Deck 6: Human Variation: Evolution, Adaptation, and Adaptability

Question 1

Most early anthropologists obtained their data from lengthy field research.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Which of the following terms is commonly used interchangeably with the term subspecies?

A)deme
B)population
C)race
D)gene pool

Answer 2

race

Question 3

Homo sapiens is divided into local populations that differ by one or more phenotypic traits.In other words,it is a __________ species.

A)polytypic
B)anthropometric
C)polygenetic
D)polymorphic

Answer 3

polytypic

Question 4

Which of the following nations involved in WWII was NOT fundamentally racist?

A)The United States
B)Japan
C)Germany
D)none of these

Question 5

Biological anthropologists are most interested in studying variation at the individual level.

Question 6

Which of the following is a definition for environmentalism?

A)prejudice against a person based on his or her racial heritage
B)the study of how cultures classify organisms in the natural world
C)the view that the environment has great powers to directly shape the anatomy of individual organisms
D)the measurement of different aspects of the body,such as stature or skin color

Question 7

Populations and demes are genetically impermeable.

Question 8

When focusing on genotypes,a population may be referred to as a __________.

A)gene pool
B)deme
C)both of these
D)none of the above

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the difference between a deme and a subspecies?

A)A deme is a single population,while a subspecies may include multiple populations.
B)The term deme describes the phenotypes of a population,subspecies describes the genotypes.
C)A subspecies contains a single population,while a deme may include multiple populations.
D)There is no difference between a deme and a subspecies.

Question 10

Many monogenists believed in a strong form of ,the view that the environment has great powers to directly shape the anatomy of individual organisms.

A)racism
B)ethnobiology
C)polygenism
D)environmentalism

Question 11

The United States of the early twentieth century was a fundamentally racist country.

Question 12

Both the ancient Greeks and Romans were aware of human variation.

Question 13

Racism can be defined as __________.

A)prejudice against a person based on his or her racial heritage
B)the study of how cultures classify organisms in the natural world
C)the view that the environment has great powers to directly shape the anatomy of individual organisms
D)the measurement of different aspects of the body,such as stature or skin color

Question 14

In his book The Mind of Primitive Man,Franz Boas argued __________.

A)that human behavior was largely determined by biology
B)that there was little relationship between race and cultural achievement
C)that there was a strong relationship between race and cultural achievement
D)that certain "undesirable" races should not be allowed to immigrate into the U.S.

Question 15

Sex and age are examples of factors that may vary at the individual level.

Question 16

Humans vary __________.

A)only at the group level
B)only at the individual level
C)only at the population level
D)at the group,individual,and population level

Question 17

A researcher investigating how various cultures classify organisms in the natural world is engaged in study of __________.

A)ethnobotany
B)ethnobiology
C)polygenism
D)anthropometry

Question 18

Anthropometry can be defined as __________.

A)prejudice against a person based on his or her racial heritage
B)the study of how cultures classify organisms in the natural world
C)the view that the environment has great powers to directly shape the anatomy of individual organisms
D)the measurement of different aspects of the body,such as stature or skin color

Question 19

Who among the following was opposed to the use of the term race?

A)Carolus Linnaeus
B)Franz Boas
C)Ashley Montagu
D)Reverend Samuel Stanhope Smith

Question 20

Friedrich Blumenbach believed __________.

A)in a polygenic creation of life on earth
B)that each human "race" was actually a separate species
C)that the division between human groups was more or less arbitrary
D)the races of humans each had a separate origin

Question 21

__________ is defined as the study of evolutionary phenomena that occur within a species.

A)Anthropometry
B)Racial taxonomy
C)Population genetics
D)Microevolution

Question 22

Which of the following features were key traits in determining racial groups?

A)skin color
B)eye form
C)head shape
D)all of these

Question 23

On a global scale,skin color is a particularly good indicator of geographic origins.

Question 24

The field of is concerned with uncovering genetic variation within and between populations of organisms.

A)anthropometry
B)racial taxonomy
C)population genetics
D)microevolution

Question 25

In the event of maternal-fetal incompatibility of the rhesus system,the child of __________ is likely to need a blood transfusion.

A)the first pregnancy
B)subsequent pregnancies
C)both the first and subsequent pregnancies
D)neither the first nor the subsequent pregnancies

Question 26

A population is polymorphic for a trait if it is governed by two alleles and if the alleles are present at a frequency of __________.

A)greater than 1%
B)less than 5%
C)less than 100%
D)greater than 20%

Question 27

A child may be born with erythroblastosis fetalis if __________.

A)there is maternal-fetal incompatibility of the rhesus system
B)both the mother and child have type A blood
C)there is maternal-fetal incompatibility of the ABO system
D)both the mother and child have Rh-negative blood

Question 28

A child may be born with hemolytic anemia if __________.

A)there is maternal-fetal incompatibility of the rhesus system
B)both the mother and child have type A blood
C)there is maternal-fetal incompatibility of the ABO system
D)both the mother and child have Rh-negative blood

Question 29

Which of the following may be a factor in determining a population's blood type distribution?

A)bacterial disease
B)temperatures
C)cephalic index
D)skin color

Question 30

It appears that natural selection plays little to no role in the distribution of ABO alleles.

Question 31

Today biological anthropologists prefer to use the term __________ rather than race.

A)population
B)ethnic group
C)deme
D)species

Question 32

Research into _________ revealed that members of the Lemba ethnic group in Africa are indeed genetically related to Semitic populations.

A)haplotypes
B)the Duffy blood group
C)Y chromosome markers
D)blood systems

Question 33

Which of the following best defines cline?

A)a folk taxonomic category based on biological observations
B)the existence of two or more distinct phenotypes within a population
C)the distribution of a trait or allele across geographical space
D)a group of local populations

Question 34

What is a difference between the concepts of race and ethnic group?

A)Races are separated from one another by social barriers.
B)The concept of race explicitly incorporates sociocultural factors.
C)Ethnic groups are separated from one another by social barriers.
D)The term ethnic group has been replaced by the term race.

Question 35

A scientist constructing an evolutionary tree indicating relatedness and divergence times among taxonomic groups is making a __________.

A)deme
B)population
C)phylogeny
D)balanced polymorphism

Question 36

Morphological features are never used today to study gene flow between human populations.

Question 37

A genetic study of the Duffy blood group revealed that __________.

A)modern Hungarians have origins in central Asia
B)the Lemba in Africa are indeed genetically related to Semitic populations
C)African and European populations have genetically mixed in the United States
D)all of these

Question 38

It is possible to use blood system data to trace gene flow between human populations.

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT true of phylogenetic trees?

A)They are precise reconstructions of evolutionary events.
B)They are always subject to different interpretations.
C)They should incorporate the fewest number of evolutionary steps or events.
D)Nodes are placed with as high a degree of statistical certainty as possible.

Question 40

Which of the following blood systems is most important for typing organs for organ transplantation?

A)ABO
B)Rhesus
C)MNS
D)HLA

Question 41

What is the main difference between acclimatization and adaptability?

A)Acclimatization is very short-term,adaptability is more long-term.
B)Adaptability refers to genetic changes that can be inherited,acclimatization does not.
C)Acclimatization refers to changes at the allele level,adaptability refers to phenotypic changes.
D)Adaptability is very short-term,acclimatization is more long-term.

Question 42

Continued lactase production in adulthood is caused by a __________ allele.

A)codominant
B)recessive
C)dominant
D)non-coding

Question 43

The main carbohydrate in mammal milk is a sugar called __________.

A)lactase
B)glucose
C)galactose
D)lactose

Question 44

There are no populations where dairying is present,but lactose tolerance frequencies are low.

Question 45

Cavalli-Sforza's phylogenetic tree of the world's populations indicates that __________ was the earliest genetic event in human history.

A)the arrival of humans in Australia
B)the peopling of the Americas
C)the separation of African populations from all others
D)none of these

Question 46

An individual who is lactose intolerant __________.

A)will die if he or she consumes milk
B)can easily digest dairy products
C)has trouble digesting lactase
D)none of these

Question 47

Which of the following defines adaptability?

A)short-term changes in physiology
B)the maintenance of a polymorphic trait
C)the ability of an organism to make anatomical changes
D)the situation when heterozygotes have a selective advantage over homozygotes

Question 48

Humans may cope with the environment with __________.

A)cultural adaptations
B)genetic adaptations
C)acclimatization
D)all of these

Question 49

Heterozygous carriers of Tay-Sachs disease may have had a reproductive advantage due to __________.

A)cultural factors
B)resistance to disease
C)random factors
D)acclimatization

Question 50

Individuals within the same species cannot have varying phenotypes without the genotypes also varying.

Question 51

In a balanced polymorphism,__________ prevents any of the alternative phenotypes from going to fixation or being lost.

A)random forces
B)genetic drift
C)cultural practices
D)natural selection

Question 52

Most people in the world are lactose intolerant as adults.

Question 53

Which of the following is a human response to extreme cold?

A)vasoconstriction
B)hypoxic ventilatory response
C)Sickle cell disorder
D)vasodilation

Question 54

After weaning,most mammals __________.

A)drink milk only occasionally
B)continue to drink milk regularly
C)will die if they drink milk
D)become lactose malabsorbers

Question 55

In regions with a heavy malarial load,__________ have better reproductive fitness.

A)sickle cell disorder carriers
B)people who are homozygous for sickle cell disorder
C)people who do not have any sickle cell disorder alleles
D)all of these

Question 56

The fatal autosomal genetic disorder cystic fibrosis may have remained in populations because of __________.

A)acclimatization
B)adaptability
C)it is a frequency-dependent balanced polymorphism
D)heterozygous advantage

Question 57

A balanced polymorphism that is maintained because the advantageous phenotypes only retain their advantage when they are present below a certain frequency is called __________.

A)heterosis
B)hybrid vigor
C)a frequency-dependent balanced polymorphism
D)a heterozygous advantage

Question 58

Among adult humans,lactose intolerance is __________.

A)not very common
B)a highly polymorphic trait
C)nonexistent
D)most common among Europeans

Question 59

Which of the following is a human response to extreme heat?

A)vasoconstriction
B)hypoxic ventilatory response
C)sickle cell disorder
D)vasodilation

Question 60

According to Bergmann's Rule,__________.

A)there is no relationship between body form and temperature
B)the colder the climate,the larger the body
C)the colder the climate,the shorter the limbs
D)the warmer the climate,the larger the body

Question 61

Explain the mechanical and genetic components of sickle cell disorder.What are the factors attributed to the presence of a sickle cell disorder polymorphism?

Question 62

Hypoxic ventilatory response

A)heat
B)cold
C)water
D)high altitude

Question 63

People with more melanin are less susceptible to the effects of UVR than people who have less melanin.

Question 64

Bergmann's rule focuses on the relationship between body size and ambient temperature.

Question 65

Describe the modern conception of race in anthropology.Explain the contributions of Franz Boas and Cavelli-Sforza to this conception.

Question 66

Which of the following is a mechanism by which human populations cope with high altitudes?

A)hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR)
B)vasodilation
C)pupil constriction
D)vasoconstriction

Question 67

Explain two ways genetic markers have been used to trace gene flow in contemporary populations.Why are morphological markers rarely used for this?

Question 68

According to Allen's Rule,__________.

A)there is no relationship between body form and temperature
B)the colder the climate,the larger the body
C)the colder the climate,the shorter the limbs
D)the warmer the climate,the larger the body

Question 69

Citing specific examples where possible,explain the human adaptive response to heat,cold,and altitude.

Question 70

Explain the mechanical and genetic components of lactose intolerance.What are the factors attributed to the presence of a lactase polymorphism?

Question 71

People with darker skin cannot synthesize __________ as efficiently as people with lighter skin.

A)lactose
B)vitamin D
C)calcium
D)folate

Question 72

High altitudes are a stress on human populations because there is less oxygen available to breathe.

Question 73

Explain the ABO blood type polymorphism.What factors may contribute to its clinal distribution?

Question 74

Trace the perspectives on human variation from the ancient Greeks up to

Question 75

__________ is the most important component of skin color.

A)melanin
B)oxidized hemoglobin
C)dendrite
D)keratinocyte

Question 76

Allen's rule does not hold for human populations.

Question 77

What does it mean to say that we are a polytypic species? Explain how we vary at the group and population levels.

Question 78

What is adaptability and how does it differ from acclimatization?