Deck 15: Biomedical and Forensic Anthropology

Question 1

Which of the following does NOT contribute to menopause?

A)a finite number of eggs
B)atresia
C)age
D)the secular trend in growth

Answer 1

the secular trend in growth

Question 2

Late starting genetic diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and cancer are examples of __________.

A)the environmental mismatch between our bodies' design and contemporary environments
B)evolutionary design compromises
C)pleiotropic gene effects
D)defenses vs.defects

Answer 2

pleiotropic gene effects

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of an epidemiological transition?

A)AIDS drugs prolong the lives of sufferers thereby affecting the disease's prevalence rate.
B)A highly contagious disease spreads rapidly,increasing its incidence rate.
C)Patterns of disease and mortality change as societies become more developed such as is the case with agriculture.
D)All of these.

Answer 3

Patterns of disease and mortality change as societies become more developed such as is the case with agriculture.

Question 4

In industrialized nations,the age of menarche will be __________ than in non-industrialized nations.

A)the same
B)slightly older
C)younger
D)much older

Question 5

Humans are the only primates that have menopause.

Question 6

Which of the following is typical of the gestational stage?

A)the appearance of the first permanent teeth
B)the appearance of the last permanent teeth
C)rapid development
D)puberty

Question 7

A human infant's brain is nearly as large as an adult chimpanzee brain.

Question 8

Of the more than 4 million births in the U.S.in 2000,over __________% occurred in hospitals.

A)95
B)97
C)99
D)90

Question 9

The secular trend in growth is a result of a reduction of the impact of disease and __________.

A)better nutrition
B)more exposure to sunlight
C)pollutants
D)natural selection

Question 10

Schultz's first stage of development is the __________ stage.

A)teratogen
B)juvenile
C)infancy
D)prenatal

Question 11

In humans,a prolonged juvenile stage __________.

A)prolongs the onset of adulthood
B)provides an extended period of social learning
C)allows for a spurt in neurological development
D)all of these

Question 12

The secular trend in growth refers to the fact that __________.

A)primates all reach sexual maturity at the same age
B)adolescence provides for more social learning
C)children in industrialized nations grow larger
D)mortality rates rarely change over time

Question 13

Which of the following is unique to humans?

A)puberty
B)gestation
C)the adolescent growth spurt
D)altricial offspring

Question 14

Which of the following best defines auxology?

A)the quantitative study of disease in populations
B)the qualitative study of disease in populations
C)the study of human growth and development
D)the study of human remains to determine the cause of death

Question 15

The age at which puberty appears varies greatly between primate species.

Question 16

Anorexia nervosa only occurs in North America.

Question 17

The most common human teratogen is __________.

A)nuclear radiation
B)alcohol
C)tobacco smoke
D)PCBs

Question 18

The biocultural view __________.

A)focuses solely on the role of culture variables of disease
B)focuses mostly on disease's biological and environmental variables
C)takes into account both biological and cultural aspects of disease
D)does not include the role of behavior and its influence on disease

Question 19

The processes of growth and development remain constant,regardless of environmental conditions.

Question 20

__________ is the subfield of biological anthropology concerned with issues of health and illness.

A)Epidemiology
B)Biomedical anthropology
C)Auxology
D)Forensics

Question 21

The Black Death is a good example of how __________ can spread infectious disease.

A)agriculture
B)migration
C)antigens
D)sunlight

Question 22

Agricultural populations may be more vulnerable to infectious disease due to their __________.

A)higher populations
B)sedentary lifestyle
C)limited access to a variety of water sources
D)all of these

Question 23

Forensic anthropologists are more interested in recording the hard attributes of findings than their contextual information.

Question 24

Pathogens are identified by __________.

A)taxonomy
B)mode of transmission
C)organ systems they affect
D)all of these

Question 25

Problems associated with the so-called thrifty-gene are associated with __________.

A)obesity
B)diets of excess
C)diabetes
D)all of these

Question 26

Aging may be the result of __________.

A)accumulated DNA damage
B)free radical action
C)pleiotropic gene effects
D)all of these

Question 27

Individuals suffering from pellagra __________.

A)are probably from a hunter-gatherer culture
B)lack niacin in their diet
C)lack thiamine in their diet
D)lack lime in their diet

Question 28

A __________ point represents a fixed position from which everything in a field site is measured so that the precise "find spot" of each object can be relocated in the future.

A)datum
B)chart
C)survey
D)focus

Question 29

Antigens __________.

A)synthesize antibodies
B)are comprised of immunoglobins
C)are foreign substances in the body
D)are the same thing as T cells.

Question 30

Bioarchaeologists and forensic anthropologists are both experts in __________.

A)osteological identification
B)archaeological field methods
C)assessing what happened at time of death
D)all of these

Question 31

Forensic recovery is typically a

A)speedy
B)tiresome
C)ongoing
D)preliminary

Question 32

__________ destroy infectious agents.

A)Phagocytes
B)T cells
C)Helper T cells
D)B lymphocytes

Question 33

Which of the following best describes free radicals?

A)accumulations in mutations over time
B)molecules with unpaired electrons
C)the pleiotropic effects of certain genes
D)disposable soma

Question 34

Why is a chain of custody so important for forensic anthropologists?

A)to prevent contamination of evidence
B)to have detailed records of those who participated in recovery efforts
C)to ensure that remains cannot be tampered with
D)all of the above

Question 35

The __________ asserts that it is more efficient for an organism to devote resources towards reproduction rather than towards maintenance of the body.

A)free radical
B)pleiotropic gene theory
C)disposable soma theory
D)thrifty genotype

Question 36

Unlike pathologists and medical examiners,forensic anthropologists bring __________ to the study of skeletal remains.

A)an understanding of skeletal biology
B)legal expertise
C)a hard-tissue focus
D)all of the above

Question 37

Individual and cultural practices have little to no effect on the spread of infectious disease.

Question 38

Individuals suffering from beriberi __________.

A)are probably from a hunter-gatherer culture
B)lack niacin in their diet
C)lack thiamine in their diet
D)lack lime in their diet

Question 39

Individuals infected with the protozoan Plasmodium vivax are in danger of contracting __________.

A)sickle cell disorder
B)bubonic plague
C)malaria
D)river blindness

Question 40

Forensic anthropologists are frequently called to assist in identification of remains found in mass graves.

Question 41

Which of the following is not part of the laboratory processing of remains?

A)cleaning off any remaining soft tissue
B)creating an inventory of remains
C)determining a datum point
D)laying out bones in anatomical position

Question 42

There is no biological reality to the idea of fixed biological races in humans.

Question 43

Postmortem events are often of greater interest to bioarchaeologists than they are to forensic anthropologists.

Question 44

All diseases or injuries leave marks on bone.

Question 45

The two parts of the skeleton that most readily reveal sex are the

A)pelvis and skull
B)pelvis and clavicle
C)femur and skull
D)skull and clavicle

Question 46

Which of the following is not a way in which male and female skulls differ?

A)Male skulls are more robust on average.
B)The mastoid process of the temporal bone is larger in males.
C)The orbital rim is sharper in males.
D)The female frontal is more vertical.

Question 47

Systematic changes in activity influence the development of the human skeleton.

Question 48

Which of the following is something that postmortem trauma can tell researchers?

A)if the trauma was the result of crime
B)time of death
C)whether the individual experienced nutritional stress
D)establishing intent in murder cases

Question 49

___________ trauma helps investigators understand what happened right around the time of death.

A)Postmortem
B)Premortem
C)Antemortem
D)Perimortem

Question 50

Each individual has a unique frontal sinus,which can be used for identification.

Question 51

Which bone

A)ear ossicles
B)clavicle
C)pubic symphysis
D)temporal bones

Question 52

Evidence from premortem injuries and disease can inform scientists about __________.

A)nutritional stress
B)what happened right around the time of death
C)establishing how bones arrived at a site
D)ways in which various processes affect the skeleton after death

Question 53

__________ are less concerned with perimortem trauma than are __________.

A)Bioarchaeologists,forensic anthropologists
B)Bioarchaeologists ,mortuary archeologists
C)Forensic anthropologists,bioarchaeologists
D)Mortuary archeologists,bioarchaeologists

Question 54

The degeneration of the pubic symphysis can give clues as to the age of remains but not the gender.

Question 55

From the perspective of determining an individual's PGH,__________ is/are limited,because the results do not reflect the vast bulk of a person's genetic history.

A)the lineage-based approach
B)autosomal marker-based tests
C)ancestry informative markers
D)all of the above

Question 56

Height and weight estimates are more accurate if the population of the individual is known.

Question 57

Tatiana Zerjal and her colleagues found a group of men from Asia who shared a haplotype that they termed the __________ cluster.

A)Mongol
B)Genghis Khan
C)star
D)empire

Question 58

One of the most difficult tasks for a forensic anthropologist is __________.

A)facial reconstruction
B)creating a biological profile
C)determining how long a victim has been dead
D)determining relationships among groups

Question 59

Anthropologists prefer to use the term __________,which takes into account the place of geographic origin and corresponds to biological realities better than the term race.

A)lineage
B)ancestry
C)heritage
D)extraction

Question 60

The Fully method for determining stature is less commonly used because __________.

A)it is less accurate than other methods
B)it requires a complete skeleton
C)it is better for determining age
D)none of these

Question 61

Explain the biocultural aspects of anorexia nervosa.

Question 62

Explain the concept of a thrifty genotype.What are the pleiotropic effects of such a genotype in an industrialized,well-fed culture?

Question 63

Describe some of the ways in which the age at death can be determined from remains.Why is it more difficult to determine the age of adult remains?

Question 64

The Central Identification Laboratory was formed for what purpose?

A)to identify those who die in war
B)to identify bodies in mass graves
C)to investigate death due to human rights abuses
D)to respond to death due to natural disaster

Question 65

Forensic anthropologists most commonly work on cases of mass fatalities.

Question 66

Why are forensic anthropologists interested in the ancestry of remains?

Question 67

Forensic anthropologists must follow the rules of the courts.

Question 68

What is menopause and what are the contributing factors to its onset? What are some possible adaptive features of menopause?

Question 69

Describe the differences between premortem,perimortem,and postmortem trauma and give examples of each.

Question 70

What is the secular trend in growth? How might migration studies help us understand this phenomenon?

Question 71

Citing specific examples,explain two evolutionary adaptations to disease.

Question 72

Outline Schultz's life stages.What does Bogin add to this? Explain why we need adolescence.

Question 73

The Central Identification Laboratory does very little independent research,instead focusing on field investigations.

Question 74

Outline three individual behaviors that help spread infectious diseases.How might broader cultural practices such as agriculture and migration contribute to the spread of infectious diseases?

Question 75

How do the female and male pelvis differ?

Question 76

In what ways do contemporary diets differ from typical hunter-gatherer diets? How has the advent of agriculture affected diet?

Question 77

Describe a typical recovery process for buried remains.

Question 78

What are the possible causes of aging? Explain the non-adaptive theories for the presence of aging.

Question 79

How can lifestyle,health and disease make a mark on a skeleton?

Question 80

Why is contextual information so important in field recovery?