Deck 2: The Beginning: From Conception to Birth

Question 1

Conflict between parents and their children peaks during early adolescence.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Four aspects of family closeness are communication, support, connectedness, and control.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Links between adolescents and relatives are especially common among immigrant groups.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

When one person shows another how to resist social norms, deviancy training has occurred.

Question 5

Parental monitoring, even if restrictive and controlling, does not usually cause detrimental effects.

Question 6

The four areas of identity formation proposed by Erikson include religious, political, familial, and physical identities.

Question 7

Sixteen-year-old Ava quit school, lost her job as a waitress, and spends most of her time online in chat rooms. When her parents voiced their disapproval, she replied, "Leave me alone!" Ava's behavior shows role confusion.

Question 8

Identity achievement involves a denial of past experiences and childhood identifications.

Question 9

Hermione accepts her parents' religious faith without question. She is happy and enjoys participating in religious events with them. Hermione's behavior shows identity moratorium.

Question 10

Moratorium is an identity status that is considered to be a more mature response to identity exploration than foreclosure.

Question 11

Early other-sex interactions occur mostly in groups.

Question 12

Adolescent romantic relationship partners, especially in early adolescence, are often selected based on social connections and status with peer groups.

Question 13

Culture influences the kind of information adolescents share with their parents.

Question 14

Gender identity refers primarily to a person's self-definition as a male or a female.

Question 15

In the twenty-first century, most adolescents do not affiliate strongly with one political party over another.

Question 16

In early adolescence, teens are less susceptible to peer pressure.

Question 17

According to Erikson, the ultimate goal of the identity crisis is identity achievement.

Question 18

Peers are more harmful than helpful.

Question 19

Part-time employment during the adolescent years is associated with problems if the adolescent works too many hours.

Question 20

A person's gender identity does not always reflect biological characteristics.

Question 21

Most adolescents engage in some law-breaking behaviors during adolescence.

Question 22

Several suicides that occur within a group over a brief span of time are called crowd suicides.

Question 23

Contrary to adult fears, many adolescent romances do not include coitus.

Question 24

The completed suicide rate is higher for males than for females.

Question 25

Abstinence-only sex-education programs have little to no impact on reducing adolescent sexual activity.

Question 26

In much of the Middle East, alcohol is illegal and adolescents almost never drink.

Question 27

Only about one-fourth of adolescent lawbreakers are never caught.

Question 28

Most adolescents do not try psychoactive drugs.

Question 29

Alcohol affects adolescents more than adults due to their brain immaturity.

Question 30

The process of rumination helps adolescents recover more quickly from the effects of difficult experiences.

Question 31

The rate of clinical depression is higher for adolescent boys than it is for adolescent girls.

Question 32

In Indonesia, 38 percent of women smoke because cigarettes are closely tied to sexual allure.

Question 33

Most adolescence-limited offenders become career criminals.

Question 34

Familism refers to parents' ongoing awareness of their children's activities and friendships.

Question 35

Adults are less likely to commit suicide than are adolescents.

Question 36

Advertisements and curricula that rely on scare tactics can actually increase drug use by making it seem exciting.

Question 37

Genetic vulnerability is a contributing cause of depression during adolescence.

Question 38

Experts prefer the term failed suicide attempt to parasuicide.

Question 39

Alcohol is widely enjoyed in North America and is only infrequently abused.

Question 40

In most European nations alcohol is widely used by adolescents and even children.

Question 41

Without any thoughtful consideration, Britton took on an identity that is the opposite of what his parents want for him. Britton has adopted a(n) _____.

A) negative identity
B) positive identity
C) non-identity
D) over identity

Question 42

Eric readily adopted his parents' political beliefs without question. Happy and secure, he enjoys participating in political events with his parents. His identity status reflects _____.

A) diffusion
B) achievement
C) foreclosure
D) moratorium

Question 43

Psychosocial development during adolescence is often seen as a quest to answer the question _____.

A) "What am I going to do with my life?"
B) "Will I ever find someone to love?"
C) "Who am I?"
D) "Why don't my parents understand me?"

Question 44

Psychosocial development during adolescence involves the search for a(n) _____.

A) soul mate
B) career
C) set of behaviors to please others
D) understanding of oneself

Question 45

During an identity moratorium, adolescents typically _____.

A) ignore their future roles and responsibilities
B) take on a temporary role and postpone identity-achievement decisions
C) change their identity from that of their youth
D) adopt their parents' views after having tested them on their own

Question 46

Malcolm's parents wanted him to be part of the family business-and Malcolm planned to do so. Then, at age 17, he decided to leave the business to study to be a lawyer. Malcolm resisted _____.

A) identity foreclosure
B) forced conversion
C) role repudiation
D) negative identity

Question 47

The term for a pause in identity formation, when alternatives are explored before final choices are made, is known as _____.

A) identity diffusion
B) role confusion
C) negative identity
D) moratorium

Question 48

Diamond is an adolescent. According to Erikson, her new identity will be established by choosing _____.

A) an appropriate adult "hero figure"
B) values and goals opposite to the destructive identities of media stars
C) to embrace some parental and societal values while abandoning others
D) one sexual role and sticking with it, regardless of the consequences

Question 49

When a person adopts the roles and values of parents or society without questioning and exploring a personal identity, it is referred to as identity _____.

A) moratorium
B) foreclosure
C) diffusion
D) achievement

Question 50

Identity diffusion is typically characterized by _____.

A) no focus on or concern about the future
B) foreclosure
C) following one's heart
D) commitment to a cause

Question 51

In the United States, one way for some to legitimatize an identity moratorium is to _____.

A) go to college
B) get married
C) have a baby
D) smoke marijuana

Question 52

According to Erikson, adolescents are in the stage of _____.

A) identity versus role confusion
B) intimacy versus isolation
C) independence versus neediness
D) integration versus separation

Question 53

An example of a behavior that demonstrates identity foreclosure is _____.

A) dropping out of high school
B) choosing a different career path than what parents wanted
C) being eager to vote
D) working in the family business because it is expected

Question 54

The identity status characterized by a lack of commitment to any goals or values is _____.

A) achievement
B) foreclosure
C) diffusion
D) moratorium

Question 55

Following Erikson's lead, _____ distinguished four specific ways young people cope with the identity crisis.

A) Baumrind
B) Freud
C) Marcia
D) Skinner

Question 56

Identity diffusion refers to the identity status in which adolescents _____.

A) pause during their identity formation to explore alternatives
B) form their identity prematurely
C) do not commit to goals and fail to take on any role
D) understand who they are as connected to everything they have learned

Question 57

Seventeen-year-old Nicholas failed several classes, lost his job, and spends most of his time sleeping on the couch. When his parents voice their disapproval, he replies, "Whatever." Nicholas' response indicates _____.

A) role confusion
B) identity achievement
C) identity foreclosure
D) a moratorium

Question 58

According to Erikson, the goal of adolescence is to _____.

A) abandon parental goals
B) find one's own identity
C) attain independence from one's peer group
D) form an intimate relationship with a member of the opposite sex

Question 59

Which adolescent appears to be experiencing identity diffusion?

A) Jeannine, who runs away from a pressured home environment and joins a commune
B) Fred, who is pressured by his parents to become a doctor
C) Barbara, a college student who frequently changes majors
D) Zachary, who spends most of his time watching TV and hanging out with his friends

Question 60

According to Erikson, the ultimate adolescent psychosocial goal is identity _____.

A) diffusion
B) achievement
C) foreclosure
D) moratorium

Question 61

Tessa is in her bedroom with her mother. Tessa's mother exclaims, "You need to get these clothes off the floor right now!" Tessa replies, "It's my room and I will leave things where I want." Tessa's mother responds, "I am your mother and you will do what I say." This is an example of _____.

A) bickering
B) open communication
C) parental monitoring
D) family bonds

Question 62

In typical relationships, one would expect the MOST bickering between _____.

A) grandparents and teens
B) adolescents and older siblings
C) mothers and daughters
D) fathers and sons

Question 63

Some parent-child bickering during the adolescent years may indicate _____.

A) a disturbed parent-child relationship
B) poor parenting skills
C) teenage depression
D) a healthy family

Question 64

Bickering between parents and adolescents is most likely to _____.

A) be about religious beliefs
B) signal pathology in the family
C) concern personal habits and dress
D) increase steadily between the ages of 13 and 19

Question 65

Which of the following is one of Erikson's four aspects of identity?

A) physical
B) political
C) familial
D) economic

Question 66

Shortly after Louisa turned 18, she developed a newfound appreciation of her parents. What contributed to her change in attitude?

A) less resistance and more placation
B) her parents have adjusted to her independence
C) a more developed prefrontal cortex
D) self-reflection and humility

Question 67

Which statement illustrates the concept of gender roles?

A) A man should be the primary wage earner.
B) A baby is born with reproductive organs for both sexes.
C) A biological male decides to undergo an operation to become a woman.
D) A woman decides to try dating men and women.

Question 68

In the United States, parent-child conflict is most common when children are in _____.

A) late childhood
B) early adolescence
C) late adolescence
D) emerging adulthood

Question 69

Enrique believes that males should always be the ones to ask females out on dates. He thinks that if a man accepts an invitation for a date from a girl it makes him a wimp. This is an example of Enrique's _____.

A) sex
B) gender identity
C) sexual orientation
D) gender

Question 70

Which type of parenting is most effective during adolescence?

A) authoritative
B) neglectful
C) authoritarian
D) permissive

Question 71

Juan does not feel as though he is a male and is upset that his body does not match how he feels. He is experiencing _____.

A) gender identity disorder
B) gender dysphoria
C) gender identity
D) sexual identity

Question 72

Two aspects of family closeness during adolescence are _____.

A) communication and autonomy
B) support and connectedness
C) connectedness and authority
D) openness and control

Question 73

People's acceptance of the roles and behaviors that they define as male or female is referred to as their _____ identity.

A) gender
B) ethnic
C) heterosexual
D) foreclosed

Question 74

A father says to his son, "I want you home by 10:00 P.M." This best represents which aspect of family closeness?

A) control
B) support
C) communication
D) connectedness

Question 75

Nineteen-year-old Chad is serving a 2-year mission in Nicaragua for his church. When he returns home, he will decide whether to attend college and will make decisions about career and family. Chad's current status is identity _____.

A) foreclosure
B) moratorium
C) diffusion
D) achievement

Question 76

Research indicates that adolescents who work more than 20 hours a week during the school year _____.

A) save more money for college
B) are more likely to love their work in adulthood
C) create a stronger vocational identity early on
D) tend to hate their jobs and achieve less in school

Question 77

Gender refers to _____.

A) the cultural or social attributes of being male or female
B) the biological characteristics of being male or female
C) homophobia
D) one's sexual orientation

Question 78

_____ adolescents totally reject the religion in which they've grown up.

A) Few
B) About half of all
C) About three-fourths of all
D) Almost all

Question 79

Which type of parenting can "boomerang," resulting in adolescents who learn to deceive their parents?

A) authoritative
B) neglectful
C) authoritarian
D) permissive

Question 80

Today, vocational identity often takes _____ to establish, and most work demands very specific skills that are best learned on the job.

A) days
B) months
C) years
D) decades