Deck 9: C: Multi-Group Design: Im Feeling Hot, but Is the Earth Hot, Too

Question 1

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Duran,J. ,Morton,G.& Sikorski,A.M.Poster No.31.Elucidating the relative concentration of physical activity to memory consolidation and memory retrieval.Faculty for Undergraduate Neuroscience Meeting.San Diego,CA: FUN 2010
Exercise and Memory Study
These researchers examined whether acute physical activity could improve the memory retention of recently studied items,and whether memory was differentially affected by the timing of exercise intervention.After studying a list of 40 English-Swahili word pairs,healthy adult human volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions.Participants in the consolidation treatment (CONS)exercised for 20 minutes immediately after studying the word pairs and then worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 20 minutes.Participants in the retrieval condition (RET)worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 20 minutes immediately after studying the word pairs and then exercised for 20 minutes.Participants in the control condition (CONT)worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 40 minutes after studying the word pairs..In all conditions,participants were tested 40 minutes following the initial study phase.the test phase consisted of presenting the participants with Swahili words and asking them to speak its English translation.Memory was operationally defined by the total number of correctly recalled Swahili words.The results revealed that participants who had exercised immediately after studying the Swahili-English word pairs recalled significantly more words than those in the RET or CONT conditions.These results suggest that acute exercise immediately following learning modulates memory consolidation.
(Scenario III)Amber was a participant in this study who was tested in the control condition.Her classmate,Jeff,also participated in the study but was tested in the RET condition.After sharing their experiences with each other they determined that the study was probably about college students' ability to learn a foreign language.Amber and Jeff are engaging in:

A) hypothesis-testing.
B) hypothesis-speculating.
C) hypothesis-guessing.
D) hypothesis-determining.

Answer 1

hypothesis-guessing.

Question 2

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Black,J.E. ,Isaacs,K.R. ,Anderson,B.J. ,Alcantara,A.A.& Greenough,W.T.(1990).Learning causes synaptogenesis,whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis,in cerebellar cortex of adult rats.Proceedings of the National Academy of Science,87,5568-5572.
Experience and Brain Plasticity Study
The purpose of this study was to examine how various types of motor experiences affect neuronal and vascular changes in the brain.To that end,rats were randomly assigned to one of four behavioral conditions.Rats in the inactive control (IC)condition were raised in standard rat cages with minimal access to physical activity.Rats in the voluntary exercise (VX)condition were raised in standard cages with free access to physical activity via an attached wheel.Rats in the forced exercise (FX)condition also participated in exercise,but were forced to do so on a motorized treadmill.Lastly,rats in the acrobatic condition (AC)engaged in physical activity that included learning a skill.Specifically,the AC rats were trained to traverse a series of tightropes that were progressively more difficult.After 30 days in their respective treatments all of the rats were sacrificed and their brains removed.The researchers examined the brains for synapse density and vascular density.ANOVA revealed animals in the AC condition had a significantly greater synapse density than the other treatment conditions.The results also revealed that the VX rats had a significantly greater blood vessel density compared with the IC rats,but not with the FX and AC rats.These results indicate different behavioral experiences have different effects on the brain's morphology.
(Scenario II)Which of the following was a dependent variable in Scenario II?

A) treatment condition
B) vascular density
C) exercise
D) vendor

Answer 2

vascular density

Question 3

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Warner,C.B.& Jackson,J.D.(2009).A time course examination of the preview effect: older adults need a longer preview than younger adults.Experimental Aging Research,35,327-347.
Preview Time and Aging
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the minimum preview time required for adults to make a fast perceptual decision.Young adults and older adults were presented visual stimuli for 357,414,471,529 or 586 milliseconds (ms).Knowing that older adults are more sensitive to cool temperatures,the researchers increased the temperature of the room to 75 degrees for the older adults (the temperature of the room for younger adults was 68 degrees)at the request of the IRB.The visual stimulus was presented on a computer monitor and contained several letter Ls rotated at various degrees.After the preview stimulus the participants were shown the test stimulus.This contained the Ls in the preview,as well as several additional Ls and one letter T.The participants were instructed to locate the "T" and were given 5.5 seconds to do so.This procedure was repeated several times such that each participant received 360 trials.The results indicated that younger adults located the T more quickly than the older adults regardless of preview time.Among the younger adults,preview time significantly affected their ability to locate the T.Specifically,they were more quickly able to identify the T when the preview time was 414 ms or 586 ms.The results indicate that preview time significantly affects perceptual discrimination and are illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 1.Participants responded significantly faster to visual stimuli when they were given 529 ms or 589 ms to preview the stimuli.
(Scenario I)The presentation duration of the visual stimulus was a(n)_____ in Scenario I.

A) independent variable
B) dependent variable
C) confounding variable
D) control variable

Answer 3

independent variable

Question 4

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Duran,J. ,Morton,G.& Sikorski,A.M.Poster No.31.Elucidating the relative concentration of physical activity to memory consolidation and memory retrieval.Faculty for Undergraduate Neuroscience Meeting.San Diego,CA: FUN 2010
Exercise and Memory Study
These researchers examined whether acute physical activity could improve the memory retention of recently studied items,and whether memory was differentially affected by the timing of exercise intervention.After studying a list of 40 English-Swahili word pairs,healthy adult human volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions.Participants in the consolidation treatment (CONS)exercised for 20 minutes immediately after studying the word pairs and then worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 20 minutes.Participants in the retrieval condition (RET)worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 20 minutes immediately after studying the word pairs and then exercised for 20 minutes.Participants in the control condition (CONT)worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 40 minutes after studying the word pairs..In all conditions,participants were tested 40 minutes following the initial study phase.the test phase consisted of presenting the participants with Swahili words and asking them to speak its English translation.Memory was operationally defined by the total number of correctly recalled Swahili words.The results revealed that participants who had exercised immediately after studying the Swahili-English word pairs recalled significantly more words than those in the RET or CONT conditions.These results suggest that acute exercise immediately following learning modulates memory consolidation.
(Scenario III)The researchers involved in the study described in Scenario III want to conduct a follow-up study to examine the minimum amount of exercise required following learning to improve memory recall.To determine whether there is a linear relationship between exercise duration and memory,the researchers should:

A) manipulate exercise duration so it has at least three levels.
B) measure memory a minimum of three times.
C) control for the intelligence of the participants.
D) ensure only physically sedentary adults participate in the study.

Question 5

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Warner,C.B.& Jackson,J.D.(2009).A time course examination of the preview effect: older adults need a longer preview than younger adults.Experimental Aging Research,35,327-347.
Preview Time and Aging
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the minimum preview time required for adults to make a fast perceptual decision.Young adults and older adults were presented visual stimuli for 357,414,471,529 or 586 milliseconds (ms).Knowing that older adults are more sensitive to cool temperatures,the researchers increased the temperature of the room to 75 degrees for the older adults (the temperature of the room for younger adults was 68 degrees)at the request of the IRB.The visual stimulus was presented on a computer monitor and contained several letter Ls rotated at various degrees.After the preview stimulus the participants were shown the test stimulus.This contained the Ls in the preview,as well as several additional Ls and one letter T.The participants were instructed to locate the "T" and were given 5.5 seconds to do so.This procedure was repeated several times such that each participant received 360 trials.The results indicated that younger adults located the T more quickly than the older adults regardless of preview time.Among the younger adults,preview time significantly affected their ability to locate the T.Specifically,they were more quickly able to identify the T when the preview time was 414 ms or 586 ms.The results indicate that preview time significantly affects perceptual discrimination and are illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 1.Participants responded significantly faster to visual stimuli when they were given 529 ms or 589 ms to preview the stimuli.
(Scenario I)In order to determine which preview times affected response speed,the researchers in Scenario I would have had to conduct a(n):

A) ANOVA.
B) chi square test of independence.
C) post-hoc test.
D) planned contrast test.

Question 6

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Duran,J. ,Morton,G.& Sikorski,A.M.Poster No.31.Elucidating the relative concentration of physical activity to memory consolidation and memory retrieval.Faculty for Undergraduate Neuroscience Meeting.San Diego,CA: FUN 2010
Exercise and Memory Study
These researchers examined whether acute physical activity could improve the memory retention of recently studied items,and whether memory was differentially affected by the timing of exercise intervention.After studying a list of 40 English-Swahili word pairs,healthy adult human volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions.Participants in the consolidation treatment (CONS)exercised for 20 minutes immediately after studying the word pairs and then worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 20 minutes.Participants in the retrieval condition (RET)worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 20 minutes immediately after studying the word pairs and then exercised for 20 minutes.Participants in the control condition (CONT)worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 40 minutes after studying the word pairs..In all conditions,participants were tested 40 minutes following the initial study phase.the test phase consisted of presenting the participants with Swahili words and asking them to speak its English translation.Memory was operationally defined by the total number of correctly recalled Swahili words.The results revealed that participants who had exercised immediately after studying the Swahili-English word pairs recalled significantly more words than those in the RET or CONT conditions.These results suggest that acute exercise immediately following learning modulates memory consolidation.
(Scenario III)In order to conclude that the CONS treatment produced better memory relative to the RET and CONT treatments,the authors of Scenario III must have:

A) had a large enough sample size.
B) conducted a post-hoc test.
C) assigned participants nonrandomly to treatment conditions.
D) used a double-blind procedure..

Question 7

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Warner,C.B.& Jackson,J.D.(2009).A time course examination of the preview effect: older adults need a longer preview than younger adults.Experimental Aging Research,35,327-347.
Preview Time and Aging
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the minimum preview time required for adults to make a fast perceptual decision.Young adults and older adults were presented visual stimuli for 357,414,471,529 or 586 milliseconds (ms).Knowing that older adults are more sensitive to cool temperatures,the researchers increased the temperature of the room to 75 degrees for the older adults (the temperature of the room for younger adults was 68 degrees)at the request of the IRB.The visual stimulus was presented on a computer monitor and contained several letter Ls rotated at various degrees.After the preview stimulus the participants were shown the test stimulus.This contained the Ls in the preview,as well as several additional Ls and one letter T.The participants were instructed to locate the "T" and were given 5.5 seconds to do so.This procedure was repeated several times such that each participant received 360 trials.The results indicated that younger adults located the T more quickly than the older adults regardless of preview time.Among the younger adults,preview time significantly affected their ability to locate the T.Specifically,they were more quickly able to identify the T when the preview time was 414 ms or 586 ms.The results indicate that preview time significantly affects perceptual discrimination and are illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 1.Participants responded significantly faster to visual stimuli when they were given 529 ms or 589 ms to preview the stimuli.
(Scenario I)As illustrated in the figure,the researchers in Scenario I found that response time was affected by preview time but only when preview time was 529 ms or greater.This demonstrates a _____ relationship between the variables.

A) significant
B) nonsignificant
C) linear
D) nonlinear

Question 8

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Black,J.E. ,Isaacs,K.R. ,Anderson,B.J. ,Alcantara,A.A.& Greenough,W.T.(1990).Learning causes synaptogenesis,whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis,in cerebellar cortex of adult rats.Proceedings of the National Academy of Science,87,5568-5572.
Experience and Brain Plasticity Study
The purpose of this study was to examine how various types of motor experiences affect neuronal and vascular changes in the brain.To that end,rats were randomly assigned to one of four behavioral conditions.Rats in the inactive control (IC)condition were raised in standard rat cages with minimal access to physical activity.Rats in the voluntary exercise (VX)condition were raised in standard cages with free access to physical activity via an attached wheel.Rats in the forced exercise (FX)condition also participated in exercise,but were forced to do so on a motorized treadmill.Lastly,rats in the acrobatic condition (AC)engaged in physical activity that included learning a skill.Specifically,the AC rats were trained to traverse a series of tightropes that were progressively more difficult.After 30 days in their respective treatments all of the rats were sacrificed and their brains removed.The researchers examined the brains for synapse density and vascular density.ANOVA revealed animals in the AC condition had a significantly greater synapse density than the other treatment conditions.The results also revealed that the VX rats had a significantly greater blood vessel density compared with the IC rats,but not with the FX and AC rats.These results indicate different behavioral experiences have different effects on the brain's morphology.
(Scenario II)Suppose the vendor who sold the rats to the researchers in Scenario II only had 20 rats left.The researchers needed a total of 40 rats to conduct this study so they buy the remaining 20 from another vendor.The strain,age,and sex of rats from both vendors were identical.Which of the following is a potential problem for this study?

A) The study is confounded and differences between the sample cannot be attributed to the independent variable.
B) The small sample size makes it difficult to establish internal validity.
C) The study is confounded because vendor type is an uncontrolled variable.
D) None of the above,because rats were randomly assigned to the treatment conditions.

Question 9

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Warner,C.B.& Jackson,J.D.(2009).A time course examination of the preview effect: older adults need a longer preview than younger adults.Experimental Aging Research,35,327-347.
Preview Time and Aging
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the minimum preview time required for adults to make a fast perceptual decision.Young adults and older adults were presented visual stimuli for 357,414,471,529 or 586 milliseconds (ms).Knowing that older adults are more sensitive to cool temperatures,the researchers increased the temperature of the room to 75 degrees for the older adults (the temperature of the room for younger adults was 68 degrees)at the request of the IRB.The visual stimulus was presented on a computer monitor and contained several letter Ls rotated at various degrees.After the preview stimulus the participants were shown the test stimulus.This contained the Ls in the preview,as well as several additional Ls and one letter T.The participants were instructed to locate the "T" and were given 5.5 seconds to do so.This procedure was repeated several times such that each participant received 360 trials.The results indicated that younger adults located the T more quickly than the older adults regardless of preview time.Among the younger adults,preview time significantly affected their ability to locate the T.Specifically,they were more quickly able to identify the T when the preview time was 414 ms or 586 ms.The results indicate that preview time significantly affects perceptual discrimination and are illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 1.Participants responded significantly faster to visual stimuli when they were given 529 ms or 589 ms to preview the stimuli.
(Scenario I)What is a potential confound in the study described in Scenario I?

A) age group
B) temperature
C) preview time
D) response time

Question 10

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Black,J.E. ,Isaacs,K.R. ,Anderson,B.J. ,Alcantara,A.A.& Greenough,W.T.(1990).Learning causes synaptogenesis,whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis,in cerebellar cortex of adult rats.Proceedings of the National Academy of Science,87,5568-5572.
Experience and Brain Plasticity Study
The purpose of this study was to examine how various types of motor experiences affect neuronal and vascular changes in the brain.To that end,rats were randomly assigned to one of four behavioral conditions.Rats in the inactive control (IC)condition were raised in standard rat cages with minimal access to physical activity.Rats in the voluntary exercise (VX)condition were raised in standard cages with free access to physical activity via an attached wheel.Rats in the forced exercise (FX)condition also participated in exercise,but were forced to do so on a motorized treadmill.Lastly,rats in the acrobatic condition (AC)engaged in physical activity that included learning a skill.Specifically,the AC rats were trained to traverse a series of tightropes that were progressively more difficult.After 30 days in their respective treatments all of the rats were sacrificed and their brains removed.The researchers examined the brains for synapse density and vascular density.ANOVA revealed animals in the AC condition had a significantly greater synapse density than the other treatment conditions.The results also revealed that the VX rats had a significantly greater blood vessel density compared with the IC rats,but not with the FX and AC rats.These results indicate different behavioral experiences have different effects on the brain's morphology.
(Scenario II)In Scenario II,experience was operationally defined as:

A) voluntary exercise.
B) forced exercise.
C) acrobat training.
D) all of the above.

Question 11

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Duran,J. ,Morton,G.& Sikorski,A.M.Poster No.31.Elucidating the relative concentration of physical activity to memory consolidation and memory retrieval.Faculty for Undergraduate Neuroscience Meeting.San Diego,CA: FUN 2010
Exercise and Memory Study
These researchers examined whether acute physical activity could improve the memory retention of recently studied items,and whether memory was differentially affected by the timing of exercise intervention.After studying a list of 40 English-Swahili word pairs,healthy adult human volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions.Participants in the consolidation treatment (CONS)exercised for 20 minutes immediately after studying the word pairs and then worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 20 minutes.Participants in the retrieval condition (RET)worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 20 minutes immediately after studying the word pairs and then exercised for 20 minutes.Participants in the control condition (CONT)worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 40 minutes after studying the word pairs..In all conditions,participants were tested 40 minutes following the initial study phase.the test phase consisted of presenting the participants with Swahili words and asking them to speak its English translation.Memory was operationally defined by the total number of correctly recalled Swahili words.The results revealed that participants who had exercised immediately after studying the Swahili-English word pairs recalled significantly more words than those in the RET or CONT conditions.These results suggest that acute exercise immediately following learning modulates memory consolidation.
(Scenario III)Suppose the researchers in Scenario III initially designed the study so that acute exercise was only 10 minutes in length.After finding no effect of exercise on memory recall,they decided to increase the length of exercise to 20 minutes.The design change from 10 minutes to 20 minutes most likely affected the study's:

A) power.
B) external validity.
C) hypothesis.
D) reliability

Question 12

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Duran,J. ,Morton,G.& Sikorski,A.M.Poster No.31.Elucidating the relative concentration of physical activity to memory consolidation and memory retrieval.Faculty for Undergraduate Neuroscience Meeting.San Diego,CA: FUN 2010
Exercise and Memory Study
These researchers examined whether acute physical activity could improve the memory retention of recently studied items,and whether memory was differentially affected by the timing of exercise intervention.After studying a list of 40 English-Swahili word pairs,healthy adult human volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions.Participants in the consolidation treatment (CONS)exercised for 20 minutes immediately after studying the word pairs and then worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 20 minutes.Participants in the retrieval condition (RET)worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 20 minutes immediately after studying the word pairs and then exercised for 20 minutes.Participants in the control condition (CONT)worked on a jigsaw puzzle for 40 minutes after studying the word pairs..In all conditions,participants were tested 40 minutes following the initial study phase.the test phase consisted of presenting the participants with Swahili words and asking them to speak its English translation.Memory was operationally defined by the total number of correctly recalled Swahili words.The results revealed that participants who had exercised immediately after studying the Swahili-English word pairs recalled significantly more words than those in the RET or CONT conditions.These results suggest that acute exercise immediately following learning modulates memory consolidation.
(Scenario III)After their primary analysis,the researchers who conducted the study described in Scenario III counted the number of participants in each treatment condition who recalled 10 or more words.Which statistical test is appropriate to determine whether the number of people who recalled more than 10 words varied across treatment conditions?

A) t-test
B) post-hoc analysis
C) one-factor ANOVA
D) chi-square test of independence

Question 13

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Black,J.E. ,Isaacs,K.R. ,Anderson,B.J. ,Alcantara,A.A.& Greenough,W.T.(1990).Learning causes synaptogenesis,whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis,in cerebellar cortex of adult rats.Proceedings of the National Academy of Science,87,5568-5572.
Experience and Brain Plasticity Study
The purpose of this study was to examine how various types of motor experiences affect neuronal and vascular changes in the brain.To that end,rats were randomly assigned to one of four behavioral conditions.Rats in the inactive control (IC)condition were raised in standard rat cages with minimal access to physical activity.Rats in the voluntary exercise (VX)condition were raised in standard cages with free access to physical activity via an attached wheel.Rats in the forced exercise (FX)condition also participated in exercise,but were forced to do so on a motorized treadmill.Lastly,rats in the acrobatic condition (AC)engaged in physical activity that included learning a skill.Specifically,the AC rats were trained to traverse a series of tightropes that were progressively more difficult.After 30 days in their respective treatments all of the rats were sacrificed and their brains removed.The researchers examined the brains for synapse density and vascular density.ANOVA revealed animals in the AC condition had a significantly greater synapse density than the other treatment conditions.The results also revealed that the VX rats had a significantly greater blood vessel density compared with the IC rats,but not with the FX and AC rats.These results indicate different behavioral experiences have different effects on the brain's morphology.
(Scenario II)Which of the following is NOT true of the study described in Scenario II?

A) The researchers are unable to make causal statements about the effect of experience on brain plasticity because they subjects are rats.
B) The design had sufficient power to detect experience-dependent brain changes.
C) The researchers are able to make multiple two-group comparisons.
D) It would have been ethically impossible have used human participants as subjects.

Question 14

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Warner,C.B.& Jackson,J.D.(2009).A time course examination of the preview effect: older adults need a longer preview than younger adults.Experimental Aging Research,35,327-347.
Preview Time and Aging
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the minimum preview time required for adults to make a fast perceptual decision.Young adults and older adults were presented visual stimuli for 357,414,471,529 or 586 milliseconds (ms).Knowing that older adults are more sensitive to cool temperatures,the researchers increased the temperature of the room to 75 degrees for the older adults (the temperature of the room for younger adults was 68 degrees)at the request of the IRB.The visual stimulus was presented on a computer monitor and contained several letter Ls rotated at various degrees.After the preview stimulus the participants were shown the test stimulus.This contained the Ls in the preview,as well as several additional Ls and one letter T.The participants were instructed to locate the "T" and were given 5.5 seconds to do so.This procedure was repeated several times such that each participant received 360 trials.The results indicated that younger adults located the T more quickly than the older adults regardless of preview time.Among the younger adults,preview time significantly affected their ability to locate the T.Specifically,they were more quickly able to identify the T when the preview time was 414 ms or 586 ms.The results indicate that preview time significantly affects perceptual discrimination and are illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 1.Participants responded significantly faster to visual stimuli when they were given 529 ms or 589 ms to preview the stimuli.
(Scenario I)If there are 100 older adults and 100 younger adults in the study described in Scenario I,and adults in each age group are equally distributed across the five preview conditions,then there are _____ participants in each preview condition.

A) 5
B) 20
C) 40
D) 100

Question 15

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Black,J.E. ,Isaacs,K.R. ,Anderson,B.J. ,Alcantara,A.A.& Greenough,W.T.(1990).Learning causes synaptogenesis,whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis,in cerebellar cortex of adult rats.Proceedings of the National Academy of Science,87,5568-5572.
Experience and Brain Plasticity Study
The purpose of this study was to examine how various types of motor experiences affect neuronal and vascular changes in the brain.To that end,rats were randomly assigned to one of four behavioral conditions.Rats in the inactive control (IC)condition were raised in standard rat cages with minimal access to physical activity.Rats in the voluntary exercise (VX)condition were raised in standard cages with free access to physical activity via an attached wheel.Rats in the forced exercise (FX)condition also participated in exercise,but were forced to do so on a motorized treadmill.Lastly,rats in the acrobatic condition (AC)engaged in physical activity that included learning a skill.Specifically,the AC rats were trained to traverse a series of tightropes that were progressively more difficult.After 30 days in their respective treatments all of the rats were sacrificed and their brains removed.The researchers examined the brains for synapse density and vascular density.ANOVA revealed animals in the AC condition had a significantly greater synapse density than the other treatment conditions.The results also revealed that the VX rats had a significantly greater blood vessel density compared with the IC rats,but not with the FX and AC rats.These results indicate different behavioral experiences have different effects on the brain's morphology.
(Scenario II)According to Scenario II,Black and colleagues used an ANOVA to analyze their data.Of the statements below,which would the ANOVA be able to support?

A) Vascular density is greater in rats permitted to voluntarily exercise than in those reared in standard lab cages.
B) Synapse density is greater in rats trained on an acrobat task relative to rats reared in standard lab cages.
C) Experience has an effect on vascular density and synapse density.
D) All of the above.