Deck 1: Introduction to Normal and Abnormal Behavior in Children and Adolescents

Question 1

 During the early part of the twentieth century, the biological disease model of mental problems led to ____.

A) the belief that mental illness had no physical basis
B) improved treatments
C) more controlled research methods
D) eugenics and segregation

Answer 1

eugenics and segregation

Question 2

 Which method did Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard use to tame the "wild boy of Aveyron"?

A) Cold showers
B) Tranquilizers
C) Timeouts
D) Massages

Answer 2

Massages

Question 3

 Interventions for children and adolescents are often intended to ____.

A) restore previous levels of functioning
B) serve as a warning for negative behavior
C) reform behavior to conform to norms
D) eliminate distress and promote further development

Answer 3

eliminate distress and promote further development

Question 4

 At the end of the nineteenth century, children with intellectual disabilities were regarded as ____.

A) suffering from "moral insanity"
B) imbeciles
C) lunatics
D) possessed by the devil

Question 5

 The first disorder unique to children and adolescents was ____.

A) masturbatory insanity
B) schizoid disorder
C) moral insanity
D) manic depression

Question 6

 In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, acts of child maltreatment were ____.

A) illegal and punishable by severe fines
B) very uncommon but largely overlooked
C) practiced primarily among lower socioeconomic classes
D) considered to be a parent's right for educating or disciplining a child

Question 7

 Patterns of behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical symptoms shown by an individual are defined as ____.

A) psychological disorders
B) defiance of norms
C) disobedience
D) distress

Question 8

 In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, children's mental health problems were attributed to ____.

A) possession by the devil or other evil forces
B) poor parenting practices
C) chemical imbalances
D) low self-esteem

Question 9

 John Locke (1632-1704) advanced the belief that children were ____.

A) possessed by the devil
B) uncivilized
C) emotionally sensitive beings
D) young adults

Question 10

 Efforts to classify psychiatric disorders into descriptive categories are called ____.

A) etiologies
B) differentials
C) nosologies
D) prescriptives

Question 11

 Who is referred to as the "Father of Behaviorism"?

A) Freud
B) Albert
C) Watson
D) Rayner

Question 12

 At the end of the nineteenth century, children with normal cognitive abilities but disturbing behavior were thought to be ____.

A) suffering from "moral insanity"
B) imbeciles
C) diseased
D) possessed by the devil

Question 13

 How did Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard believe he could tame the "wild boy of Aveyron"?

A) Exorcism
B) Environmental stimulation
C) Allow him to behave as he did in the wild
D) Peer modeling

Question 14

 Freud's theory focused on ____.

A) single causes of behavior
B) multiple causes of behavior
C) diseases of the mind
D) neurological causes of behavior

Question 15

 In the first half of the twentieth century, most children with mental disorders were ____.

A) institutionalized
B) treated with behavior therapy
C) treated with psychoanalysis
D) overlooked

Question 16

 Freud was the first to link mental disorders to ____.

A) neurotransmitter imbalances
B) early childhood experiences
C) possession by evil spirits
D) classical conditioning

Question 17

 The development of ____ treatment can be traced back to the rise of behaviorism in the early 1900s.

A) psychodynamic
B) evidence-based
C) group-based
D) humanist

Question 18

 The work of Jean-Marc Gaspard Itard (1775-1838) is notable in that ____.

A) his orientation toward children was one of care and helping, in contrast to the times
B) he was the first documented individual to use behavioral techniques with children
C) he was a strong advocate for sending disturbed children to asylums
D) he initiated the Massachusetts' Stubborn Child Act

Question 19

 A child typically enters the mental health system ____.

A) by asking for a referral from a pediatrician
B) through the criminal justice system
C) by the actions, positive or negative, of peers
D) through teachers, counselors, or parents

Question 20

 Many child and adolescent problems can be best described as the ____.

A) failure to demonstrate expected developmental progress
B) absence of the key survival skills needed to thrive
C) result of excessive expectations by parents
D) stresses associated with educational demands

Question 21

 Multifinality refers to the observation that ____.

A) different disorders may stem from similar causes
B) various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings
C) the same disorder may have different causes
D) developmental pathways may converge at the end

Question 22

 Psychological disorders are defined as patterns of behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical symptoms that are associated with ____.

A) deviance
B) defiance of norms
C) disobedience
D) distress

Question 23

 To determine a child's competencies, it is useful to have some knowledge of ____.

A) institutional norms
B) animal behavior
C) adult dysfunctions
D) developmental tasks

Question 24

 What is the purpose of an Individualized Educational Plan (IEP)?

A) To test the child using standardized tests
B) To accurately diagnose each child's illness against a model
C) To tailor the child's school program to his or her needs
D) To understand the role of family history in mental health

Question 25

 Which of the following is not a developmental task of infancy?

A) Attachment to caregiver
B) Language
C) Differentiation of self from environment
D) Forming close friendships within and across gender

Question 26

 The ability to successfully adapt in the environment is referred to as ____.

A) intelligence
B) adjustment
C) resilience
D) coping

Question 27

 What concept states that various outcomes may stem from similar beginnings such as child maltreatment?

A) Trifinality
B) Ethnic finality
C) Equifinality
D) Multifinality

Question 28

 Which of the following is not a developmental task of adolescence?

A) Academic achievement
B) Self-control and compliance
C) Forming a cohesive sense of self-identity
D) Involvement in extracurricular activities

Question 29

 Boundaries between abnormal versus normal functioning are ____.

A) scientifically defined
B) relatively arbitrary
C) well-established
D) determined by each family

Question 30

 During the 1950s and 1960s, ____ emerged as a systematic approach to the treatment of childhood disorders.

A) psychoanalysis
B) family therapy
C) behavior therapy
D) institutionalization

Question 31

 Which of the following is not a developmental task of middle childhood?

A) Academic achievement
B) Getting along with peers
C) Differentiating self from environment
D) Rule-governed conduct

Question 32

 The work of Rene Spitz ____.

A) led to the development of an organic model of mental illness
B) is the first documented attempt to help a special needs child
C) led to some of the first empirically supported behavioral techniques for eliminating children's fears
D) raised serious questions about the harmful impact of institutionalization on children's development

Question 33

 Conduct disorder may arise from different developmental pathways, a concept known as ____.

A) equifinality
B) multifinality
C) developmental diversity
D) disordered beginnings

Question 34

 Successful adaptation to the environment varies across ____.

A) psychological theories
B) developmental stages
C) region of the country
D) culture and ethnicity

Question 35

 The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA; Public Law 104-446) mandates ____.

A) segregated education for children with special needs
B) the use of IQ tests for assessing children
C) standardized programs for children identified as special needs
D) education in the least restrictive environment possible

Question 36

 In contrast to adults, abnormality in children is often defined in terms of ____.

A) stage of development
B) everyday stress
C) disability
D) addiction

Question 37

 Which is an example of resiliency?

A) Submissiveness
B) Coping skills
C) Networking skills
D) Physical aptitude

Question 38

 Which of the following is not an affect that occurs because of stigma?

A) Fear
B) Rejection
C) Avoidance
D) Motivation

Question 39

 The 2007 United Nations Treaty adopted a new convention to ____.

A) provide free and appropriate education to children with special needs
B) improve disability rights and abolish discrimination
C) provide psychotherapy services to children with special needs
D) improve test measures to diagnose children with special needs

Question 40

 Which description of a child would be considered labeling a child rather than describing her behavior?

A) Ashley is a child with mental retardation.
B) Karlee is an anxious child.
C) Amber is a child with autism.
D) Robyn is a child who is small.

Question 41

 By the year 2020, global child and adolescent mental health issues, in terms of disability, will ____.

A) decrease by 50%
B) remain the same as the present day
C) slightly increase
D) surpass physical health issues

Question 42

 What might be one consequence associated with child psychopathology?

A) Increased demands on community resources, such as health systems
B) Less funding for educational institutions
C) Less interest in interventions
D) Increased funding for criminal justice systems

Question 43

 Which risk factor is most likely to increase a child's vulnerability to psychopathology?

A) Chronic poverty
B) Impulsivity
C) Two-career families
D) Lack of siblings

Question 44

 A significant number of children today ____.

A) will have the same development trajectory to adulthood
B) do not grow out of their childhood difficulties by adulthood
C) face greater stressors at earlier ages than children of the past
D) have the same types of problems as children of the past

Question 45

 Which of the following issues make adolescence a particularly vulnerable period?

A) Risky sexual behavior
B) Sporting teams
C) Chores at home
D) Technology use

Question 46

 Which statement is true about children with mental health problems from ethnic and racial minority groups?

A) Minority children in the United States are overrepresented in rates of some disorders.
B) No differences emerge in relation to race and mental health even when controlling for other factors.
C) Minority children and youth do not face any more disadvantages in life than other children.
D) Ethnic representation in research studies has received a great deal of attention in studies of child psychopathology.

Question 47

 Phone surveys suggest that about ____ of 12- to 17-year-olds met criteria for either post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive episode, or substance abuse/dependence.

A) 1% to 5%
B) 5% to 9%
C) 16% to 19%
D) 20% to 35%

Question 48

 Which children are disproportionately afflicted with mental health problems?

A) Those who are recent immigrants
B) Those who are only children
C) Those with more than two siblings
D) Those born to parents with mental health issues

Question 49

 Which statement is true regarding LGBT youth?

A) They are more likely to seek help from adults.
B) They often experience verbal and physical abuse.
C) They have fewer academic problems.
D) They are more likely to be bullies.

Question 50

 Which of the following is true with respect to resilience?

A) Resilience is relevant to a few, traumatic life events.
B) Resilience cannot be learned or taught.
C) Resilience remains consistent over time.
D) Resilience may vary over time and across situations.

Question 51

 U.S. phone surveys suggest that about ____ of 10- to 16-year-olds experience physical and/or sexual abuse.

A) one-tenth
B) one-fourth
C) one-third
D) one-half

Question 52

 The significant difficulties that children in chronic poverty experience may be due to ____.

A) damage to the cerebellum
B) an underactive amygdala
C) certain genetic markers
D) impaired prefrontal cortex development

Question 53

 Childhood poverty is a daily reality for about one in ____ children in the United States.

A) four
B) five
C) seven
D) eight

Question 54

 Girls have higher rates of ____ than boys.

A) illiteracy
B) autism
C) depression
D) ADHD

Question 55

 A risk factor is a variable that ____.

A) follows a negative outcome
B) increases the likelihood that a negative outcome will occur
C) indicates positive outcomes
D) decreases the likelihood that negative outcome will occur

Question 56

 "Forming a cohesive sense of self-identity" is a task done by children in which age group?

A) Infancy to preschool
B) Middle childhood
C) Adolescence
D) None of these are correct

Question 57

 Children with the most chronic and serious disorders ____.

A) are more likely to receive help, and therefore, to succeed in school
B) face sizable difficulties throughout their lives
C) are less likely to have social problems in online venues
D) do not tend to carry a psychiatric disorder into adulthood

Question 58

 Which statement about children's mental health is false?

A) About 1 in 15 children has a mental health problem that impairs their functioning.
B) Approximately 75% of children with mental health problems receive proper services.
C) Race plays more of a role than socioeconomic status (SES) in disorder rates among children.
D) About 1 in 10 children meets the criteria for a specific psychological disorder.

Question 59

 Which statement reflects the differences in mental health problems between boys and girls?

A) Anxiety disorders are more common in boys than girls.
B) Sex differences in problem behaviors exhibit by early infancy.
C) Boys demonstrate more difficulties than girls starting in early adolescence.
D) Boys' externalizing problems are more prevalent than girls' in the preschool years.

Question 60

 Each year nearly ___________verified reports of child abuse and neglect are reported in the United States.

A) 100,000
B) 200,000
C) 500,000
D) 1,000,000

Question 61

 Define the concept of competence. How may competence be assessed?

Question 62

 __________ % of homeless families in the United States are headed by women.

A) 100
B) 40
C) 88
D) 90

Question 63

 According to surveys conducted in North America, one in eight children has a mental health problem that ___________.

A) impairs functioning
B) results in poor development
C) results in malnutrition
D) All of these are correct

Question 64

 How has the societal view of children changed throughout history and who were some of the major historical figures responsible for these changes?

Question 65

 What are some of the findings regarding sex differences in children's mental health problems?

Question 66

 In what ways can low income and/or poverty affect children's development?

Question 67

 What is an IEP and what is its purpose?

Question 68

 What is the goal of the Treaty that the United Nations General Assembly adopted in 2007 regarding persons with disabilities?

Question 69

 Compare and contrast various childhood risk factors that increase a child's vulnerability for developing a psychological disorder.

Question 70

 Distinguish between the concepts of multifinality and equifinality. Provide an example of each concept.

Question 71

 Which of the following disadvantages can impair a child's developmental progress significantly?

A) Less education
B) Limited resources
C) Greater exposure to violence
D) All of these are correct

Question 72

 Until the mid-twentieth century, which mental condition was believed to be caused by inadequate, uncaring parents?

A) Bipolar disorder
B) Autism
C) Depression
D) Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

Question 73

 In regard to legislation pertaining to children with special needs and education, what is IDEA and what does it mandate?

Question 74

 Mental health and substance abuse social workers are projected to have the largest shortage of more than __________ counselors nationwide in 2025.

A) 50,000
B) 2,000
C) 30,000
D) 10,000

Question 75

 What child-rearing environment predicts the best resiliency for boys, and which predicts the best for girls?

Question 76

 The most dangerous place for a child to try to grow up in America is at the intersection of __________.

A) race and poverty
B) race and ethnicity
C) child maltreatment and nonaccidental trauma
D) poverty and ethnicity

Question 77

 What are some of the key factors affecting rates and expression of mental disorders?

Question 78

 Distinguish between risk and resilience.

Question 79

 What should be considered when diagnosing most child and adolescent psychological disorders?

Question 80

 Discuss the influence of race and ethnicity in the development of psychological disorders.