memory are like highways that lead to that city, which is the BEST strategy for memorizing?

A) Build one really big highway, so you are more likely to find the answer later.
B) Build many highways that travel in many directions, so you have multiple ways to remember it later.
C) Build toll roads (premium highways) so you can get to the memories as fast as possible with little traffic.
D) Invest very little in building highways because you never know which highway will be the best road in the future.

Question 48

Amnesia can provide insight into the role of memory in our everyday life. For example, if H.M. was having a conversation with a friend and noticed the friend smiling, H.M. is MOST likely to:

A) attribute the smile to the funny joke he made a few minutes ago
B) not know why his friend is smiling
C) smile back because H.M. has learned to smile when others smile
D) forget the conversation immediately, because his attention has been turned to his friend's smile

Question 49

With respect to memory strategies, evidence suggests that _____ is superior to _____.

A) match effect; levels-of-processing effect
B) levels-of-processing effect; match effect
C) levels-of-processing effect; all other memory strategies
D) no effect; any other effect-they are all equal