Deck 17: Social Structure in Global Perspective

Question 1

An analysis of sociocultural evolution that distinguishes between preindustrial and industrial societies was developed by

A)Ferdinand Tönnies.
B)Gerhard Lenski.
C)Jonathan Kozol.
D)William I.Thomas.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following was characteristic of the emergence of industrial societies?

A)Families and communities could not continue to function as self-sufficient units.
B)Individuals,villages,and regions began to exchange goods and services and become interdependent.
C)Formal educational institutions developed.
D)All of these answers are correct.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which functionalist theorist views the transition from industrial to postindustrial societies as a positive development because he sees a general decline in organized working-class groups and a rise in interest groups concerned with such national issues as health,education,and the environment?

A)Everett Hughes
B)William I.Thomas
C)Daniel Bell
D)Karl Marx

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services is called a(n)

A)industrial society.
B)postindustrial society.
C)postmodern society.
D)preindustrial society.

Question 5

Émile Durkheim suggested that as a society becomes more complex,the nature of solidarity becomes more

A)mechanical.
B)organic.
C)preservationist.
D)institutionalized.

Question 6

In a small town in the Midwest,all of the children attend the same school and most of the community members attend the same church.Everyone in this community knows everyone else,and they have shared numerous experiences with one another.This community would be characterized by Ferdinand Tönnies with the term

A)Gesellschaft.
B)organic solidarity.
C)mechanical solidarity.
D)Gemeinschaft.

Question 7

Daniel Bell views postindustrial societies as consensual,because he believes that postindustrial societies are characterized by interest groups concerned with such national issues as health,education,and the environment working for the common good.Bell's view represents which sociological perspective?

A)functionalist perspective
B)conflict perspective
C)interactionist perspective
D)feminist perspective

Question 8

The industrial revolution,pushing societies from agrarian-based economies to those dependent on mechanization,first appeared when?

A)1910-1940
B)1870-1905
C)1835-1870
D)1760-1850

Question 9

In Gerhard Lenski's view,societal organization is highly dependent on its level of

A)farming.
B)education.
C)technology.
D)banking.

Question 10

Which of the following can be defined as the long-term trends in societies resulting from the interplay of continuity,innovation,and selection?

A)postmodernism
B)negotiated order
C)industrialization
D)sociocultural evolution

Question 11

A society that is primarily concerned with providing services rather than manufacturing goods is a(n)

A)preindustrial society.
B)postindustrial society.
C)industrial society.
D)postmodern society.

Question 12

A preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to live is called a(n)

A)agrarian society.
B)hunting-and-gathering society.
C)horticultural society.
D)slash-and-burn farming society.

Question 13

A society whose economic system is engaged in the processing and control of information is called a(n)

A)industrial society.
B)postmodern society.
C)postindustrial society.
D)agrarian society.

Question 14

Today,Steve went into a grocery store where a stranger checked out his purchases and another stranger bagged his groceries.Then he went to Wendy's and purchased a hamburger from another stranger,and on his way home he stopped at an intersection,where an unknown police officer raised her hand.These experiences are all characteristic of

A)Gesellschaft relationships.
B)organic solidarity.
C)mechanical solidarity.
D)Gemeinschaft relationships.

Question 15

In a society organized around mechanical solidarity,which of the following tasks would you likely engage in?

A)preparing food
B)building homes
C)making clothing
D)All of these answers are correct.

Question 16

Ferdinand Tönnies used the term ________ to refer to communities that are large,impersonal,and often urban,with little consensus concerning values or commitment to the group.

A)Gemeinschaft
B)Gesellschaft
C)mechanical solidarity
D)organic solidarity

Question 17

In the most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society,members are engaged primarily in food production.They increase their crop yields through such innovations as the plow.This type of society is called a(n)

A)hunting-and-gathering society.
B)agrarian society.
C)horticultural society.
D)postmodern society.

Question 18

The Yanomamö,a South American culture,live in a village and spend most of their time searching for food and tending small gardens.Their primary tool is a stone ax,which they use for cutting down trees to expand their gardens.The Yanomamö are an example of a(n)

A)agrarian society.
B)horticultural society.
C)hunting-and-gathering society.
D)postmodern society.

Question 19

A technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and media images is called a(n)

A)preindustrial society.
B)industrial society.
C)postindustrial society.
D)postmodern society.

Question 20

Ferdinand Tönnies would view hunting-and-gathering societies as examples of a

A)Gemeinschaft.
B)Gesellschaft.
C)Gesundheit.
D)Glockenspiel.

Question 21

The sociocultural evolutionary approach emphasizes a developmental perspective and pictures different types of social structures coexisting within the same society.

Question 22

Describe sociologist Gerhard Lenski's stages of sociocultural evolution and explain how his view differs from that of Émile Durkheim's mechanical and organic solidarity and Ferdinand Tönnies's Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft.

Question 23

A postmodern society is a technologically sophisticated society that is preoccupied with consumer goods and information on a mass scale.

Question 24

In the U.S. ,we listen to music imported from Jamaica,eat sushi and other Japanese foods,and watch movies produced in Italy.These are all features of a(n)

A)preindustrial society.
B)industrial society.
C)postindustrial society.
D)postmodern society.

Question 25

Describe the differences among industrial,postindustrial,and postmodern societies.

Question 26

Émile Durkheim argued that mechanical solidarity is characteristic of the interdependence of people in a complex society.