Deck 4: C: The Psychologists Toolbox: Tools for Building Better Designs

Question 1

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Holtfreter,K. ,Reisig,M.D.& Turanovic,J.J.(2015).Depression and infrequent participation in social activities among older adults: the moderating role of high-quality familial ties.Aging and Mental Health,Oct 15:1-10.[Epub ahead of print].
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between family ties and depression in the elderly.To that end,Holtfreter and colleagues randomly dialed telephone numbers from Florida and Arizona telephone directory databases that contained a combined total of 4130 phone numbers.Of the 4130 numbers dialed,2000 individuals older than 60 years answered the call and agreed to participate in the telephone survey.The survey included questions that assessed one's level of social activity,depression,and family ties.The results revealed that elderly individuals who reported being very happy with their children and with their partner were significantly less depressed than those whose family ties were less strong.In addition,the researchers found that those who were depressed were less likely to participate in social activities.The results of this study suggest that family is an important contributor to psychological and social well-being.
(Scenario II)The questions the researchers in Scenario II asked participants to assess depression came from the Geriatric Depression Scale,a widely used instrument known to accurately quantify depression in the elderly population.With this information,you conclude that their assessment of depression is:

A) accurate.
B) valid.
C) effective.
D) precise.

Answer 1

valid.

Question 2

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Johnson,M.K. ,Rowatt,W.C.& LaBouff,J.P.(2012).Religiosity and prejudice revisited: In-group favoritism,out-of group derogation,or both? Psychology of Religion and Spirtuality,4(2),154-168.
Does Religion Encourage Discrimination?
The purpose of this study was to examine intergroup bias-the idea that people favor those who share their religious attitudes and beliefs,and discriminate against those who do not.In the first part the researchers administered a survey to 144 undergraduate psychology students from a Christian university designed to address their attitudes toward individuals whose religious affiliation and sexuality were consistent and inconsistent with their own.In the second study the researchers recruited 73 undergraduates from the same university.The participants performed a lexical decision task 24 hours after reporting their religious affiliation and attitudes toward Christians,Muslims,atheists,heterosexual men,and homosexual men via an online survey.The purpose of the lexical decision task was to prime half of the participants with a religious word and half of the participants with a neutral word.Immediately following the lexical decision task the participants were again asked about their attitudes toward the aforementioned religious groups and male sexual orientations.The results of the study support intergroup bias.Not only did Christian participants exhibit a more positive attitude toward those consistent with their Christian values and a negative attitude toward those with values inconsistent with their Christian beliefs,but religious priming also appeared to accentuate the intergroup bias.The results of the study suggest that Christianity,a belief based on human acceptance,may actually promote discrimination.
(Scenario III)Suppose you are a confederate of this study and become a roommate of a Christian student who reports high religiosity and appears to exhibit intergroup bias and outgroup discrimination.After living with him for some time you decide to examine the behavioral traces he leaves that may provide evidence of his intergroup bias.Which of the following behavioral traces may be MOST informative for the goal of this study?

A) church pamphlets describing the best allies for his particular church
B) church pamphlets describing what kind of people their followers should recruit for their church
C) your roommate's diary,which describes the women he has dated and the women he has not yet dated
D) a list of Christian-friendly individuals and a list of Christian-unfriendly individuals

Answer 2

a list of Christian-friendly individuals and a list of Christian-unfriendly individuals

Question 3

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Garza-Villarreal,E.A. ,Wilson,A.D. ,Vase,L. ,et al.(2014).Music reduces pain and increases functional mobility in fibromyalgia.Frontiers in Psychology,5(90),1-10.
Music Reduces Fibromyalgia Pain
Garza-Villarreal and colleagues examined the effect of music on pain and mobility in 22 individuals with fibromyalgia.The study was designed so that pain intensity,pain unpleasantness,and mobility were measured twice for each participant.The first set of measurements were obtained after they listened to white noise for 10 minutes,and the second set of measurements were obtained after they listened to music for 10 minutes.The music each participant listened to was of their own choosing with the instruction that the piece selected should be calming to them.The study was counterbalanced so that half of the participants heard the white noise first and half heard the music first.Pain intensity and unpleasantness was measured using the Verbal Rating Scale.Participants indicate their levels of pain intensity and pain unpleasantness by writing their response to various questions using a 10-point scale.Higher scores indicated higher levels of pain intensity and unpleasantness.Mobility was measured by timing how long it took participants to walk three meters from a sitting position and then back to their chair.The results revealed that pain intensity and unpleasantness changed significantly after participants listened to music,but not after they listened to white noise.In addition,music,but not white noise,reduced the time it took to complete the behavioral task.This study suggests that music improves mobility in fibromyalgia patients presumably by reducing pain perception.
(Scenario I)The researchers in Scenario I recruited participants from a fibromyalgia support group.This method of obtaining participants is most accurately described as:

A) simple random sampling.
B) probability sampling.
C) convenience sampling.
D) nonprobability sampling.

Answer 3

convenience sampling.

Question 4

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Holtfreter,K. ,Reisig,M.D.& Turanovic,J.J.(2015).Depression and infrequent participation in social activities among older adults: the moderating role of high-quality familial ties.Aging and Mental Health,Oct 15:1-10.[Epub ahead of print].
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between family ties and depression in the elderly.To that end,Holtfreter and colleagues randomly dialed telephone numbers from Florida and Arizona telephone directory databases that contained a combined total of 4130 phone numbers.Of the 4130 numbers dialed,2000 individuals older than 60 years answered the call and agreed to participate in the telephone survey.The survey included questions that assessed one's level of social activity,depression,and family ties.The results revealed that elderly individuals who reported being very happy with their children and with their partner were significantly less depressed than those whose family ties were less strong.In addition,the researchers found that those who were depressed were less likely to participate in social activities.The results of this study suggest that family is an important contributor to psychological and social well-being.
(Scenario II)Less than half of the potential participants in Scenario II agreed to complete the telephone interviews.This could potentially result in:

A) nonresponse bias.
B) nonrandom sampling.
C) nonprobability sampling.
D) haphazard sampling.

Question 5

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Johnson,M.K. ,Rowatt,W.C.& LaBouff,J.P.(2012).Religiosity and prejudice revisited: In-group favoritism,out-of group derogation,or both? Psychology of Religion and Spirtuality,4(2),154-168.
Does Religion Encourage Discrimination?
The purpose of this study was to examine intergroup bias-the idea that people favor those who share their religious attitudes and beliefs,and discriminate against those who do not.In the first part the researchers administered a survey to 144 undergraduate psychology students from a Christian university designed to address their attitudes toward individuals whose religious affiliation and sexuality were consistent and inconsistent with their own.In the second study the researchers recruited 73 undergraduates from the same university.The participants performed a lexical decision task 24 hours after reporting their religious affiliation and attitudes toward Christians,Muslims,atheists,heterosexual men,and homosexual men via an online survey.The purpose of the lexical decision task was to prime half of the participants with a religious word and half of the participants with a neutral word.Immediately following the lexical decision task the participants were again asked about their attitudes toward the aforementioned religious groups and male sexual orientations.The results of the study support intergroup bias.Not only did Christian participants exhibit a more positive attitude toward those consistent with their Christian values and a negative attitude toward those with values inconsistent with their Christian beliefs,but religious priming also appeared to accentuate the intergroup bias.The results of the study suggest that Christianity,a belief based on human acceptance,may actually promote discrimination.
(Scenario III)Religiosity was the independent variable in the study described in Scenario III.Religiosity was divided into three groups based on whether the participants reported being Christian,atheist,or Muslim.The method by which religious groups were established makes this a(n)___________study.

A) true experimental
B) quasi-experimental
C) pseudo-experimental
D) absolute experimental

Question 6

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Johnson,M.K. ,Rowatt,W.C.& LaBouff,J.P.(2012).Religiosity and prejudice revisited: In-group favoritism,out-of group derogation,or both? Psychology of Religion and Spirtuality,4(2),154-168.
Does Religion Encourage Discrimination?
The purpose of this study was to examine intergroup bias-the idea that people favor those who share their religious attitudes and beliefs,and discriminate against those who do not.In the first part the researchers administered a survey to 144 undergraduate psychology students from a Christian university designed to address their attitudes toward individuals whose religious affiliation and sexuality were consistent and inconsistent with their own.In the second study the researchers recruited 73 undergraduates from the same university.The participants performed a lexical decision task 24 hours after reporting their religious affiliation and attitudes toward Christians,Muslims,atheists,heterosexual men,and homosexual men via an online survey.The purpose of the lexical decision task was to prime half of the participants with a religious word and half of the participants with a neutral word.Immediately following the lexical decision task the participants were again asked about their attitudes toward the aforementioned religious groups and male sexual orientations.The results of the study support intergroup bias.Not only did Christian participants exhibit a more positive attitude toward those consistent with their Christian values and a negative attitude toward those with values inconsistent with their Christian beliefs,but religious priming also appeared to accentuate the intergroup bias.The results of the study suggest that Christianity,a belief based on human acceptance,may actually promote discrimination.
(Scenario III)Suppose Ken,a participant of this study,is a homosexual atheist who is not out of the closet.Understanding the culture of the university he is at,when asked about his sexual orientation he says he is a heterosexual Christian.The results of Ken's responses on the survey will likely produce:

A) raw scores.
B) true scores.
C) bias.
D) random error.

Question 7

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Garza-Villarreal,E.A. ,Wilson,A.D. ,Vase,L. ,et al.(2014).Music reduces pain and increases functional mobility in fibromyalgia.Frontiers in Psychology,5(90),1-10.
Music Reduces Fibromyalgia Pain
Garza-Villarreal and colleagues examined the effect of music on pain and mobility in 22 individuals with fibromyalgia.The study was designed so that pain intensity,pain unpleasantness,and mobility were measured twice for each participant.The first set of measurements were obtained after they listened to white noise for 10 minutes,and the second set of measurements were obtained after they listened to music for 10 minutes.The music each participant listened to was of their own choosing with the instruction that the piece selected should be calming to them.The study was counterbalanced so that half of the participants heard the white noise first and half heard the music first.Pain intensity and unpleasantness was measured using the Verbal Rating Scale.Participants indicate their levels of pain intensity and pain unpleasantness by writing their response to various questions using a 10-point scale.Higher scores indicated higher levels of pain intensity and unpleasantness.Mobility was measured by timing how long it took participants to walk three meters from a sitting position and then back to their chair.The results revealed that pain intensity and unpleasantness changed significantly after participants listened to music,but not after they listened to white noise.In addition,music,but not white noise,reduced the time it took to complete the behavioral task.This study suggests that music improves mobility in fibromyalgia patients presumably by reducing pain perception.
(Scenario I)Which of the following was a behavioral measure used in Scenario I?

A) music choice
B) pain intensity
C) fibromyalgia
D) noise

Question 8

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Garza-Villarreal,E.A. ,Wilson,A.D. ,Vase,L. ,et al.(2014).Music reduces pain and increases functional mobility in fibromyalgia.Frontiers in Psychology,5(90),1-10.
Music Reduces Fibromyalgia Pain
Garza-Villarreal and colleagues examined the effect of music on pain and mobility in 22 individuals with fibromyalgia.The study was designed so that pain intensity,pain unpleasantness,and mobility were measured twice for each participant.The first set of measurements were obtained after they listened to white noise for 10 minutes,and the second set of measurements were obtained after they listened to music for 10 minutes.The music each participant listened to was of their own choosing with the instruction that the piece selected should be calming to them.The study was counterbalanced so that half of the participants heard the white noise first and half heard the music first.Pain intensity and unpleasantness was measured using the Verbal Rating Scale.Participants indicate their levels of pain intensity and pain unpleasantness by writing their response to various questions using a 10-point scale.Higher scores indicated higher levels of pain intensity and unpleasantness.Mobility was measured by timing how long it took participants to walk three meters from a sitting position and then back to their chair.The results revealed that pain intensity and unpleasantness changed significantly after participants listened to music,but not after they listened to white noise.In addition,music,but not white noise,reduced the time it took to complete the behavioral task.This study suggests that music improves mobility in fibromyalgia patients presumably by reducing pain perception.
(Scenario I)Assuming participants were randomly assigned to one of the three treatment conditions,what design did the researchers in Scenario I use?

A) true experiment
B) quasi-experiment
C) real experiment
D) semi-experiment

Question 9

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Garza-Villarreal,E.A. ,Wilson,A.D. ,Vase,L. ,et al.(2014).Music reduces pain and increases functional mobility in fibromyalgia.Frontiers in Psychology,5(90),1-10.
Music Reduces Fibromyalgia Pain
Garza-Villarreal and colleagues examined the effect of music on pain and mobility in 22 individuals with fibromyalgia.The study was designed so that pain intensity,pain unpleasantness,and mobility were measured twice for each participant.The first set of measurements were obtained after they listened to white noise for 10 minutes,and the second set of measurements were obtained after they listened to music for 10 minutes.The music each participant listened to was of their own choosing with the instruction that the piece selected should be calming to them.The study was counterbalanced so that half of the participants heard the white noise first and half heard the music first.Pain intensity and unpleasantness was measured using the Verbal Rating Scale.Participants indicate their levels of pain intensity and pain unpleasantness by writing their response to various questions using a 10-point scale.Higher scores indicated higher levels of pain intensity and unpleasantness.Mobility was measured by timing how long it took participants to walk three meters from a sitting position and then back to their chair.The results revealed that pain intensity and unpleasantness changed significantly after participants listened to music,but not after they listened to white noise.In addition,music,but not white noise,reduced the time it took to complete the behavioral task.This study suggests that music improves mobility in fibromyalgia patients presumably by reducing pain perception.
(Scenario I)The Verbal Rating Scale used in Scenario I to measure pain intensity and unpleasantness is a(n):

A) self-report measure.
B) self-behavioral observation measure.
C) observational self-report measure.
D) social desirability measure.

Question 10

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario III
Scenario III is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Johnson,M.K. ,Rowatt,W.C.& LaBouff,J.P.(2012).Religiosity and prejudice revisited: In-group favoritism,out-of group derogation,or both? Psychology of Religion and Spirtuality,4(2),154-168.
Does Religion Encourage Discrimination?
The purpose of this study was to examine intergroup bias-the idea that people favor those who share their religious attitudes and beliefs,and discriminate against those who do not.In the first part the researchers administered a survey to 144 undergraduate psychology students from a Christian university designed to address their attitudes toward individuals whose religious affiliation and sexuality were consistent and inconsistent with their own.In the second study the researchers recruited 73 undergraduates from the same university.The participants performed a lexical decision task 24 hours after reporting their religious affiliation and attitudes toward Christians,Muslims,atheists,heterosexual men,and homosexual men via an online survey.The purpose of the lexical decision task was to prime half of the participants with a religious word and half of the participants with a neutral word.Immediately following the lexical decision task the participants were again asked about their attitudes toward the aforementioned religious groups and male sexual orientations.The results of the study support intergroup bias.Not only did Christian participants exhibit a more positive attitude toward those consistent with their Christian values and a negative attitude toward those with values inconsistent with their Christian beliefs,but religious priming also appeared to accentuate the intergroup bias.The results of the study suggest that Christianity,a belief based on human acceptance,may actually promote discrimination.
(Scenario III)A self-report measure was used to assess religiosity.A major advantage of self-report methods is:

A) they are easy to administer.
B) they are inexpensive and efficient.
C) that information is obtained directly from the source.
D) All of the above are advantages of self-report measures.

Question 11

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Holtfreter,K. ,Reisig,M.D.& Turanovic,J.J.(2015).Depression and infrequent participation in social activities among older adults: the moderating role of high-quality familial ties.Aging and Mental Health,Oct 15:1-10.[Epub ahead of print].
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between family ties and depression in the elderly.To that end,Holtfreter and colleagues randomly dialed telephone numbers from Florida and Arizona telephone directory databases that contained a combined total of 4130 phone numbers.Of the 4130 numbers dialed,2000 individuals older than 60 years answered the call and agreed to participate in the telephone survey.The survey included questions that assessed one's level of social activity,depression,and family ties.The results revealed that elderly individuals who reported being very happy with their children and with their partner were significantly less depressed than those whose family ties were less strong.In addition,the researchers found that those who were depressed were less likely to participate in social activities.The results of this study suggest that family is an important contributor to psychological and social well-being.
(Scenario II)Which of the following is a potential disadvantage to how data were collected in Scenario II?

A) The participants may not have enough self-knowledge to accurately report their thoughts and feelings.
B) The participants may have downplayed their depression and overstated their social life and family ties.
C) Given the age of the participants,their answers may be subject to retrospective bias.
D) All of the above are potential disadvantages.

Question 12

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Holtfreter,K. ,Reisig,M.D.& Turanovic,J.J.(2015).Depression and infrequent participation in social activities among older adults: the moderating role of high-quality familial ties.Aging and Mental Health,Oct 15:1-10.[Epub ahead of print].
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between family ties and depression in the elderly.To that end,Holtfreter and colleagues randomly dialed telephone numbers from Florida and Arizona telephone directory databases that contained a combined total of 4130 phone numbers.Of the 4130 numbers dialed,2000 individuals older than 60 years answered the call and agreed to participate in the telephone survey.The survey included questions that assessed one's level of social activity,depression,and family ties.The results revealed that elderly individuals who reported being very happy with their children and with their partner were significantly less depressed than those whose family ties were less strong.In addition,the researchers found that those who were depressed were less likely to participate in social activities.The results of this study suggest that family is an important contributor to psychological and social well-being.
(Scenario II)If the researchers in Scenario II had measured social activity,family ties,and depression by watching participants engage with others and their family,which type of behavioral measure would they have obtained?

A) behavioral trace
B) behavioral observation
C) behavioral choice
D) behavioral delay

Question 13

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario II
Scenario II is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Holtfreter,K. ,Reisig,M.D.& Turanovic,J.J.(2015).Depression and infrequent participation in social activities among older adults: the moderating role of high-quality familial ties.Aging and Mental Health,Oct 15:1-10.[Epub ahead of print].
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between family ties and depression in the elderly.To that end,Holtfreter and colleagues randomly dialed telephone numbers from Florida and Arizona telephone directory databases that contained a combined total of 4130 phone numbers.Of the 4130 numbers dialed,2000 individuals older than 60 years answered the call and agreed to participate in the telephone survey.The survey included questions that assessed one's level of social activity,depression,and family ties.The results revealed that elderly individuals who reported being very happy with their children and with their partner were significantly less depressed than those whose family ties were less strong.In addition,the researchers found that those who were depressed were less likely to participate in social activities.The results of this study suggest that family is an important contributor to psychological and social well-being.
(Scenario II)Suppose the researchers in Scenario II obtained their sample by asking for volunteers at a local assisted living home.This method of sampling would be best described as being a:

A) random sample.
B) haphazard sample.
C) convenience sample.
D) biased sample.

Question 14

Use the following to answer questions
Scenario I
Scenario I is based on fabricated data inspired by the following study:
Garza-Villarreal,E.A. ,Wilson,A.D. ,Vase,L. ,et al.(2014).Music reduces pain and increases functional mobility in fibromyalgia.Frontiers in Psychology,5(90),1-10.
Music Reduces Fibromyalgia Pain
Garza-Villarreal and colleagues examined the effect of music on pain and mobility in 22 individuals with fibromyalgia.The study was designed so that pain intensity,pain unpleasantness,and mobility were measured twice for each participant.The first set of measurements were obtained after they listened to white noise for 10 minutes,and the second set of measurements were obtained after they listened to music for 10 minutes.The music each participant listened to was of their own choosing with the instruction that the piece selected should be calming to them.The study was counterbalanced so that half of the participants heard the white noise first and half heard the music first.Pain intensity and unpleasantness was measured using the Verbal Rating Scale.Participants indicate their levels of pain intensity and pain unpleasantness by writing their response to various questions using a 10-point scale.Higher scores indicated higher levels of pain intensity and unpleasantness.Mobility was measured by timing how long it took participants to walk three meters from a sitting position and then back to their chair.The results revealed that pain intensity and unpleasantness changed significantly after participants listened to music,but not after they listened to white noise.In addition,music,but not white noise,reduced the time it took to complete the behavioral task.This study suggests that music improves mobility in fibromyalgia patients presumably by reducing pain perception.
(Scenario I)Systematic error in measurement in Scenario I would have occurred if:

A) the researchers cringed when participants in the control condition self-reported their pain.
B) the researchers cringed when participants in the experimental condition self-reported their pain.
C) A and B
D) either A or B