Deck 7: B: Survey Design and Scale Construction: Is Going Greek a Great Idea

Question 1

Students who joined Greek organizations as first-time college students were more likely to engage in:

A) substance use.
B) sports.
C) multiple relationships.
D) self-harm behaviors.

Answer 1

substance use.

Question 2

According to a study that examined variables related to the self,self-concept clarity refers to:

A) quick judgments of personality traits.
B) the ability to associate characteristics of self to others.
C) higher levels of self-esteem and self-image.
D) how clearly and confidently people describe their sense of self.

Answer 2

how clearly and confidently people describe their sense of self.

Question 3

Reta wants to examine the association between self-esteem and perceived popularity.The best research approach to answer this question would be:

A) an experimental design.
B) a quasi-experimental design.
C) active deception.
D) a correlational design.

Answer 3

a correlational design.

Question 4

Shaunta has a strong belief that she can achieve any academic outcome she sets her mind to.She is displaying a high level of:

A) self-esteem.
B) self-efficacy.
C) self-concept.
D) academic performance.

Question 5

The results from a study that examined self-concept clarity and self-esteem indicated that participants had less consistency and stability in their self-descriptions over time.This would suggest that assessment of this variable would present issues with:

A) content validity.
B) internal consistency reliability.
C) test-retest reliability.
D) alternative forms reliability.

Question 6

Meagan was told to systematically collect information from a group of high school students to determine high school students' proclivities toward politics.Her best approach to this data collection would be:

A) survey.
B) interview.
C) qualitative.
D) teacher-report.

Question 7

Raul was asked by his pastor "What are your thoughts on personal freedoms?" This is an example of a(n):

A) multi-informant question.
B) forced choice question.
C) open-ended question.
D) closed-ended question.

Question 8

"On a scale of 1 to 10,where 1 means not interested at all and 10 means extremely interested,how interested are you in pursuing a career in academics?" This question is an example of a(n):

A) multi-informant question.
B) closed-ended question.
C) open-ended question.
D) forced choice question.

Question 9

A study assessing the role of self-concept clarity in relationships found that self-concept clarity is related to the:

A) quantity of romantic relationships.
B) gender of romantic relationships.
C) quality of romantic relationships.
D) duration of romantic relationships.

Question 10

"On a scale of 1 to 5,where 1 means awful and 5 means perfect,how well would you rate your interpretation of this course?" This question is an example of a(n):

A) multi-informant question.
B) forced choice question.
C) open-ended question.
D) closed-ended question.

Question 11

One study examined differences in women who wanted to join sororities and women who did not want to join.Those women who wanted to rush a sorority tended to have a higher need to be the center of attention,but surprisingly did not have a higher need for:

A) social self-esteem.
B) affiliation.
C) academic success.
D) exhibitionism.

Question 12

According to a well-known 1995 study examining social relationships,we human beings have a fundamental need to:

A) find personal identity.
B) associate with others.
C) seek self-assured friends.
D) discover differences in others.

Question 13

Charlene decided to use a summated rating scale for her upcoming thesis study on gender identity.Another name for this type of scale is a(n):

A) reverse-coded scale.
B) acquiescent response set.
C) Likert scale.
D) forced choice scale.

Question 14

The use of an overall score on a scale takes into account______ when using multiple items.

A) standard deviation
B) random error
C) random assignment
D) reliability

Question 15

In a study investigating differences in first-time students in college who joined Greek life and those who did not,it was found that first-time college students who joined Greek organizations scored higher in:

A) introversion.
B) self-esteem.
C) social deficits.
D) extraversion.

Question 16

You are able to do all of the following with a correlational study,EXCEPT:

A) evaluate whether changes in one variable correspond with changes in another variable.
B) determine a positive or negative direction.
C) conclude cause-and-effect.
D) explore relationship between two variables.

Question 17

Juanita is looking for the ______ on her school's library server in an effort to gain access to a comprehensive guide of more than 2,700 different scales and measures for public use.

A) Mini-Mental Status Exam
B) Mental Measurements Guide
C) Multivariate Measurements Guide
D) Mental Measurements Yearbook

Question 18

A scale usually consists of a series of what type of questions?

A) closed-ended questions
B) open-ended questions
C) essay prompts
D) short answer prompts

Question 19

Corlita is interested in the relationship between Internet gaming and the quality of romantic relationships.The best research approach to examine this research question would be:

A) a correlational design.
B) a quasi-experimental design.
C) active deception.
D) an experimental design.

Question 20

Daniella asked her boyfriend Ricardo "Where do you see us in ten years?" Daniella is asking Ricardo a(n):

A) open-ended question.
B) forced choice question.
C) multi-informant question.
D) closed-ended question.

Question 21

Hillary is interested in a high degree of connectedness between the items on her scale of childhood anxiety.She is most interested in:

A) test-retest reliability.
B) internal consistency reliability.
C) alternative forms reliability.
D) equivalent forms reliability.

Question 22

Which of the following would NOT be considered a forced choice scale format?

A) Yes or No
B) True or False
C) Yes,No,or Maybe
D) Agree or Disagree

Question 23

Dr.Hughes wants to evaluate the test-retest reliability of the Time 1 and Time 2 administration of his neurocognitive performance measure.The best method of evaluation would be:

A) experimental design.
B) alternative-forms reliability.
C) correlation.
D) regression.

Question 24

Natalia asked her college roommate,"Will becoming a doctor or an artist help me meet my personal goals and my parents' goals for me?" This question is difficult because it is an example of a(n):

A) forced choice item.
B) closed-ended question.
C) double-barreled item.
D) acquiescent response set.

Question 25

Reverse-coding is a scoring strategy where more negative response alternatives are assigned ______ values and more positive response alternatives are assigned ______ values.

A) higher;lower
B) lower;higher
C) modest;lower
D) lower;modest

Question 26

Marcus made a very poignant statement at a recent meeting.He said,"An unreliable scale cannot be _____"

A) correlated
B) significant
C) valid
D) examined

Question 27

Dr.Quezada is concerned about the measurement's ______ and that is why he is thinking at length about the type of response alternatives included in his survey of childhood bullying experiences.

A) specificity
B) internal consistency
C) content validity
D) sensitivity

Question 28

Dante used a public scale for an experiment in his sociology class to examine satisfaction with community resources.Dante realized that some of the questions are written inversely.He is trying to determine a way to sum participants' responses on the scale so that a higher number accurately reflects a higher degree of satisfaction with community resources.Dante should use:

A) reverse-coding.
B) acquiescent response set.
C) dummy coding.
D) distractor items.

Question 29

One way to improve a scale's precision and ______the error of tendency is to use more response alternatives.

A) minimize
B) maximize
C) augment
D) enhance

Question 30

Dr.Hurley decided to only provide two response alternatives,True and False,on his survey about preconceived notions of individuals who are classified as Internet addicts.Dr.Hurley should be concerned that his measurement has minimal:

A) sensitivity.
B) internal consistency.
C) content validity.
D) specificity.

Question 31

Tyrese noticed in his undergraduate research lab that the majority of the scales have at least ______ to ______ response alternatives with verbal descriptors.

A) 2;3
B) 4;7
C) 5;9
D) 7;12

Question 32

An important criterion for a high-quality scale item is that the item should be:

A) unambiguous.
B) vague.
C) imprecise.
D) indeterminate.

Question 33

Reginald noticed in his work as a customer service representative that the majority of the rating scales available have at least 5 to 9 response alternatives with:

A) reverse coding.
B) alternate forms.
C) variability.
D) verbal descriptors.

Question 34

One way to improve a scale's precision and minimize the error of central tendency is to:

A) use more items.
B) use more response alternatives.
C) use fewer items.
D) use fewer response alternatives.

Question 35

Noel asked his partner "Are you happy with our life and communication?" This could be viewed as an unfair question because it is an example of a(n):

A) forced choice item.
B) closed-ended question.
C) acquiescent response set.
D) double-barreled item.

Question 36

Marjorie felt indifferent so answered straight down the middle of the scale in a survey about her political associations.This bias is referred to as the:

A) acquiescent response bias.
B) error of central tendency.
C) social desirability bias.
D) predictive bias.

Question 37

Granetta was completing a survey developed by her social club at school.Granetta agreed with every statement regardless of the actual item.This is an example of:

A) a forced choice response set.
B) an acquiescent response set.
C) an error of central tendency.
D) a summated rating scale.

Question 38

Salome decided to use a Likert scale for her upcoming independent study examining stereotypes impact on academic performance.Another name for this type of scale is a(n):

A) summated rating scale.
B) acquiescent response set.
C) reverse-coded scale.
D) forced choice scale.

Question 39

Participant scores can vary between two administrations of a measurements because of ______ and not be a reflection of the scale itself.

A) bias
B) random error
C) validity issues
D) error of central tendency

Question 40

______ is the best method of evaluation for test-retest reliability.

A) ANOVA
B) Paired samples
C) The t-test
D) Correlation

Question 41

Dr.Toya noted that her PTSD scale correlated highly with scales of similar variables and was uncorrelated with theoretically incompatible variables.This would suggest that Dr.Toya's PTSD scale shows a:

A) high degree of discriminant validity.
B) high degree of convergent validity.
C) high degree of construct validity.
D) low degree of construct validity.

Question 42

In order to establish a scale's construct validity researchers need to evaluate the scale's ______ and discriminant validity.

A) content
B) face
C) convergent
D) internal consistency

Question 43

Dr.Ames is interested in whether his perfectionism scale and a grammar task given at the same time are related.Dr.Ames is interested in:

A) construct validity.
B) concurrent validity.
C) convergent validity.
D) predictive validity.

Question 44

To establish a scale's construct validity researchers need to evaluate the scale's convergent and ______validity.

A) content.
B) internal consistency.
C) face.
D) discriminant.

Question 45

If two scales are purported to measure trait anxiety then both scales should be:

A) highly correlated.
B) not be correlated.
C) poorly correlated.
D) invalid.

Question 46

Dr.Kruze gave his physics class an exam last week.Many of his students complain that the exam did not test them on any of the material they learned in lecture.The students are suggesting the exam had poor:

A) content validity.
B) face validity.
C) construct validity.
D) convergent validity.

Question 47

Dr.Schneider hypothesized that a higher degree of positive attitude toward horror films would be related to greater artistic creativity in teenagers.His hypothesis is:

A) nondirectional.
B) directional.
C) skewed.
D) biased.

Question 48

High school administrators gave all ninth graders a scholastic aptitude test.Four years later all of those who had been surveyed were asked to report their freshmen year GPA in college.These high school administrators are interested in the ______ of the scholastic aptitude test.

A) concurrent validity
B) content validity
C) predictive validity
D) convergent validity

Question 49

Dr.Adkins noticed that the room was colder during the second administration of a performance task than during the first administration.This is a completely chance event.This would be an example of:

A) bias.
B) a random error.
C) an error of central tendency.
D) a validity issue.

Question 50

When a study is launched preliminarily to determine the study's strengths and weaknesses it's known as:

A) correlating.
B) hypothesizing.
C) directional testing.
D) pilot testing.

Question 51

Dr.Lionel hypothesized that a greater enjoyment of vegetables and fruits would be related to higher degrees of cognitive flexibility in adults.Her hypothesis is:

A) nondirectional.
B) directional.
C) skewed.
D) biased.

Question 52

Measures with strong face validity encounter several limitations including all of the following,EXCEPT:

A) social desirability bias.
B) demand characteristics.
C) subjectivity.
D) objectivity.

Question 53

Dr.Watkins believes that a participant's anxiety levels following a scare tactic will be strongly related to their ability on a subsequent performance measure.Dr.Watkins is interested in which type of validity?

A) content
B) construct
C) convergent
D) criterion

Question 54

Asking participants to complete two different versions of a scale is an effort to evaluate a scale's:

A) internal consistency reliability.
B) content validity.
C) alternative-form reliability.
D) test-retest reliability.

Question 55

Dr.Clark gave his astronomy students an exam today and was pleased to hear that the students thought the exam was fair and covered a broad range of the lecture material from the past several weeks.This suggests that the students believed the exam had:

A) low content validity.
B) high content validity.
C) low construct validity.
D) high discriminant validity.

Question 56

Dr.Abott hypothesized that the enjoyment of vegetables and cognitive flexibility would be related.His hypothesis is:

A) nondirectional.
B) directional.
C) positive.
D) negative.

Question 57

Rosenberg (1969)found that individuals become concerned with how researchers may interpret their answers or behaviors during research studies.This is referred to as:

A) face validity.
B) bias.
C) evaluation apprehension.
D) distraction.

Question 58

Winona is interested in whether the purpose of a scale developed to measure parental discipline practices is known to participants while completing the measure.She wants to know if the scale appears to measure what the participants believe it to measure.This is an example of:

A) content validity.
B) face validity.
C) construct validity.
D) convergent validity.

Question 59

Dr.Fowler noticed that the participants seemed to be more aware of the questions and tasks of the performance measure during the second administration.She believes this may have affected their scores in a systematic way.This would be an example of:

A) bias.
B) a random error.
C) an error of central tendency.
D) a validity issue.

Question 60

In order to establish a scale's ______validity researchers need to evaluate the scales convergent and discriminant validity.

A) construct
B) internal consistency
C) face
D) discriminant

Question 61

Buford wants to double check the range for Cronbach's alpha with his mentor in his research lab.The appropriate range for Cronbach's alpha is:

A) 0.0 to 1.0.
B) 0.0 to 2.0.
C) -1.0 to 1.0.
D) -2.0 to 2.0.

Question 62

Researchers included items on sports and recent events on a scale about political interests.They did this in an effort to mislead the participants as to the purpose of the survey.The sports and recent event items were:

A) biased items.
B) face valid items.
C) discriminant items.
D) distractor items.

Question 63

Mr.Wright is reviewing a measure of relationship satisfaction and realized that if he wants higher scores to represent higher relationship satisfaction then he needs to reverse code the items before he ______ to determine the overall score for an individual participant.

A) calculates the mean
B) sums the items
C) determines the variability
D) calculates the standard deviation

Question 64

Local university administrators developed a new curriculum and wanted to pilot it on a representative student sample.Approximately 20% of students study online and 80% are residential students.Administrators wanted the pilot sample to have a similar makeup so they used:

A) convenience sampling.
B) simple random sampling.
C) stratified random sampling.
D) area probability sampling.

Question 65

Dr.Norx is writing up the results section of a recent study.He is about to note the Cronbach's alpha for a measure of psychopathy in his study.Which symbol is appropriate for such a write-up?

A) $\Sigma$
B) $\beta$
C) µ
D) $\alpha$

Question 66

If a research study asks personal or sensitive information it is important the purpose of the study is clearly stated and ______ is obtained to document reporting procedures.

A) consent
B) IRB approval
C) CAC approval
D) assent

Question 67

In the process of research it is extremely important to ensure you follow the appropriate steps in setting up a strong study.If your measure lacks ______ then there is no need to proceed with additional analyses.

A) internal consistency
B) content validity
C) face validity
D) test-retest reliability

Question 68

Hank decided to use ______in which he separated the sophomore college class by geographic region and then randomly sampled from each region.

A) stratified random sampling
B) simple random sampling
C) convenience sampling
D) area probability sampling

Question 69

In typical data software programs each column represents:

A) a single item.
B) multiple items.
C) a single participant.
D) multiple participants.

Question 70

In typical data software programs each row represents:

A) multiple participants.
B) a single participant.
C) a single item.
D) multiple items.

Question 71

Dr.Clarion had one group of research participants complete scale 1 first and scale 2 next and had the other group of participants complete scale 2 first and scale 1 next.This was done in an effort to:

A) reduce bias.
B) increase validity.
C) increase reliability.
D) increase variability.

Question 72

Mr.Wright is reviewing a measure of relationship satisfaction and realized that if he wants higher scores to represent higher relationship satisfaction then he needs to ______ before he sums the items to determine the overall score for an individual participant.

A) calculate the mean
B) reverse-code
C) determine the variability
D) calculate the standard deviation

Question 73

In order to reduce evaluation apprehension in participants Dr.Hugo included ______ in the scale.

A) fewer items
B) distractor items
C) discriminant items
D) demographic items

Question 74

Nestor is reviewing data for his research lab and is in the process of going down the spreadsheet column and changing responses.He is changing 5s to 1s and 1s to 5s.He is going through the process of:

A) item differentiation.
B) item variability.
C) reverse-coding.
D) dummy coding.

Question 75

Simple random sampling functions on the idea that:

A) researchers need to separate participants into subgroup.
B) everyone has a 20% chance of being selected.
C) everyone has an equal chance of being selected.
D) 50% of the participants have an equal chance of being selected.

Question 76

All recent recipients of insurance benefits were surveyed regarding their satisfaction and customer service experience.Approximately 15% of the surveys were completed and returned.The _____ is 15%.

A) response rate
B) return rate
C) sample rate
D) variability rate

Question 77

Dr.Luxley wanted to make sure his research sample was representative of the local rural community with approximately 65% females and 35% males.He wanted to make sure his sample had similar demographics so he used:

A) stratified random sampling.
B) simple random sampling.
C) convenience sampling.
D) area probability sampling.

Question 78

Dr.Andros is a history professor studying cultural stereotypes.He decides to sample the freshmen and senior classes at his university.This is an example of:

A) stratified random sampling.
B) random sampling.
C) convenience sampling.
D) area probability sampling.

Question 79

Drs.Jackson and O'Brien work at a residential chemical dependency unit.They are interested in studying coping strategies among heroin users.The doctors survey residents at the chemical dependency unit where they work.They are using a(n):

A) stratified random sample.
B) random sample.
C) area probability sample.
D) convenience sample.

Question 80

Area probability sampling is a variation of:

A) stratified random sampling.
B) simple random sampling.
C) convenience sampling.
D) cluster sampling.