Deck 6: Seciton 3: the First Two Years: Cognitive Development

Question 1

The first of Piaget's sensorimotor stages that involves an infant's interaction with something else is _____.

A) stage one
B) stage two
C) stage three
D) stage five

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Piaget called an infant's first period of cognitive development _____.

A) sensorimotor intelligence
B) adaptation
C) object awareness
D) imitative learning

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Baby Hugh enjoys playing with his dad's keys, but when his dad takes them away, Hugh does not search for them. Piaget would say that is because Hugh does not understand _____.

A) conservation
B) object permanence
C) egocentrism
D) affordances

Answer 3

B

Question 4

When 1-week-old Justine feels too warm, she reflexively cries. According to Piaget, Justine is in stage _____ of the sensorimotor period.

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 5

_____ is the understanding that objects continue to exist when they cannot be seen.

A) Object permanence
B) Acquired adaptation
C) Mental representation
D) Object continuity

Question 6

In which of Piaget's sensorimotor stages do infants respond to people and objects and seek to make interesting events last?

A) stage one
B) stage two
C) stage three
D) stage four

Question 7

An example of stage-three sensorimotor behavior is _____.

A) thumb-sucking and self-soothing
B) looking for a smile and smiling back
C) searching for a teddy bear hidden under a blanket
D) trying to dress like Mommy or Daddy

Question 8

The behavior of an infant in sensorimotor stage four might best be described as _____.

A) deliberate
B) experimental
C) creative
D) anxious

Question 9

In which of Piaget's sensorimotor stages do infants adapt, anticipate, and become more deliberate in responding to people and objects?

A) stage one
B) stage two
C) stage three
D) stage four

Question 10

"Do you want to play patty-cake?" Sofia asks her infant daughter. The baby responds by clapping her hands. In which stage of sensorimotor development is Sofia's baby?

A) stage one
B) stage two
C) stage three
D) stage four

Question 11

The behavior of an infant in sensorimotor stage four might best be described as _____.

A) goal-oriented
B) redundant
C) stubborn
D) unintentional

Question 12

Piaget believed children begin to develop cognitively at _____.

A) birth
B) 3 months
C) 1 year
D) 18 months

Question 13

Object permanence is demonstrated by an infant who _____.

A) laughs when a sibling makes faces
B) grasps a rattle and bangs it on the floor
C) willing lets go of an object
D) searches for a toy that has fallen from sight

Question 14

During the sensorimotor stage, the child's main task is to _____.

A) learn to use language to express sensations
B) think of past and future events
C) use senses and motor skills to understand the world
D) think logically and critically

Question 15

In Piaget's terminology, sensorimotor stage one is described as _____.

A) the stage of reflexes
B) making interesting sights last
C) first acquired adaptations
D) new adaptation and anticipation

Question 16

Sensorimotor stage four is the stage of _____.

A) making interesting sights last
B) new means through active experimentation
C) new means through mental combinations
D) new adaptation and anticipation

Question 17

In Piaget's terminology, sensorimotor stage two is described as _____.

A) the stage of reflexes
B) first acquired adaptations
C) making interesting sights last
D) new adaptation and anticipation

Question 18

Stage _____ of sensorimotor development is characterized by trying to continue an experience, whereas stage _____ is characterized by initiating and anticipating events.

A) one; two
B) two; three
C) three; four
D) four; five

Question 19

Freddy has been sucking his thumb for a few weeks. His parents would prefer him to use a pacifier, so they begin to offer one, but Freddy rejects it and continues to suck his thumb. Freddy is most clearly in stage _____ of Piaget's theory of sensorimotor development.

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 20

Adriana and her mother have been playing patty-cake, but mother is now trying to engage Adriana in a picture book. Adriana wants to play patty-cake again, so she grabs mother's hands and puts them together as if in a clap. Adriana is clearly in which stage of sensorimotor development?

A) stage one
B) stage two
C) stage three
D) stage four

Question 21

Research indicates that infants reach the stages of Piaget's sensorimotor intelligence _____ Piaget originally predicted.

A) earlier than
B) later than
C) at the same time as
D) in a different sequence than

Question 22

According to Piaget, a stage-five sensorimotor baby is like a _____.

A) child in the "terrible twos"
B) neurotic person who cannot take no for an answer
C) mime who imitates behavior of all kinds
D) scientist who experiments to see what will happen

Question 23

Which theory compares human cognition to the workings of a computer?

A) behavioral theory
B) information-processing theory
C) adaptive theory
D) Piaget's theory of cognitive development

Question 24

Which of the following is one implication of mirror neurons for infant cognition?

A) Infants can demonstrate self-awareness by recognizing their own image in the mirror.
B) Mirror neurons facilitate the development of object permanence.
C) Mirror neurons facilitate the understanding of objects earlier than Piaget asserted.
D) Visual stimuli reflected in a mirror may facilitate understanding of objects.

Question 25

A visual cliff is used to assess infants' _____.

A) visual acuity
B) perception of depth
C) kinesthetic awareness
D) ability to crawl

Question 26

In one research study, scientists scanned the brains of both a monkey reaching for a banana and another monkey watching that action. The same neurons in a particular region of the brain were activated in both monkeys. These neurons are called _____ neurons.

A) information-processing
B) mirror
C) axon
D) dendrite

Question 27

Tia is fascinated with the toilet. So far, her parents have caught her trying to flush a stuffed animal, a toy cell phone, and a handful of dog kibble. Which sensorimotor stage is Tia MOST likely in?

A) stage 3
B) stage 4
C) stage 5
D) stage 6

Question 28

Geraldo loves to climb, and there are many opportunities for him to do so around his home: on the bookshelf in the living room, the decorative rocks in the front yard, and the ladder for the slide at the park. Each of these opportunities is _____ for climbing.

A) suitable
B) habituating
C) an affordance
D) a motivator

Question 29

Dashiel is 20 months old. His mother tells him that he must not touch the candle that she just lit, and then she turns her back to continue tidying the room. When she turns back around, she sees Dashiel trying to dip his finger in the melted wax under the flame. What best explains Dashiel's behavior?

A) Dashiel is demonstrating early evidence of a deviant personality.
B) Dashiel's actions were driven by curiosity.
C) Dashiel may have a hearing problem.
D) Stubbornness is part of Dashiel's personality.

Question 30

Information-processing theory asserts that development _____, and Piaget's theory asserts that development _____.

A) occurs in stages; occurs in stages
B) occurs in stages; occurs daily
C) occurs daily; occurs in stages
D) occurs daily; occurs daily

Question 31

Justin is a 6-month-old infant. He focuses intently on new stimuli, and quickly becomes habituated. What can we infer about Justin's cognitive abilities?

A) He habituates quickly because he doesn't understand the stimulus.
B) His tendency to focus intently indicates he might develop attention-deficit disorder.
C) He habituates quickly because he has trouble paying attention.
D) His behaviors might indicate greater intelligence.

Question 32

The environment offers many opportunities to interact with whatever is perceived. These opportunities are known as _____.

A) affordances
B) cognitions
C) habituations
D) clarifications

Question 33

Piaget would place an interesting toy under a cloth, in full view of the baby, to test _____.

A) primary circular reactions
B) the stage of making interesting events last
C) object permanence
D) reflexes

Question 34

Piaget referred to toddlers in sensorimotor stage five as _____.

A) little heathens
B) tertiary infants
C) little scientists
D) blank slates

Question 35

Piaget's sixth stage of sensorimotor intelligence is known as the stage of _____.

A) mental combinations
B) interesting observations
C) primary reactions
D) new adaptation and anticipation

Question 36

Mariska is participating in a research study to determine whether she can detect the difference between two amounts: a circle containing two dots versus a circle with no dots inside. The researcher shows her the empty circle repeatedly until she looks away while it is on the screen. Then the researcher shows her the circle with two dots in it, and records how long Mariska stares at it. What research method is being used?

A) observation
B) habituation
C) implementation
D) visualization

Question 37

Cooper sees his mother come through the door after work. He squeals, "Mama!" Information-processing theorists would call this an example of _____.

A) a linguistic supplier
B) habituation
C) an output
D) a calculation

Question 38

Timo can detect the difference between displays of 8 and 16 dots, as revealed by a habituation test. Timo is at least how old?

A) 6 months
B) 8 months
C) 10 months
D) 12 months

Question 39

Mary hides Ramy's favorite toy under a blanket while Ramy watches. Ramy removes the blanket and squeals when he sees the toy. Mary again hides the toy, but this time under a different blanket. Even though Ramy saw where Mary hid his toy, he still looks under the first blanket before removing the second blanket and retrieving the toy. Ramy has displayed _____.

A) lack of centration
B) lack of object permanence
C) habituation
D) the A-not-B error

Question 40

Johanna watches while her mother hides a toy under a blanket. Her mom asks, "Where is it?" Then Johanna jerks away the blanket to reveal the toy. Which of the following structures best explains Johanna's sense of object permanence?

A) mature frontal lobes
B) well-developed hippocampus
C) mirror neurons
D) efferent neurons

Question 41

Jeremy spoke Ukrainian in early childhood, but stopped speaking it when he was about 4 years old. He no longer explicitly recalls any Ukrainian words and says he can't speak the language. Which of the following situations might reveal his implicit knowledge of Ukrainian?

A) Administer a test of Ukrainian language comprehension, and compare his results to others who have never spoken Ukrainian. Jeremy will score higher than life-long non-speakers.
B) Administer a test of Ukrainian language comprehension, and compare his results to others who have spoken Ukrainian all of their lives. Jeremy will score just as well as life-long speakers.
C) Provide Ukrainian language lessons. Jeremy will pick up the language more quickly than life-long non-speakers.
D) Provide Ukrainian language lessons. Jeremy will quickly realize that he does not need lessons.

Question 42

Research on infant long-term memory has shown that infants can remember if the researchers _____.

A) use situations that are different from real life
B) do not let the baby move during the memory event
C) use highly emotional events
D) use special measures to aid memory retrieval, such as reminders

Question 43

The usual order of the development of spoken language in an infant is _____.

A) cooing, babbling, reflexes, and spoken words
B) reflexes, cooing, babbling, and spoken words
C) babbling, cooing, spoken words, and reflexes
D) cooing, reflexes, babbling, and spoken words

Question 44

Amy spontaneously says things such as "mamamamamama" and "dadadadadadada." About how old is Amy likely to be?

A) 2 months
B) 3-6 months
C) 6-10 months
D) 10-12 months

Question 45

To test an infants' depth perception, mothers attempt to lure their infants to cross a(n) _____,

A) bridge
B) visual cliff
C) elevated platform
D) crowded room

Question 46

By what age will infants imitate a behavior that they watched a day before?

A) 3 months
B) 5 months
C) 7 months
D) 9 months

Question 47

Infant memory is characterized by _____ memory; _____ memory begins to appear between 6 and 12 months.

A) implicit; explicit
B) explicit; implicit
C) implicit; recall
D) recall; implicit

Question 48

Peyton is a deaf baby whose parents have been communicating with him in American Sign Language. At about what age will Peyton express his first signs?

A) 6 months
B) 12 months
C) 18 months
D) 24 months

Question 49

Harris is a 3-week-old newborn. A test of habituation reveals that he prefers listening to his mother's language over any other language. What is the best explanation for this? Harris _____.

A) understands the words in his mother's language
B) comprehends his mother's language
C) recognizes the rhythm, sound, and cadence of his mother's language
D) is designed to specifically learn his mother's language

Question 50

What role does an infant's attention to facial expressions play in his or her understanding of language?

A) Facial expressions are irrelevant to understanding spoken language.
B) Babies do not pay attention to facial expressions of speakers.
C) When there is a mismatch between facial expression and word meaning, babies will rely on the word meaning.
D) A baby can tell whether a speaker is using the baby's native language by looking at the speaker's mouth movements without any sound.

Question 51

Newborns prefer _____.

A) their mother's language more than any other language
B) animal sounds more than speech
C) normal speech more than baby talk
D) traffic noises more than music

Question 52

Between 13 and 18 months, infants add approximately _____ new words.

A) 25
B) 50
C) 100
D) 200

Question 53

During the newborn period, the primary means of communication is _____.

A) meaningful
B) reflexive
C) babbling
D) cooing

Question 54

Greg is 10 months old, and he refuses to crawl across the visual cliff even though his mother is encouraging him to do so. When he was 6 months old, he squirmed across it without hesitation. What has changed for Greg?

A) He has matured into understanding that crawling over an edge affords falling.
B) His visual system has matured sufficiently to detect depth.
C) He has developed an insecure attachment with his mother.
D) He must have fallen from an elevated height since his last test on the visual cliff.

Question 55

The fact that 3-month-olds do not spontaneously remember a kicking strategy that they learned two weeks earlier suggests that _____.

A) infant amnesia is a valid term
B) infants cannot remember anything for very long
C) infant memory is fragile
D) mobiles do not induce very durable memories

Question 56

Which of the following is the best explanation for déjà vu experiences?

A) There is a metaphysical continuum, through which one is viewing his or her own past directly.
B) An implicit memory of a similar situation from infancy is evoking a spooky feeling of familiarity.
C) There was a precognitive dream that predicted the experience.
D) They are a view into one's past life.

Question 57

Infants develop concepts of _____ before they develop concepts of _____.

A) animals; vehicles
B) motion; static objects
C) vehicles; animals
D) static objects; motion

Question 58

While playing a game, a 9-month-old infant tries to grab slow-moving balls, but doesn't try for fast-moving balls. Research by van Hof suggests that 9-month-olds _____.

A) can catch, and so have experience with which balls are catchable
B) understand inertia intuitively, and realize that it is easier to stop a slower ball
C) cannot see the faster moving balls clearly, so they don't try for them
D) understand that slower moving balls afford catching more than faster moving balls do

Question 59

Janie is a 3-month-old infant participating in an experiment. She's lying in her crib with one end of a ribbon tied to her foot and the other end tied to a mobile dangling over her crib. She quickly learns that she controls the movement of the mobile with her kicking. One week later, the researchers return, tie the ribbon to her foot and hang the mobile above her crib. Immediately, Janie starts vigorously kicking her leg. What does this experiment demonstrate?

A) Three-month-olds can remember things for at least a week.
B) Three-month-olds can relearn the kicking strategy very quickly at the second test.
C) Kicking behavior is very easy to learn.
D) Mobiles are very interesting to 3-month-olds.

Question 60

Infants prefer to stare at _____.

A) stuffed animals
B) their pet dog while it sleeps
C) their pet dog while it scampers around the house
D) photographs

Question 61

The term holophrase is used to denote _____,

A) a word that is empty of meaning
B) the infant's use of one word to express a whole thought
C) the relationship of object permanence to language development
D) the use of two words to take the place of one

Question 62

On average, children begin saying recognizable words at around _____ months of age.

A) 3
B) 6
C) 12
D) 24

Question 63

At approximately what age will a child begin to utter his or her first two-word sentences?

A) 10 months
B) 12 months
C) 16 months
D) 21 months

Question 64

Geoff has begun uttering one-word holophrases (e.g. "Dada!"). About how old is Geoff likely to be?

A) 3 months old
B) 6 months old
C) 1 year old
D) 2 years old

Question 65

After a child's vocabulary has reached about 50 expressed words, vocabulary will increase by approximately _____ words per month.

A) 25 to 50
B) 50 to 100
C) 100 to 125
D) 125 to 150

Question 66

Eric just started saying two-word sentences such as "Dada home" and "Doggie go." About how old is Eric likely to be?

A) 10 months
B) 12 months
C) 16 months
D) 21 months

Question 67

Tony is 8 months old, and he settles down quickly and listens raptly while his mom sings "The Itsy Bitsy Spider." What factor best account for Tony's interest in this nursery rhyme?

A) He remembers the story and loves how it ends.
B) He doesn't remember the story, so the end is always exciting.
C) He loves the rhymes and repetition.
D) He loves the simple plot line.

Question 68

Elaine communicates with her new baby using child-directed speech, which is also referred to as _____.

A) motherese
B) echolalia
C) holophrastic speech
D) telegraphic speech

Question 69

Which of the following is a language development that requires understanding another person's perspective?

A) babbling
B) cooing
C) naming
D) pointing

Question 70

Brodie just started saying single words such as "mama" and "doggie." About how old is Brodie likely to be?

A) 3 months
B) 6 months
C) 12 months
D) 24 months

Question 71

As infants acquire language, they say more _____ than any other parts of speech.

A) nouns
B) verbs
C) pronouns
D) adjectives

Question 72

Research has found that child-directed speech is _____.

A) confined to females; males do not use it
B) spoken in a high pitch with simple vocabulary and short sentences
C) unique to English-speaking parents
D) spoken in a low pitch with the use of nonsense words

Question 73

Abed is an average toddler. His parents can expect him to utter his first multiword sentence around _____.

A) 12 months
B) 16 months
C) 21 months
D) 27 months

Question 74

Infants' repetition of certain syllables at the age of about 6 or 7 months is called _____.

A) cooing
B) holophrasing
C) gurgling
D) babbling

Question 75

Bae is a Korean toddler; his cousin Troy is a Korean-American toddler. Bae is learning to speak Korean, while Troy is learning to speak English. What will be the most noticeable difference in Bae's and Troy's use of language?

A) Bae will use more verbs than Troy does.
B) Troy will use more verbs than Bae does.
C) Bae will use adverbs at a younger age.
D) Troy will use adverbs at a younger age.

Question 76

Darius is learning the names of two or three new objects or events every day. This rapid increase in vocabulary is referred to as the _____ explosion.

A) naming
B) vocabulary
C) object
D) cognitive

Question 77

The distinct language form known as "baby talk" is a _____.

A) verbal collection of facts and myths about having and caring for babies
B) teaching technique used to accelerate language acquisition
C) simplified language that adults use when talking to babies
D) preverbal sound (like "gaga" and "goo goo") that mothers often make

Question 78

Becky is a 4-month-old infant whose mother uses a high-pitched voice, simple words or phrases, and lots of repetition when she speaks. Becky delights in her mother's use of _____.

A) long, grammatically correct sentences
B) a variety of high and low tones
C) child-directed speech
D) babbling

Question 79

James uses the word "more" to mean "I want another cookie." In this case, "more" is a(n) _____.

A) holophrase
B) preverbal communication
C) overextension
D) reflexive communication

Question 80

Britta has begun repeating syllables such as "da-da-da-da" and "me-me-me-me-me." Britta is in the _____ stage of language development.

A) cooing
B) holophrasing
C) gurgling
D) babbling