Deck 7: Seciton 3: the First Two Years: Psychosocial Development

Question 1

At 6 weeks of age, baby Jessica's newest emotional reaction is MOST likely to be _____.

A) fear of strangers
B) a wide-eyed look of surprise
C) a social smile
D) a squeal of delight at her favorite toy

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which emotion seems to depend on the development of social awareness?

A) fear of strangers
B) anger
C) pride
D) curiosity

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Usually, stranger wariness is first noticeable at _____ months.

A) 3
B) 4
C) 9
D) 12

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Emotions that develop over the first two years of life are _____.

A) purely reflexive
B) cautious and anticipatory
C) speedy and uncensored reactions
D) adapted and changed according to cognitive maps

Question 5

Roseanne is several hours old. Which of the following emotions is already apparent?

A) social smile
B) pain
C) embarrassed crying
D) fear of strangers

Question 6

An infant's anger is usually triggered by _____.

A) sadness
B) fear
C) frustration
D) shame

Question 7

Four-month-old Tammi and 13-month-old Dawn are left with a babysitter. How will they react?

A) Tammi will be more upset than Dawn.
B) Dawn will probably show more distress than Tammi.
C) Both Tammi and Dawn will be experiencing separation anxiety.
D) Neither girl is likely to show distress.

Question 8

When a baby acts upset because a caregiver is leaving, the baby is exhibiting _____.

A) general anxiety
B) separation anxiety
C) solitary fear
D) fear of isolation

Question 9

Increased levels of cortisol are associated with an infant experiencing _____.

A) sadness
B) anger
C) well-being
D) secure attachment

Question 10

An infant's distress at seeing an unfamiliar person is called _____.

A) stranger wariness
B) extrafamilial fear
C) fear of the unknown
D) separation anxiety

Question 11

When baby Erica met her grandfather's big dog for the first time, she cried and tried to move away from the dog. Erica is most likely _____.

A) a newborn
B) 3 months old
C) 6 months old
D) 9 months old

Question 12

Which of the following emotions is the last to develop in an infant?

A) fear of strangers
B) anger
C) pride
D) curiosity

Question 13

Which characteristics must be present before an infant can experience pride, shame, or guilt?

A) social awareness
B) social skills
C) stranger anxiety
D) embarrassment

Question 14

Andrew has recently begun to display the emotion of anger. How old is Andrew likely to be?

A) 6 weeks
B) 2 months
C) 4 months
D) 10 months

Question 15

The new emotions that appear toward the end of a child's second year are _____.

A) joy, distress, fear, and anger
B) pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt
C) joy, fear, shame, and guilt
D) pride, shame, joy, and anger

Question 16

Which statement is correct?

A) The social smile in response to another person first appears at about 12 weeks old.
B) Very young infants seem incapable of expressing distress and contentment.
C) A 5-month-old baby is likely to display fear of strangers and separation anxiety.
D) An 11-month-old girl may show anxiety when her mother goes into another room.

Question 17

Chang participated in a research study when he was an infant, during which the researcher restrained his arms for two minutes. Which emotion did Chang likely experience?

A) sadness
B) fear
C) anger
D) shame

Question 18

Tang is a 3-month-old infant. Which of the following is he likely to have just recently begun displaying?

A) social smile
B) laughter
C) sadness
D) fear

Question 19

Which behavior develops around 6 weeks of age?

A) anger
B) laughter
C) fear of unexpected sounds
D) the social smile

Question 20

Pierce is a 2-year-old boy who loves his "lellow-lee" (yellow blanket) and won't take a nap without it. Pierce's yellow blanket would be considered a(n) _____.

A) sign of separation anxiety
B) transitional object
C) imaginary friend
D) indication of attachment problems

Question 21

According to the New York Longitudinal Study, at what age can infants' temperaments first be classified?

A) 1 month
B) 3 months
C) 6 months
D) 12 months

Question 22

Research has found that a person's temperament is _____.

A) highly variable from one country to the next
B) determined almost entirely by parenting
C) linked to biological patterns that appear in infancy
D) created during early social interactions

Question 23

Tiffany is 8 months old. Her mother and father don't get along well. There is often fighting in the house that frightens Tiffany. What effect might this environment have on her brain development?

A) Her hypothalamus may grow more slowly than normal.
B) Her prefrontal lobes will be overdeveloped.
C) Her dendrites will likely overdevelop.
D) Her anterior cingulate gyrus will be damaged.

Question 24

The emotions of shame, pride, and embarrassment require that a child first _____.

A) develop long-term memory skills
B) develop language to express those emotions
C) gain an awareness of other people
D) have experienced punishment

Question 25

What is one of the four categories of temperament suggested by the New York Longitudinal Study?

A) edgy
B) slow-to-warm-up
C) hyper
D) angry

Question 26

According to the New York Longitudinal Study, by approximately 3 months of age infants exhibit a wide enough variety of behaviors that they can be classified as one of _____ temperamental categories.

A) three
B) four
C) seven
D) nine

Question 27

Adam is playful, but sometimes moody; fussy but generally tolerant; and sometimes quiet, and other times boisterous. His temperament would be categorized as _____.

A) easy
B) challenging
C) difficult
D) hard-to-classify

Question 28

Which specific part of the brain is responsible for emotional self-regulation?

A) the prefrontal cortex
B) the anterior cingulate gyrus
C) the anterior frontal lobes
D) the parietal lobes

Question 29

Regina is easily disturbed, unhappy, and cries a lot. The New York Longitudinal Study researchers would say that Regina's temperament is _____.

A) difficult
B) challenging
C) experiencing asynchrony
D) typical

Question 30

Jimmy's dad comes home from grocery shopping, sees Jimmy sitting on the sofa, and says, "Where's that boy of mine?" Jimmy gives his dad a smile that spreads across his entire face, and his dad responds with an exaggerated surprised look. This is an example of _____.

A) psychosocialization
B) symbiosis
C) polarization
D) synchrony

Question 31

Synchrony depends on _____.

A) attention span
B) stable mood
C) responsiveness and timing
D) breast-feeding

Question 32

If we place a dot of rouge on a 20-month-old girl's nose and stand the child in front of a mirror, she may then touch her own nose. This proves that the child has some _____.

A) dynamic perception
B) perceptual constancy
C) social referencing
D) self-awareness

Question 33

Which boy is MOST likely to be strongly affected by his mother's responsiveness?

A) Kim, who is anxious and difficult
B) Jerry, who is easygoing
C) Trenton, who is a hard-to-classify child
D) Ko, who is a slow-to-warm-up child

Question 34

Which 4-month-old girl's temperament is the MOST likely to change over time?

A) Yolanda, who is exuberant and easygoing
B) Michaela, who is inhibited and fearful
C) Nellie, who is fussy and unpredictable
D) Paulette, who is sometimes positive and sometimes fearful

Question 35

Which statement about emotional development in toddlers is true?

A) Toddlers will universally feel proud of themselves.
B) Emotions like pride and humility are dependent on cultural values.
C) Toddlers are naturally humble.
D) Toddlers are no longer distressed when separated from their parents.

Question 36

The crucial aspect of synchrony is _____.

A) infants observing adults
B) infants imitating adults
C) mutual interaction
D) unilateral imitation

Question 37

The coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant is called _____.

A) psychosocialization
B) synchrony
C) symbiosis
D) interplay

Question 38

Researchers placed a dot of rouge on babies' noses and then had them look into a mirror. On average, at what age did most babies touch their own noses when they saw their reflection?

A) 3 months
B) 6 months
C) 9 months
D) 18 months

Question 39

What are the four categories of temperament suggested by the New York Longitudinal Study?

A) easy, difficult, unregulated, hard-to-classify
B) easy, insurgent, slow-to-warm-up, hard-to-classify
C) easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up, hard-to-classify
D) mellow, tense, shy, indeterminate

Question 40

Emotional reactions, especially those connected to self-awareness, are partially dependent upon _____.

A) self-recognition
B) self-control
C) memory
D) embarrassment

Question 41

The Strange Situation measures how a child _____.

A) responds to a stranger
B) plays with a parent
C) responds to separations and reunions with a caregiver
D) plays with toys he or she has never seen before

Question 42

Nine-month-old Taran explores new environments when his mother is present but shows distress when his mother leaves the room. Taran's behavior illustrates a(n) _____ attachment.

A) secure
B) insecure-resistant/ambivalent
C) insecure-avoidant
D) disorganized

Question 43

Victor and Rosa want to enhance their synchrony with their 6-month-old daughter. They can best do this by _____.

A) imitating her vocal and facial expressions
B) watching her imitate their mouth movements and smiles
C) listening to her vocalizations
D) including her in their conversations

Question 44

A sign of secure attachment is when a child _____.

A) refuses to let go of the caregiver's arm
B) plays aimlessly without interacting with the caregiver
C) shows extreme fear and anger
D) maintains contact with the caregiver while exploring

Question 45

In the research performed by Tronick & Weinberg, mothers were instructed to interact with their infants by copying their babies' facial expressions, and then on cue to show no emotional reaction at all. This procedure is called the _____.

A) facial mimicking technique
B) emotional expression technique
C) still-face technique
D) social response technique

Question 46

Mary is playing with her infant daughter Rosalie. Mary responds to Rosalie's facial expressions by mimicking and exaggerating the same expressions. All of a sudden, Mary's face becomes blank and she does not show any emotion. How is Rose likely to respond?

A) Rose will probably frown, fuss, drool, or look away from her mother.
B) Rose will be glad for the break and will probably fall asleep.
C) Rose will exaggerate her mother's facial expression.
D) Rose will smile and coo even more to try to get her mother to respond.

Question 47

"Proximity-seeking" and "contact-maintaining" behaviors are displays of _____.

A) love
B) fear
C) attachment
D) friendliness

Question 48

Which psychologist developed the Strange Situation test?

A) Erikson
B) Freud
C) Skinner
D) Ainsworth

Question 49

Baby Carrie's father is holding her. She is smiling at him one minute and then, unexpectedly, she slaps his face. Since this is typical behavior for her, she may have which type of attachment?

A) insecure-avoidant
B) disorganized
C) secure-detached
D) insecure-resistant/ambivalent

Question 50

In the Strange Situation, a sign of insecure attachment might be _____.

A) smiling at Mother when she returns to the room
B) crying and unable to be comforted when Mother returns
C) seeking contact with Mother when reunited
D) playing happily as long as Mother is present

Question 51

In the Strange Situation, a sign of secure attachment is _____.

A) smiling at Mother when she returns to the room
B) crying and not being comforted when Mother comes back
C) ignoring Mother when she returns to the room
D) being reluctant to leave Mother to play with new toys

Question 52

Ruby does not notice when her mother leaves the day care center and ignores her mother when she returns. Ruby's behavior is characteristic of _____ attachment.

A) insecure-avoidant
B) insecure-resistant/ambivalent
C) secure
D) disorganized

Question 53

Attachment in infants is definitely evident by the age of _____.

A) 6 months
B) 8 months
C) 10 months
D) 1 year

Question 54

Secure attachment makes a toddler _____.

A) willing to explore
B) self-centered
C) cling to the mother
D) want to talk a lot

Question 55

Which child shows a secure attachment?

A) one who ignores the caregiver while sitting in a corner
B) one who expresses fear at the sight of the caregiver
C) one who makes contact with the caregiver after the caregiver re-enters the room
D) one who refuses to let go of the caregiver when the caregiver attempts to place the child on the floor

Question 56

Jerome clings to his mother and refuses to leave her lap. Jerome is exhibiting _____ attachment behavior.

A) insecure-avoidant
B) insecure-resistant/ambivalent
C) secure
D) disoriented

Question 57

Based on research, attachment appears to be _____.

A) based on cognitive theory
B) an ethnotheory
C) universal around the world
D) only in Western cultures

Question 58

Which scenario portrays a secure attachment?

A) a child being willing to explore a new environment in the presence of the caregiver
B) a child refusing to let other children play with his toys
C) a child clinging to her mother in a new environment
D) a child mimicking his mother's expressions in a familiar environment

Question 59

The lasting emotional bond that an infant forms with a caregiver is called _____.

A) pair-bonding
B) attachment
C) unionization
D) synchrony

Question 60

Dr. Berkowitz is doing research using the Strange Situation in order to measure a child's _____.

A) fear
B) love
C) attachment
D) depth perception

Question 61

Geoffrey enjoys spending time with his 1-year-old son. Compared to his wife, Geoffrey's interaction with their son is likely to be _____.

A) more actively playful
B) less noisy and boisterous
C) more involved with basic care
D) less active and energetic

Question 62

Harry's mother left him for a few minutes. When she returned, Harry climbed into her lap and then resumed playing. Harry is probably a(n) _____ attached child.

A) insecurely
B) securely
C) timidly
D) disorganized

Question 63

Rodney was raised on a farm in Utah and enjoys the taste of beef liver cooked with onions. Sarah was raised in New York City and would never think of eating beef liver, but she very much enjoys sushi. What explains their differences in food preference?

A) differences in attachment styles
B) biological differences in their taste buds
C) behavioral reinforcement
D) social referencing

Question 64

Compared to mothers, fathers are more likely to make their infants _____.

A) stop crying
B) laugh
C) go to sleep
D) say "please"

Question 65

A parent and a toddler meet someone who makes the parent nervous. The toddler will probably _____.

A) act anxious
B) smile and reach for the person
C) start crying and hit the person
D) not show any reaction

Question 66

When playing with their children, fathers are more likely than mothers to _____.

A) read stories
B) engage in physical play
C) show them how to play with their toys
D) give them food rewards

Question 67

Josh is 15 months old. His parents are happy in their marriage and financially stable. Most likely, Josh's attachment type will be _____.

A) insecure-resistant/ambivalent
B) insecure-avoidant
C) disorganized
D) secure

Question 68

How do people become "fixated" in a Freudian stage?

A) They experience excessive emotions.
B) Their normal developmental urges are frustrated.
C) Their mother is not their primary caregiver.
D) They fail to undergo a normal cognitive metamorphosis.

Question 69

When playing with their children, mothers are more likely than fathers to _____.

A) engage in physical play
B) help children to become less fearful
C) engage in noisy play
D) play peek-a-boo and patty cake

Question 70

A child fixated in the oral stage may become an adult who _____.

A) eats too much
B) is excessively neat
C) is a homosexual
D) has intense fears

Question 71

A child's typical activity during the oral stage is _____.

A) sucking on a pacifier
B) toilet training
C) feeling a blanket using the fingers
D) playing peek-a-boo

Question 72

Freud claimed that during the anal stage _____.

A) infants often find urinating and defecating to be painful
B) toilet training leads to positive mother-child interactions
C) infants find pleasure in stimulating and controlling the bowels
D) infants strive to develop a sense of trust in the parents

Question 73

Abed is 12 months old, and his uncle Frank is visiting for the first time in 6 months. Frank is delighted to see his nephew, so as he enters the room, he booms, "There's my little man!" Abed looks to his mother, who is smiling broadly at her brother Frank, and crawls to her to be picked up. Abed is demonstrating _____.

A) attachment disorder
B) social referencing
C) social phobia
D) insecure attachment

Question 74

Freud's stage that takes place in the second year is called _____.

A) the phallic state
B) the anal stage
C) trust versus mistrust
D) the oral stage

Question 75

Based on the experience of the Romanian children who were institutionalized during the late twentieth century, what might be concluded about attachment?

A) A person's attachment style starts to be set by about 6 months of age.
B) There is no sensitive period for attachment.
C) No matter how impoverished an infant's emotional environment, self-righting will protect the child from permanent psychological damage.
D) As long as children are adopted by 6 years of age, they can overcome any emotional disability that had developed prior to that.

Question 76

Sigmund Freud was a(n) _____.

A) ethological theorist
B) behaviorist
C) psychoanalytic theorist
D) humanistic theorist

Question 77

According to psychoanalytic theory, the child's prime focus of pleasure in the first year of life is the _____.

A) anus
B) stomach
C) hands and feet
D) mouth

Question 78

Recent research has indicated that once an infant has become securely attached to an adult _____.

A) a healthy personality is expected throughout life
B) no relationship problems will occur later on
C) he or she is likely to be a securely attached child
D) his or her attachment status never changes

Question 79

One clear difference between father-infant and mother-infant interactions is that _____.

A) fathers foster insecure attachment
B) babies find their mothers more fun
C) babies laugh and smile more with their fathers
D) fathers do not affect their babies' cognitive development

Question 80

A baby searches the faces of her parents to see how to respond in unfamiliar situations. This is called _____.

A) separation anxiety
B) social referencing
C) stranger anxiety
D) uncertainty checking