Deck 12: The Cost of Capital

Question 1

The CAPM assumes that the only risk of concern to the investor is ____, which is measured by ____.

A) Unsystematic risk, beta
B) Systematic risk, the return to the market portfolio
C) Systematic risk, beta
D) Unsystematic risk, the return to the market portfolio

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The cost of capital is

A) the rate of return required by investors in the firm's securities
B) the minimum rate of return required on new investments of high risk undertaken by the firm
C) approximately 10 percent for most firms
D) concerned with plant and equipment only

Answer 2

A

Question 3

If a firm is losing money then the after-tax cost of debt is

A) equal to kd (1 - T)
B) found by trial and error
C) equal to the pretax cost of debt
D) equal to the yield to first call date

Answer 3

C

Question 4

For firms subject to the 34% marginal tax rate, the after-tax cost of ____ is roughly two-thirds the cost of preferred stock.

A) retained earnings
B) new common stock
C) long-term debt
D) retained earnings and new common stock

Question 5

Break points can be determined by dividing the amount of funds available from each financing source at a fixed cost by the ____ proportion for that financing source.

A) weighted capital structure
B) target capital structure
C) economic capital structure
D) divisional capital structure

Question 6

The most appropriate weights to use in calculating a firm's cost of capital are the proportions of the components in the firm's ____ capital structure.

A) historical average
B) long-range target
C) current
D) industry average

Question 7

The constant growth valuation model approach to calculating the cost of equity assumes that

A) earnings and dividends grow at a constant rate, but stock price growth is indeterminate
B) the growth rate is greater than or equal to ke
C) dividends are constant
D) earnings, dividends, and stock price will grow at a constant rate

Question 8

All of the following are true EXCEPT:

A) The claims of preferred stockholders on the firm's earnings are junior to those of debt- holders.
B) The risk of recapitalization increases a firm's required rate of return.
C) Long-term state government securities are always less risky than corporate long-term securities of the same maturity.
D) The cost of capital to the firm is equal to the equilibrium rate of return demanded by investors in the capital markets for securities with that degree of risk

Question 9

The total return to stockholders, k?, is composed of the

A) opportunity cost plus a risk premium
B) dividend yield plus the price appreciation of the security
C) opportunity cost plus an inflation premium
D) dividend yield minus the risk premium

Question 10

If a preferred stock is callable, then the calculation of the cost of preferred stock financing is

A) similar to that for bonds
B) equal to Dp/Pn
C) equal to Dp less flotation costs
D) less than Dp/Pn

Question 11

There are four major components that determine the risk premium. They include all the following except

A) interest rate risk
B) business risk
C) reinvestment rate risk
D) financial risk

Question 12

The required rate of return on any security consists of a

A) risk premium plus an expected inflation rate
B) risk free rate plus a risk premium
C) inflation rate plus a marketability premium
D) risk free rate plus an inflation premium

Question 13

For a company that is not planning to change its target capital structure, the proportions of debt and equity used in calculating the weighted cost of capital should be based on the current ____ weights of the individual components.

A) book value
B) market value
C) replacement value
D) accounting value

Question 14

All of the following methods may be used to determine the cost of equity capital (k?) for a non-dividend-paying stock except

A) the risk premium on debt approach
B) the Capital Asset Pricing Model approach
C) comparing with similar dividend-paying stocks in the industry
D) the simulation with growth expectations approach

Question 15

A firm can raise up to $700 million for investment from a mixture of debt, preferred stock and retained equity. Above $700 million, the firm must issue new common stock. Assuming that debt costs and preferred stock costs remain unchanged, the marginal cost of capital for amounts up to $700 million will be ____ the marginal cost of capital for amounts over $700 million.

A) less than
B) equal to
C) greater than
D) cannot be determined from the information given

Question 16

The Institutional Brokers' Estimate Service (IBES) summarizes analysts' ____.

A) short-term earnings forecasts
B) long-term earnings growth rates
C) bankruptcy forecasts
D) short-term earnings forecasts and long-term earnings growth rates

Question 17

The historic beta of a firm is of little use as a forecast of the firm's future systematic risk characteristics when

A) the firm is growing at a rate of 7-10 percent a year
B) the firm is expanding an existing product line
C) the firm is expanding into a new product line
D) all of these answers are correct

Question 18

The cost of equity capital for non-dividend paying stocks can be determined by

A) using the Capital Asset Pricing Model
B) estimating ke for comparable dividend-paying stocks in their industry
C) forecasting the liquidation proceeds from the sale of the company's assets.
D) using the CAPM and by estimating ke for comparable dividend-paying stocks in their industry

Question 19

If a firm adopts a large proportion of above-average-risk investment projects that are not offset by below-average-risk investment projects

A) its cost of capital will rise
B) the average risk premium for the firm will decline
C) the risk-free rate will increase as more risk is added
D) its cost of capital will fall

Question 20

Studies analyzing the historical returns earned by common stock investors have found that the returns from average risk common stock investments over the years have averaged (arithmetically) ____ percentage points ____ than the returns on Treasury bills.

A) 6 to 8, higher
B) 1 to 2, lower
C) 3 to 4, higher
D) 8 to 9, higher

Question 21

The cost of external equity is greater than the cost of internal equity because

A) it decreases the earnings per share
B) it increases the market price of the stock
C) of the flotation costs
D) dividends are increased

Question 22

Rank in ascending order (lowest to highest) investors' required rates of return on the various types of corporate securities.

A) preferred stock, corporate debt, common stock
B) common stock, preferred stock, corporate debt
C) preferred stock, common stock, corporate debt
D) corporate debt, preferred stock, common stock

Question 23

The following financial information is available on Rawls Manufacturing Company:
Rawls can issue new common stock to net the company $44 per share. Determine the cost of internal equity capital using the dividend capitalization model approach. (Compute answer to the nearest 0.1%).

A) 12.3%
B) 13.4%
C) 13.0%
D) 12.7%

Question 24

The major components that determine the risk premium on a specific security at any point in time include all of the following except

A) business risk
B) financial risk
C) interest rate risk
D) real rate of return risk

Question 25

If a firm will use only equity funds during the current capital budgeting period then the ____ is the correct capital cost to use for computing the cost of funds for the firm.

A) cost of equity capital
B) weighted cost of funds
C) historical cost of funds
D) all of these answers are correct

Question 26

Determine the (after-tax) percentage cost of a $50 million debt issue that the Mattingly Corporation is planning to place privately with a large insurance company. Assume that the company has a 40% marginal tax rate. This long-term debt issue will yield 12% to the insurance company.

A) 4.8%
B) 7.2%
C) 12.0%
D) 10.6%

Question 27

The cost of depreciation-generated funds is equal to

A) the cost of equity capital
B) zero, because depreciation is a non-cash expense
C) the investment opportunity cost
D) the weighted cost of capital

Question 28

Which of the following statements (if any) is (are) true concerning companies that do not pay dividends?

A) The cost of equity capital can be estimated using the Capital Asset Pricing Model.
B) The cost of equity capital is equal to the growth short-term rate of earnings per share.
C) The dividend capitalization model can be used to determine an accurate cost of equity capital.
D) The cost of equity capital cannot be determined by using the CAPM, the risk premium on debt approach, or by estimating ke for comparable dividend-paying stocks in their industry.

Question 29

The optimal capital budget is determined by comparing the expected project returns to the company's

A) computed break points
B) cost of equity schedule
C) marginal cost of capital schedule
D) optimal opportunity curve

Question 30

Historic average capital costs are ____ new (marginal) resource allocation decisions.

A) not relevant for making
B) very useful when making
C) necessary for making
D) the relevant costs for making

Question 31

Calculate the after-tax cost of preferred stock for Ohio Valley Power Company, which is planning to sell $100 million of $3.25 cumulative preferred stock to the public at a price of $25 per share. Flotation costs are $1.00 per share. Ohio Valley has a marginal income tax rate of 40%.

A) 13.0%
B) 7.8%
C) 8.12%
D) 13.54%

Question 32

Retained earnings are a cheaper source of funds than the sale of new equity because

A) retention defers the payment of taxable dividends to shareholders
B) there are no flotation costs
C) new shares are usually priced below current market price
D) all the above

Question 33

Rank in ascending order (lowest to highest) the relative riskiness of the various types of corporate and government securities.

A) common stock, preferred stock, corporate debt, long-term government debt
B) corporate debt, long-term government debt, preferred stock, common stock
C) long-term government debt, corporate debt, preferred stock, common stock
D) corporate debt, preferred stock, long-term government debt, common stock

Question 34

The Allegheny Valley Power Company common stock has a beta of 0.80. If the current risk-free rate is 6.5% and the expected return on the stock market as a whole is 16%, determine the cost of equity capital for the firm (using the CAPM).

A) 14.1%
B) 7.6%
C) 6.5%
D) 13.0%

Question 35

Which of the following is not a typical source of debt funds for a small firm?

A) investment banking firms
B) commercial finance companies
C) Small Business Administration
D) leasing companies

Question 36

The optimal capital budget is indicated by the point at which the ____ and the ____ intersect.

A) depreciation schedule; investment opportunity schedule
B) investment opportunity curve; marginal cost of capital curve
C) investment opportunity curve; average cost of capital curve
D) efficient portfolio curve; marginal cost of capital curve

Question 37

If a firm sells assets, generating cash flows, the cost of these funds is ____.

A) the firm's cost of equity
B) the firm's cost of cash flows
C) the firm's weighted cost of capital
D) zero

Question 38

Small firms are reluctant to obtain capital through the sale of common stock because of:

A) potential loss of voting control
B) high issuance costs
C) high cost of debt
D) both the potential loss of voting control and the high issuance costs

Question 39

During the 1980s, the cost of capital for U.S. firms averaged about 3.3 percentage points higher than Japanese firms. During 1990 this disadvantage may have disappeared due to:

A) higher exports to the U.S.
B) higher real interest rates in Japan
C) larger shareholder interest
D) higher Japanese stock market

Question 40

____ refers to the variability in the firm's operating earnings.

A) Business risk
B) Financial risk
C) Marketability risk
D) Interest rate risk

Question 41

The following financial information is available on Rawls Manufacturing Company:
Rawls can issue new common stock to net the company $44 per share. Determine the cost of internal equity capital using the capital asset pricing model approach. (Compute answer to the nearest 0.1%).

A) 12.9%
B) 12.6%
C) 13.0%
D) 11.8%

Question 42

A firm with a 40 percent marginal tax rate has a capital structure of $60,000,000 in debt and $140,000,000 in equity. What is the firm's weighted cost of capital if the marginal pretax cost of debt is 12 percent, the firm's average pretax cost of debt outstanding is 8%, and the cost of equity is 14.5 percent?

A) 13.75%
B) 11.59%
C) 12.31%
D) 10.45%

Question 43

Mid-South Utilities will sell $10 million of $100 par value preferred stock that will pay an annual dividend of $9.75. Mid-South will receive $93.98 per share after flotation costs. If the issue must be retired in 20 years, what is the cost of the preferred issue?

A) 10.37%
B) 10.50%
C) 10.23%
D) 9.75%

Question 44

Pluega Inc. issued a $100 million 8.27% coupon debenture bond due in the next 20 years. The bonds each sold for $996. If the bonds pay interest semi-annually, what is Pluega's after cash cost of debt? Assume 40% tax rate.

A) 4.96%
B) 8.30%
C) 4.99%
D) 3.32%

Question 45

Determine the weighted cost of capital for the Mills Company that will finance its optimal capital budget with $120 million of long-term debt (kd = 12.5%) and $180 million in retained earnings (k? = 16.0%). Mills' present capital structure is considered optimal. The company's marginal tax rate is 40%. (Compute answer to nearest .1%).

A) 14.3%
B) 12.6%
C) 14.6%
D) 11.9%

Question 46

Easy Slider recently sold a 15 year $1,000 face value bond at a discount for $700 that net the firm $692 after flotation costs. The low coupon bond has a 6% coupon with interest paid semiannually. If Easy Slider has a marginal tax rate of 40 percent, what is its after-tax cost of debt for these bonds?

A) 10.0%
B) 6.0%
C) 9.2%
D) 7.8%

Question 47

GQ earned $740,000 before taxes this year. The firm has a debt ratio of 30 percent, a marginal tax rate of 35 percent, and a dividend payout ratio of 40 percent. GQ has no preferred stock. What is GQ's break point for equity?

A) $634,286
B) $962,000
C) $412,286
D) $288,600

Question 48

Wellington Gas has a target capital structure of 50 percent common equity, 40 percent debt, and 10 percent preferred stock. The cost of retained earnings is 16 percent, and the cost of new equity (external) is 16.7 percent. Wellington can sell debentures that will have an after-tax cost of 8.3 percent and the after-tax cost of preferred stock will be 11.9 percent. What is the marginal cost of capital before and after the break point?

A) 12.51% and 12.86%
B) 11.18% and 11.53%
C) 14.23% and 14.68%
D) 12.51% and 11.53%

Question 49

According to Value Line, Bestway has a beta of 1.15. If 3-month Treasury bills currently yield 7.9 percent and the market risk premium is estimated to be 8.3 percent, what is Bestway's cost of equity capital?

A) 17.45%
B) 8.36%
C) 9.55%
D) 16.2%

Question 50

PDQ Inc. has a weighted cost of capital of 14.6 percent and has an opportunity to invest in the following average risk projects:
In which projects should PDQ invest? Assume no capital rationing.

A) 1 & 2
B) 2 & 3
C) 1 & 3
D) cannot be determined from the information provided

Question 51

Crickentree has a target capital structure of 30 percent debt and 70 percent equity. If the firm expects to have a net income of $1.7 million and a dividend payout ratio of 40 percent, what will be its equity break point?

A) $2,428,571
B) $1,457,143
C) $3,400,000
D) $ 971,429

Question 52

Witin's stock price is currently $34.25 and the current quarterly dividend is $0.25. Consensus estimates for Witin indicate a growth rate in earnings of 10% into the foreseeable future. If Witin plans to sell 1 million shares to raise new capital for expansion, what is the cost of new equity if the issuance costs are 8%?

A) 13.49%
B) 10.87%
C) 13.21%
D) 13.17%

Question 53

Northeast Airlines (NA) has a current dividend of $1.80. Dividends are expected to grow at a rate of 7 percent a year into the foreseeable future. What is NA's cost of external equity if its stock can be sold to net $46 a share?

A) 10.9%
B) 11.2%
C) 7.2%
D) 21.0%

Question 54

Alpha Products maintains a capital structure of 40 percent debt and 60 percent common equity. To finance its capital budget for next year, the firm will sell $50 million of 11 percent debentures at par and finance the balance of its $125 million capital budget with retained earnings. Next year Alpha expects net income to grow 7 percent to $140 million, and dividends also are expected to increase 7 percent to $1.40 per share and to continue growing at that rate for the foreseeable future. The current market value of Alpha's stock is $30. If the firm has a marginal tax rate of 40 percent, what is its weighted cost of capital for the coming year?

A) 9.64%
B) 8.63%
C) 9.84%
D) 11.67%

Question 55

What is the cost of equity for East Roon, if the firm is expected to always pay a constant dividend of $2.22? The firm's common stock is presently selling for $18.50.

A) 8.3%
B) 12.0%
C) 10.2%
D) cannot be determined from the information given

Question 56

Easy Slider Inc. sold a 15 year $1,000 face value bond with a 10 percent coupon rate. Interest is paid annually. After flotation costs, Easy Slider received $928 per bond. Compute the after-tax cost of debt for these bonds if the firm's marginal tax rate is 40 percent.

A) 6.0%
B) 7.2%
C) 7.8%
D) 6.6%

Question 57

Groves, Inc. pays an annual dividend of $1.22. This dividend is expected to continue growing at a rate of about 5 percent each year. The firm is in a fairly risky business and has a beta of 1.45. The expected market rate of return is 13.5 percent, and the risk-free rate is 9.3 percent. What is the cost of equity for Groves?

A) 19.6%
B) 13.5%
C) 15.4%
D) 6.1%

Question 58

Weltron has a target capital structure of 35% debt and 65% equity. If the firm expects net income of $12.3 million and an annual dividend of $0.12 per share, what is the expected equity break point? There are 12 million shares outstanding.

A) $18,923,076
B) $16,707,692
C) $10,061,538
D) $ 2,215,385

Question 59

What is the cost of a preferred stock with a $100 par value that pays a $9.60 dividend per year? The security has a flotation cost of $3.37 and will be retired at its par value in 20 years.

A) 9.6%
B) 9.9%
C) 10.0%
D) 10.6%

Question 60

The following financial information is available on Rawls Manufacturing Company:
Rawls can issue new common stock to net the company $44 per share. Determine the cost of external equity capital using the dividend capitalization model approach. (Compute answer to the nearest 0.1%).

A) 12.7%
B) 14.4%
C) 12.6%
D) 11.4%

Question 61

Zappin' Skeeters Corporation needs to know its cost of retained earnings. Based on the following information, compute the cost of retained earnings: The stock sells for $25, flotation costs are $3 and the firm is in the 35% tax bracket.

A) 15.71%
B) 9.11%
C) 12.56%
D) 10.72%

Question 62

California Best (CB), a sport shoe store, expects an operating income of $2.3 million this year. CB has no long-term debt. The firm is considering as expansion project. The current risk-free rate of return is 7% and the current market risk premium is 8.3%. If CB's beta is 20% greater than the overall market, what is the firm's cost of capital? Assume that CB has a marginal tax rate of 40%.

A) 8.3%
B) 16.96%
C) 9.96%
D) 15.3%

Question 63

Sharp's current capital structure of 60 percent equity, 35 percent debt, and 5 percent preferred stock is considered optimal. This year Sharp expects to have earnings after tax of $3.6 million and to pay out $600,000 in dividends. Sharp can also raise up to $2 million in long-term debt at a pretax interest rate of 10.6 percent (all debt over $2 million will cost 11.4% pretax), and sell preferred stock at a cost of 11.5 percent. Sharp's marginal tax rate is 40 percent. The current value of Sharp's common stock is $36 and a dividend of $2.15 is expected to be paid during the coming year. Dividends have been growing at an annual compound rate of 8 percent a year and are expected to continue growing at that rate. New shares can be sold to net the firm $34.50. Sharp has an opportunity to invest in the following capital projects. Which one(s) should be accepted?

A) 1 and 2
B) 1 and 3
C) 1, 2, and 3
D) cannot be determined from the information provided

Question 64

Sadaplast has a target capital structure of 65% common equity, 30% debt, and 5% preferred stock. The cost of retained earnings is 14% and the cost of new equity is 15.5%. Sadaplast expects to have a net income of $85 million in the coming year. If the firm sells bonds, up to $25 million can be sold at par value to yield an after-tax cost of 5.4%. An additional $20 million of debentures could be sold to yield an after-tax cost of 7.0%. The after-tax cost of preferred stock financing is estimated to be 11%. Sadaplast has a dividend payout ratio of 25%. What is Sadaplast's cost of capital between the first and second break points?

A) 12.25%
B) 11.27%
C) 11.75%
D) 12.73%

Question 65

The cost of debt must account for all of the following inputs EXCEPT:

A) Bond ratings.
B) Issuance costs.
C) flotation costs.
D) The tax rate.

Question 66

There are two primary ways that capital is raised. Which of the following statements is/are correct?
I) Capital is raised internally by using retained earnings.
II) Capital is raised externally by selling fixed assets.

A) I only
B) II only
C) Both I and II
D) Neither I nor II

Question 67

Far Out Tech (FOT) has a debt ratio of 0.3 and it considers this to be its optimal capital structure. FOT has no preferred stock. FOT has analyzed four capital projects for the coming year as follows:
FOT expects to earn $2.7 million after tax next year and pay out $700,000 in dividends. Dividends are expected to be $1.05 a share during the coming year and are expected to grow at a constant rate of 10 percent a year for the foreseeable future. The current market price of FOT stock is $22 and up to $2 million in new equity can be raised for a flotation cost of 10 percent. If more than $2 million is sold then the flotation cost will be 15 percent. Up to $2 million in debt can be sold at par with a coupon rate of 10 percent. Any debt over $2 million will carry a 12 percent coupon rate and be sold at par. If FOT has a marginal tax rate of 40 percent, in which projects should it invest?

A) 1, 2, 3, & 4
B) 2
C) 1, 2, and 4
D) 2 and 4

Question 68

Wright Express(WE) has a capital structure of 30% debt and 70% equity. WE is considering a project that requires an investment of $2.6 million. To finance this project, WE plans to issue 10-year bonds with a coupon interest rate of 12%. Each of these bonds has a $1,000 face value and will be sold to net WE $980. If the current risk-free rate is 7% and the expected market return is 14.5%, what is the weighted cost of capital for WE? Assume WE has a beta of 1.20 and a marginal tax rate of 40%.

A) 14.9%
B) 12.4%
C) 13.4%
D) 16.0%

Question 69

Investors can form earnings growth expectations from various sources, including

A) potential sales growth.
B) current earnings and retention rates.
C) assumed product development.
D) investors' required rate of return.

Question 70

Haulsee Inc. pays no dividend currently but is expected to start paying a small dividend next year. The 5-year old firm has a beta of 1.25 and current earnings of $0.90 per share. The current Treasury bill rate is 6.10% and the market risk premium is 8.8%. Determine Haulsee's cost of equity if the firm's tax rate is 40%.

A) 9.48%
B) 17.1%
C) 14.9%
D) cannot determined from the information provided

Question 71

Bay State Technology has determined that its cost of equity is 15% and its after-tax cost of debt is 7.2%. Bay State expects to earn $14 million after taxes next year and, as a new firm, does not pay any dividends. The stock sells for $24. Bonds are currently selling at par value. Compute Bay State's weighted cost of capital. A partial balance sheet is shown below:

A) 13.4%
B) 13.1%
C) 11.6%
D) 12.7%

Question 72

What is the weighted average cost of capital for Mud Bug Corporation?

A) 6.9%
B) 8.5%
C) 10.2%
D) 9.8%

Question 73

Columbia Gas Company's(CG) current capital structure is 35% debt and 65% equity. This year CG has earnings after tax of $5.31 million and is paying $1.6 million in dividends. To finance a transmission pipe line, CG can borrow $2 million at a cost of 10%, the same rate that CG is currently paying on a total of $15 million long-term debt. CG has 1,000,000 shares outstanding and its current market price is $31. If CG's long-term growth rate of dividends is expected to be 8%, what is the weighted cost of capital for the firm? Assume a marginal tax rate of 40%.

A) 10.9%
B) 13.6%
C) 19.6%
D) 16.9%

Question 74

American Dental Laser is selling a 10 year $1,000 face value bond with a 8% coupon rate. Interest is paid annually. The price to the public is $820 and the issue costs per bond are $10 each. Compute the pretax cost of debt for these bonds.

A) 11.1%
B) 11.3%
C) 11.5%
D) 11.8%

Question 75

Mahlo is planing to diversify into the bakery industry. As a result, its beta should drop from 1.4 to 1.2 and the expected long-term growth rate of dividends will drop from 12% to 9%. The risk-free rate is 4%, the expected market risk premium is 9%, and the current dividend per share paid by Mahlo is $2.10. Should Mahlo complete the diversification into the bakery industry?

A) No, stock price drops about $11.70
B) Yes, stock price increases about $9.40
C) Yes, stock price increases about $1.80
D) No, stock price drops about $9.40

Question 76

Whipple Industries, Inc. is in the process of determining its optimal capital budget for next year. The following investment projects are under consideration:
The firm's marginal cost of capital schedule is as follows:

Determine Whipple's optimal capital budget (in dollars) for the coming year.

A) $11 million
B) $10 million
C) $5 million
D) $14 million

Question 77

Mid-States Utility Company just issued at $3.20 cumulative preferred stock at a price to the public of $30 a share. The flotation costs were $1.50 a share and the issue will be retired in 20 years at its $30 par value. What is the cost of this preferred issue?

A) 11.3%
B) 10.3%
C) 10.7%
D) 11.6%

Question 78

Which of the following statements regarding the cost of capital is/are correct? I. The weighted cost of capital is the discount rate used when computing the net present value.
II) The after-tax cost of capital is weighted by the proportions of the capital components in the firm's long-range target capital structure.

A) I only
B) II only
C) Both I and II
D) Neither I nor II

Question 79

Heleveton Industries is 100% equity financed. Its current beta is 1.1. The expected market risk premium is 8.5% and the risk-free rate is 4.2%. If Heleveton changes its capital structure to 25% debt, it estimates its beta will increase to 1.2. If the after-tax cost of debt will be 6%, should Heleveton make the capital structure change?

A) Yes, cost of capital decreases by 2.52%
B) Yes, cost of capital decreases 1.67%.
C) No, stock price would decrease due to increased risk
D) No, cost of capital increases by 0.85%.

Question 80

Temple Company's common stock dividends have grown over the past 5-year period from $0.60 per share to $0.89 (today). Assume that Temple's dividends are expected to grow at this rate for the foreseeable future. Temple's stock is currently selling for $12 per share. New common stock can be sold to net the company $11 per share. Determine the costs of internal and external equity to Temple.

A) 18.1%; 18.9%
B) 15.9%; 16.6%
C) 16.2%; 16.9%
D) 15.9%; 18.9%