Deck 14: Chi-Square Tests: Goodness of Fit and the Test for Independence

Question 1

Which of the following hypotheses identifies a prediction that requires that two factors we observed in the same statistical design?

A)eating slowly will reduce total caloric intake during a meal
B)mood will improve most when people consume foods that are high in sugar and fat
C)intense exercise will increase cravings for high calorie foods
D)the closer a food is to a participant,the more of that food they will consume

Answer 1

mood will improve most when people consume foods that are high in sugar and fat

Question 2

Which of the following is a reason why it can be necessary to include two factors in the same statistical design?

A)you want to observe two groups in the same statistical design
B)you want to analyze the main effects of a factor
C)your hypothesis may require that you observe two factors
D)you want to minimize the number of participants observed in your study

Answer 2

your hypothesis may require that you observe two factors

Question 3

A researcher computes a two-way between-subjects ANOVA and finds a significant A $\times$ B interaction and two main effects.Which significant effect should be analyzed first?

A)the significant main effect for one factor
B)the significant main effect for both factors
C)the significant interaction
D)No effect needs to be analyzed further.

Answer 3

the significant interaction

Question 4

For an analysis of variance,the term "two-way" refers to

A)the number of factors in the design
B)the number of statistical tests in the design
C)the number of ways that the data can be analyzed
D)the direction that traffic should follow on a road

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT an assumption for computing a two-way between-subjects ANOVA?

A)The population being sampled from is normally distributed.
B)Participants were selected using a random procedure.
C)One observation has no effect on the likelihood of another observation.
D)There is homogeneity of variance and homogeneity of covariance.

Question 6

Each of the following is a type of two-way ANOVA,except

A)a 2-between factorial design
B)a 1-between,1-within factorial design
C)a 2-within factorial design
D)a 1-between factorial design

Question 7

A researcher computes a two-way between-subjects ANOVA and finds a significant main effect of Factor A and an A $\times$ B interaction.Which significant effect should be analyzed first?

A)the significant main effect
B)the significant interaction
C)No effect needs to be analyzed further.

Question 8

Which of the following describes a research design in which one factor could be a between-subjects factor,and the second factor could be a within-subjects factor?

A)the effects of ones' sex (male,female)and season of birth on rates of schizophrenia
B)the effects of ones' socioeconomic status and education level on their overall life satisfaction
C)the effects of ones' income level on their resiliency in the face of each of three cognitively-challenging tasks
D)the effects of ones' handedness (right,left)and class year (freshman to senior)on their intelligence scores.

Question 9

Using an A $\times$ B ANOVA,a researcher concludes that Factor A is significant,independent of Factor B.In this study,this researcher found a significant

A)main effect of Factor A
B)main effect of Factor B
C)A $\times$ B interaction
D)post hoc test

Question 10

Using a two-way between-subjects ANOVA with Factor A (Gender: male,female)and Factor B (Type of employment: blue collar,white collar),a researcher found that scores for men and women significantly varied across the levels of the second factor (type of employment).In this study,the researcher found a significant

A)main effect of Factor A
B)main effect of Factor B
C)A $\times$ B interaction
D)post hoc test

Question 11

There are ____ cells or groups in a 3 $\times$ 4 ANOVA design.

A)3
B)4
C)7
D)12

Question 12

A researcher computes a 2 $\times$ 3 factorial ANOVA.In this example,how many interactions can be observed?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)6

Question 13

The complexity of the two-way ANOVA differs from that of the t tests and the one-way ANOVAs in that,

A)two factors can be observed using the two-way ANOVA,but not using the t tests and the one-way ANOVAs.
B)an interaction can be observed using the two-way ANOVA,but not using the t tests and the one-way ANOVAs.
C)three hypothesis are made with one statistical test using the two-way ANOVA,but not using the t tests and the one-way ANOVAs.
D)all of the above

Question 14

A researcher observes the same participants across the levels of one factor and different participants across the levels of a second factor.What type of factorial design is most appropriate for this study?

A)a 1-between,1-within factorial design
B)a between-subjects factorial design
C)a within-subjects factorial design
D)None;this is not a factorial design.

Question 15

Which source of variation,if significant,is typically analyzed first?

A)a main effect
B)the interaction

Question 16

A ____ is the combination of one level from each factor.

A)factor
B)cell
C)main effect
D)interaction

Question 17

There are ____ factors in a 2 $\times$ 3 ANOVA design.

A)2
B)3
C)5
D)6

Question 18

Not including the total variation,how many sources of variation are measured in a two-way between-subjects ANOVA?

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5

Question 19

Which of the following correctly identifies each source of variation in the two-way between-subjects ANOVA?

A)two between-groups,one within-groups,and error
B)two within-groups,one between-groups,and error
C)two interactions,one main effect,and error
D)two main effects,one interaction,and error

Question 20

A researcher has participants complete a survey regarding their level of restraint when eating.Participants were assigned to groups based on their current health status (lean,overweight,obese)and gender (male,female).What type of factorial design is most appropriate for this study?

A)a 1-between,1-within factorial design
B)a between-subjects factorial design
C)a within-subjects factorial design
D)None;this is not a factorial design.

Question 21

A researcher computes a 2 $\times$ 3 between-subjects ANOVA test in which 11 participants were observed in each condition.If F = 5.17 for both main effect tests and the A $\times$ B interaction test,then the decision for each test

A)will be significant for both main effects and the A $\times$ B interaction
B)will be significant for Factor A,but not Factor B
C)will be significant for Factor B and the A $\times$ B interaction
D)There is not enough information to answer this question.

Question 22

A researcher computes a 2 $\times$ 4 between-subjects ANOVA.What are the degrees of freedom for Factor B for this study?

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)8

Question 23

The statistical procedure used to analyze the simple main effects of an interaction is called

A)a simple main effect test
B)a pairwise comparison
C)the proportion of variance
D)estimated Cohen's d

Question 24

A researcher conducts a 2 $\times$ 4 between-subjects ANOVA in which 12 participants were observed in each group.If = 18 and = 264 for this study,then what is the decision for Factor B at a .05 level of significance?

A)Reject the null hypothesis.
B)Retain the null hypothesis.
C)There is not enough information to answer this question.

Question 25

A professor compares the exam grades of students based on whether they have a learning disability (yes,no)and where they sit in the classroom (in the front,middle,or back row).Different participants were observed in each group.What type of statistical design is appropriate for this study?

A)one-way between-subjects ANOVA
B)one-way within-subjects ANOVA
C)two-way between-subjects ANOVA
D)both B and C

Question 26

A researcher measures differences in recall between participants watching a regular or a 3-D movie clip with a romance,drama,or action theme.Different participants were observed in each group.What type of statistical design is appropriate for this study?

A)one-way between-subjects ANOVA
B)one-way within-subjects ANOVA
C)two-way between-subjects ANOVA
D)both B and C

Question 27

A researcher computes a 3 $\times$ 4 between-subjects ANOVA and finds one significant main effect and a significant interaction.What is the next appropriate step?

A)Compute pairwise comparisons for the main effect.
B)Compute simple main effect tests for the main effect.
C)Compute pairwise comparisons for the interaction.
D)Compute simple main effect tests for the interaction.

Question 28

A researcher conducts a 2 $\times$ 4 between-subjects ANOVA in which 12 participants were observed in each group.If = 18 and = 264,then what is the decision for Factor A at a .05 level of significance using the two-way between-subjects ANOVA?

A)Reject the null hypothesis.
B)Retain the null hypothesis.
C)There is not enough information to answer this question.

Question 29

A researcher computes a 3 $\times$ 5 between-subjects ANOVA.What are the degrees of freedom for the A $\times$ B interaction for this study?

A)2
B)4
C)8
D)15

Question 30

For the effects of a two-way between-subjects ANOVA,which values must be known to compute effect size using eta-squared?

A)mean squares
B)sum of squares
C)degrees of freedom
D)all of the above

Question 31

A researcher computes the following 2 $\times$ 3 between-subjects ANOVA,in which 11 participants were observed in each group.Which effect was significant at a .05 level of significance using the two-way between-subjects ANOVA?

A)one of the main effects only
B)Factor A and the A $\times$ B interaction
C)Factor B and the A $\times$ B interaction
D)There were no significant effects.

Question 32

A researcher computes a 2 $\times$ 3 between-subjects ANOVA in which 6 participants are observed in each cell.What are the degrees of freedom error for this study?

A)71
B)60
C)30
D)36

Question 33

A researcher groups college students in a study based on their year in college (freshman,sophomore,junior,senior)and the type of college they attend (junior,technical,university).He concludes that perceptions of academic cheating are more positive among freshman attending junior college.To reach this conclusion,which statistical test would need to be computed?

A)a two-way between-subjects ANOVA
B)a simple main effect test
C)a post hoc test
D)all of the above

Question 34

A researcher computes a 3 $\times$ 4 between-subjects ANOVA.What are the degrees of freedom for Factor A for this study?

A)2
B)3
C)6
D)12

Question 35

The denominator of the test statistic for the main effects and interaction in a two-way between-subjects ANOVA

A)is equal to 0
B)is equal to mean square error
C)is equal to mean square between-groups
D)is a measure of variance for differences between groups

Question 36

A researcher computes a 4 $\times$ 4 between-subjects ANOVA and finds two significant main effects and a significant interaction.What is the next appropriate step?

A)Compute pairwise comparisons for each main effect.
B)Compute simple main effect tests for each main effect.
C)Compute pairwise comparisons for the interaction.
D)Compute simple main effect tests for the interaction.

Question 37

A simple main effect test is appropriate for analyzing which significant result?

A)a significant main effect,where k = 2
B)a significant main effect,where k > 2
C)a significant interaction
D)all of the above

Question 38

A researcher records the amount of time spent studying by male and female college students in a dormitory versus a library setting.Different participants were observed in each group.What type of statistical design is appropriate for this study?

A)one-way between-subjects ANOVA
B)one-way within-subjects ANOVA
C)two-way between-subjects ANOVA
D)both B and C

Question 39

A researcher computes two 2 $\times$ 2 between-subjects ANOVAs.In Study 1,he observes 8 participants in each cell;in Study 2,he observes 12 participants in each cell.Which study is associated with a larger value for degrees of freedom for the A $\times$ B interaction?

A)Study 1
B)Study 2
C)Both studies have the same degrees of freedom for the A $\times$ B interaction.

Question 40

Computing a two-way between-subjects ANOVA is appropriate when

A)different participants are assigned to each group or cell
B)the same participants are observed across groups or cells
C)the levels of two or more factors are manipulated
D)both A and C

Question 41

Homogeneity of variance is one assumption for the two-way between-subjects ANOVA.

Question 42

When the same participants are observed in each cell or group,we use the two-way between-subjects ANOVA to analyze the data.

Question 43

An A $\times$ B interaction is associated with 8 degrees of freedom in a 2 $\times$ 4 between-subjects ANOVA.

Question 44

Using the two-way mixed ANOVA,different participants are observed at each level of the between-subjects factor,and the same participants are observed across the levels of the within-subjects factor.

Question 45

For the effects of a two-way between-subjects ANOVA,which values must be known to compute effect size using omega-squared?

A)mean squares
B)sum of squares
C)degrees of freedom
D)all of the above

Question 46

There are two factors and four cells in a 2 $\times$ 2 between-subjects ANOVA.

Question 47

An A $\times$ B interaction is associated with 2 degrees of freedom in a 2 $\times$ 3 between-subjects ANOVA design.

Question 48

For a two-way ANOVA,the ________ should also be reported for each significant hypothesis test and for the simple main effect tests.

A)effect size
B)critical values
C)individual participant data
D)all of the above

Question 49

A two-way ANOVA is a statistical procedure used to test hypotheses concerning the variance of two group means for the levels of one factor.

Question 50

Using a two-way between-subjects ANOVA,we compute hypothesis tests for two main effects and one interaction.

Question 51

A complete factorial design is one in which each level of one factor is combined or crossed with each level of the other factor.

Question 52

The assumptions for a two-way between-subjects ANOVA apply only to main effect tests,and not the interaction test.

Question 53

To summarize any type of two-way ANOVA using APA format,we report each of the following except the,

A)test statistic
B)critical values
C)p value
D)degrees of freedom

Question 54

An estimate of effect size with the two-way ANOVA is typically reported for:

A)a significant main effect test
B)a significant interaction test
C)both A and B
D)None;effect size is not reported for the two-way ANOVA.

Question 55

A researcher conducts a 2 $\times$ 3 between-subjects ANOVA.She finds a significant interaction,where = 120 and = 518.What is the effect size for this test using eta-squared?

A)0.23
B)0.43
C)4.32
D)There is not enough information to answer this question.

Question 56

Homogeneity of covariance is one assumption for computing a two-way between-subjects ANOVA.

Question 57

The following is a summary of a significant interaction for a two-way ANOVA: F(2,30)= 2.04,p < .05 ( = .15).What of the following must be incorrect in this report?

A)the effect size
B)the degrees of freedom
C)the p value
D)the test statistic

Question 58

The means and standard error or standard deviations measured in a study can be summarized in,

A)a figure
B)a table
C)the main text of a report
D)all of the above

Question 59

A researcher conducts two studies using the two-way between-subjects ANOVA.The sum of squares total is smaller in Study 1 than in Study 2;the sum of squares for Factor A is the same in both studies.In which study will the effect size be larger for Factor A using omega-squared?

A)Study 1
B)Study 2
C)There is not enough information to answer this question.

Question 60

If an interaction and a main effect are significant for a two-way between-subjects ANOVA,then the main effect must be analyzed first.

Question 61

The denominator of the formula for eta-squared is for both main effects and the interaction.

Question 62

A two-way between-subjects ANOVA is appropriate for analyzing differences in the combination of levels for two or more factors.

Question 63

If both main effects and the interaction are not significant using the two-way between-subjects ANOVA then post hoc tests and simple main effect tests are unnecessary.

Question 64

Simple main effect tests are used to analyze a significant interaction by comparing the mean differences of one factor at each level of a second factor.

Question 65

Omega-squared corrects for the number of groups and the size of error in an analysis of variance test;eta-squared does not.

Question 66

The following APA summary of a significant main effect is correctly stated: "The main effect of comprehension level was significant,F(2,30)= 3.07,p < .05 (R² = .18).

Question 67

It is inappropriate to compute effect size for interactions and main effects.

Question 68

To summarize any type of two-way ANOVA,we report the test statistic,the degrees of freedom,and the p value for each significant main effect and interaction.

Question 69

Mean square error is the denominator for all tests using a two-way between-subjects ANOVA.

Question 70

Eta-squared is a more powerful estimate of effect size than R².

Question 71

If a study has 12 groups,then it is possible that the degrees of freedom for each factor are 2 and 3 degrees of freedom for a two-way between-subjects ANOVA.

Question 72

Simple main effect tests are necessary to analyze interactions,not main effects.

Question 73

If a study has 12 groups,then it is possible that the degrees of freedom for each factor are 3 and 4 degrees of freedom for a two-way between-subjects ANOVA.

Question 74

A significant interaction indicates that at least one pair of cell means significantly differs.

Question 75

Simple main effect tests are necessary to analyze a significant interaction or a significant main effect.

Question 76

If each main effect is significant,then the interaction must also be significant for a two-way between-subjects ANOVA.

Question 77

A researcher randomly assigns different participants to each combination of levels for two factors.In this example,a two-way between-subjects ANOVA is appropriate to analyze the data.

Question 78

The following APA summary of a significant interaction is correctly stated: "The interaction between playfulness and resiliency was significant,F(16)= 3.07,p < .05 (R² = .12).