Deck 9: Human Development

Question 1

What is a typical characteristic of fetal alcohol syndrome?

A) Very high birth weight
B) Inherited alcoholism
C) Brain abnormalities
D) Average to above average intelligence

Answer 1

Brain abnormalities

Question 2

A developing organism in the sixth week of prenatal development is in the ____ stage.

A) fetal
B) zygotic
C) embryonic
D) germinal

Answer 2

embryonic

Question 3

Which sequence represents the stages of prenatal development from longest to shortest?

A) Fetal, embryonic, germinal
B) Embryonic, fetal, germinal
C) Germinal, fetal, embryonic
D) Embryonic, germinal, fetal

Answer 3

Fetal, embryonic, germinal

Question 4

Viability of the fetus is reached by ____ weeks.

A) 12
B) 16
C) 24
D) 32

Question 5

The average newborn infant is about ____ pounds and ____ inches long.

A) 5; 15
B) 10; 21
C) 7; 20
D) 9; 15

Question 6

A fertilized egg is called a(n) ____.

A) blastocyst
B) amnion
C) embryo
D) zygote

Question 7

Which example illustrates the "nature" effect on development?

A) The climate in which one is raised
B) The genes inherited from parents
C) The type of discipline used by parents
D) The culture one comes from

Question 8

What is the commonly accepted view of current psychologists regarding the nature-nurture controversy?

A) Nature is the stronger factor of the two.
B) Nurture is the stronger factor of the two.
C) The interaction of nature and nurture determines what we become.
D) Nature, nurture, and the third factor of the environment determine what we become.

Question 9

Ellease's fertilized egg has just implanted itself in the uterine lining, an action that occurs during the ____ stage of prenatal development.

A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) teratogen

Question 10

Which progression represents the correct sequence of the prenatal stages of development?

A) Germinal, fetal, embryonic
B) Germinal, embryonic, fetal
C) Embryonic, germinal, fetal
D) Embryonic, fetal, germinal

Question 11

In the embryonic stage, ____.

A) the blastocyst implants itself into the uterine wall
B) the organism reaches viability
C) lungs begin to function
D) major organs are developing

Question 12

Allison was born with an extra 21st chromosome, which makes her more susceptible to heart defects and mental retardation. Allison has ____.

A) fetal alcohol syndrome
B) Tay Sachs disease
C) sickle cell anemia
D) Down syndrome

Question 13

The greatest vulnerability to teratogens occurs in the ____ stage.

A) zygotic
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) germinal

Question 14

Our genes influence the development of ____.

A) physical characteristics only
B) mental characteristics only
C) emotional characteristics only
D) nearly all of our characteristics

Question 15

Under normal circumstances, a zygote has ____ pairs of chromosomes.

A) 12
B) 23
C) 46
D) 68

Question 16

All the major organs and biological systems (such as the cardiovascular system, digestive system, and skeletal system) begin forming during the ____ period.

A) germinal
B) zygotic
C) fetal
D) embryonic

Question 17

A child born premature that lives has most likely ____.

A) not been exposed to any teratogens
B) been exposed to a teratogen
C) spent at least 24 weeks inside the womb
D) not developed a complete bone structure

Question 18

At the end of the first year of life, an average infant will weigh about ____ pounds.

A) 7
B) 14
C) 21
D) 28

Question 19

Children who have been exposed to drugs during prenatal development tend to be ____.

A) impulsive
B) adaptable
C) passive
D) overweight

Question 20

A developing organism that has become a blastocyst is in the ____ prenatal stage.

A) embryonic
B) amniotic
C) germinal
D) fetal

Question 21

At which of the following stimuli would an infant prefer to look?

A) A checkerboard
B) A face
C) The color red
D) A swirly lollipop

Question 22

The physical activities involved in drawing an accurate representation of a circle would mostly include ________ motor skills.

A) gross
B) fine
C) primary
D) minor

Question 23

Compared to a 10-year old, a three-year old would be expected to have ____.

A) a larger vocabulary
B) a larger number of neural connections
C) faster reflexes
D) better fine motor skills

Question 24

Clive touches the side of his infant daughter's cheek and she turns in that direction. His infant daughter is demonstrating the ____ reflex.

A) crawling
B) sucking
C) rooting
D) grasping

Question 25

Orly is six years old and loves to run and jump, demonstrating his ____.

A) reflex movements
B) prehension skills
C) fine motor skills
D) gross motor skills

Question 26

Bonnie is a one-year-old infant who can handle items with her hands, an ability called ____.

A) prehension
B) locomotion
C) rooting
D) reflexation

Question 27

Alma and Len enjoy activities such as coloring and drawing. These activities emphasize their ____.

A) locomotive skills
B) fine motor skills
C) gross motor skills
D) reflex activity

Question 28

The physical activities involved in playing soccer would mostly include which kind of motor skills?

A) Primary
B) Gross
C) Fine
D) Major

Question 29

Anne and Bruce place a baby gate at the top of their stairs to make sure their infant son does not fall down them. This parental behavior recognizes the immature ____ of the infant.

A) eye convergence
B) depth perception
C) hearing
D) sound discrimination

Question 30

Prehension is most closely associated with the ____ reflex.

A) sucking
B) rooting
C) sniffing
D) grasping

Question 31

If you are worried that your newborn may have a difficult time learning how to breastfeed, learning about the sucking and ____ reflexes should help you feel at ease.

A) prehension
B) feeling
C) visual
D) rooting

Question 32

Young children's brains are described as being very plastic. This means that their brains are ____.

A) made of a different type of cellular material that changes with age
B) very changeable and adaptable
C) very easily damaged by trauma
D) very tough and durable

Question 33

Toddlers usually have better ____ motor skills than ____ motor skills.

A) gross; fine
B) major; minor
C) minor; major
D) fine; gross

Question 34

A child that is not stimulated with a normal environment is likely to show ____.

A) no deficits in brain function as long as there is adequate stimulation in later years
B) fewer neural synapses compared to a stimulated child
C) less synaptic pruning than a stimulated child
D) rapid growth in neural pathways

Question 35

Newborn infants' eyes lack convergence, which means that newborns ____.

A) are farsighted
B) cannot see color
C) have difficulty focusing both eyes on an object
D) have poor peripheral vision

Question 36

Children are NOT born with which reflex?

A) Grasping
B) Rooting
C) Sitting
D) Sucking

Question 37

Your three-month-old infant seems to smile whenever anyone catches her attention. She is exhibiting a ____.

A) social smile
B) conditioned stimulus
C) learned emotion
D) motor expression

Question 38

The fact that the young brain prunes and discards neural connections that are not used suggests that ____.

A) it's important to provide stimulating environments to children
B) the use of operant conditioning techniques is the most effective way to discipline children
C) proper nutrition is crucial to early development
D) parents should not teach children a second language early in life

Question 39

The newborn's smiling reflex will evolve into a social smile during the ____ month of life.

A) second
B) third
C) fourth
D) fifth

Question 40

Which object would a typical infant be able to see most clearly?

A) A face at a close distance
B) A mobile at a moderate distance
C) A face at a moderate distance
D) A mobile at a long distance

Question 41

A child who does not yet understand object permanence is most likely in Piaget's ____ stage.

A) sensorimotor
B) formal operations
C) concrete operations
D) preoperational

Question 42

An infant would prefer to listen to which stimulus?

A) A Bach symphony
B) An ambulance siren
C) A human voice
D) The hum of a vacuum cleaner

Question 43

Yan has never seen a zebra. While watching a television show on animals, a zebra is shown and Yan says, "Look at the horse." According to Piaget, Yan is engaging in ____.

A) assimilation
B) accommodation
C) formal operations
D) concrete operations

Question 44

How early can a breastfed infant discriminate the smell of his or her own mother compared to the smell of an unfamiliar female?

A) At birth
B) Three days old
C) Three months old
D) Six months old

Question 45

Through assimilation and accommodation, Piaget believes we attempt to maintain ____.

A) mental equilibrium
B) egocentrism
C) logical thinking
D) reality orientation

Question 46

Current research on Piaget's stages suggests that ____.

A) the ages he assigned for different abilities were completely accurate
B) he correctly identified the role of culture in cognitive development
C) he underestimated children's abilities and the timing of their development
D) the sequence of the skills he described in children was completely inaccurate

Question 47

In the sensorimotor stage, Piaget believed that the child ____.

A) does not have the ability to coordinate sensory and motor abilities
B) uses senses and motor reflexes as tools to generate complex thought
C) cannot think about something unless it is being sensed or acted upon in some way
D) is capable of understanding object permanence but can communicate this understanding only through sensory and motor reflexes

Question 48

Your niece should begin to be able to recognize the difference between her mother's face and a stranger's face at around ____.

A) three days
B) six weeks
C) three months
D) six months

Question 49

As an infant, Jerry is MOST likely to prefer which taste?

A) Sour
B) Salty
C) Bitter
D) Sweet

Question 50

According to Piaget, which lesson plan would be inappropriate for children in the concrete operations stage of cognitive development?

A) Interpreting a Shakespearean sonnet
B) Mathematical addition
C) Earth science
D) Spanish

Question 51

Your 14-year-old niece would be expected to differ from your nine-year-old nephew in the ability to engage in ____ thinking.

A) symbolic
B) abstract
C) logical
D) conservational

Question 52

Infants are able to recognize their mother's voice soon after birth. This is likely because they ____.

A) are born with the instinct to know their mother
B) have heard their mother's voice for several weeks in the intrauterine environment
C) associate their mother's voice with her face which they learn to recognize first
D) are unable to use any of their other senses in the first few days after birth

Question 53

Jean Piaget would have been most interested in the ____.

A) emotions exhibited by infants and toddlers
B) differences between the thought processes of children and adolescents
C) social stages that children progress through on the way to adulthood
D) development of physical coordination in infants and children

Question 54

An important reason that a child may fail a conservation task is because of the child's tendency to ____.

A) make animistic judgments of objects
B) not understand object permanence
C) engage in dialectical thinking
D) center only on one aspect of the problem

Question 55

The "visual cliff" studies show that infants at six months ____.

A) have difficulty detecting shadows
B) lack peripheral vision
C) are very nearsighted
D) have depth perception

Question 56

Assimilation is to ____, as accommodation is to ____.

A) preoperational development; sensorimotor development
B) use of existing schema; creation of new schema
C) Jean Piaget; Lev Vygotsky
D) object permanence; logical thinking

Question 57

By egocentrism, Piaget meant that the child believes that ____.

A) objects have human and animal qualities
B) when an object changes shape, it also changes in amount
C) everyone else sees the world as the child does
D) operations cannot be reversed

Question 58

What advice would you give to the mother of a premature infant regarding physical touch stimulation of her baby?

A) Tickling the soles of the feet is especially helpful to stimulate growth.
B) Routine touching and caressing will help facilitate weight gain.
C) Touching and caressing will overstimulate the infant and lead to slower development.
D) Rubbing the ears is an effective way to stimulate the sense of hearing.

Question 59

Which progression represents the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

A) Preoperational, concrete operations, sensorimotor, formal operations
B) Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations
C) Formal operations, concrete operations, sensorimotor, preoperational
D) Concrete operations, sensorimotor, formal operations, preoperational

Question 60

Once children have entered into the preoperational stage of development, they are typically capable of ____.

A) logical thinking
B) symbolic thinking
C) mental transference
D) abstract thinking

Question 61

A child who is usually in a good mood, adapts to changes, and readily approaches new situations, has a temperament that would be called ____.

A) slow-to-warm-up
B) secure
C) natural
D) easy

Question 62

Conventional moral reasoning is to ____ as postconventional moral reasoning is to ____.

A) right; wrong
B) rules; principles
C) logic; egocentrism
D) western culture; non-western culture

Question 63

Scaffolding occurs when parents ____

A) let children solve tasks completely on their own
B) intervene in children's tasks by completing the tasks for them
C) provide initial guidance and then withdraw as children are able to complete the task on their own
D) expect their children to perform even new and challenging tasks without any assistance from others

Question 64

An automobile driver who justifies speeding by saying that it is okay as long you do not have to pay a fine is most likely reasoning at the ____ level of moral development.

A) conventional
B) concrete operational
C) preconventional
D) postconventional

Question 65

Lawrence Kohlberg studied moral development by ____.

A) presenting moral dilemmas and follow-up questions to participants
B) observing the interactions between parents and children
C) visiting prisons and jails and tracing the history of inmates
D) examining the case histories of highly moral people

Question 66

Research on temperament suggests that ____.

A) biological factors have a strong influence on temperament
B) temperament is usually not modified by the environment
C) the easy temperament always yields the best outcomes
D) the difficult temperament always yields the worst outcomes

Question 67

Joseph tattles on his sister for taking a piece of candy without asking because he believes she should be punished. Joseph is most likely in Kohlberg's ______ stage of moral reasoning.

A) postconventional
B) conventional
C) preconventional
D) formal

Question 68

According to Lev Vygotsky, private speech ____.

A) is an internal monitor to guide and facilitate thinking
B) is merely an indication of a child's stage of cognitive development
C) is a form of illogical thinking unique to the preoperational stage
D) interferes with the development of thinking

Question 69

Kyle is tempted to take some beers from his father's garage refrigerator. Kyle reflects upon how his father might find out and then would be very disappointed with Kyle. Kyle values his father's love and respect, and so decides not to take the beer. Kyle is most likely in Kohlberg's ______ stage of moral reasoning.

A) postconventional
B) conventional
C) preconventional
D) formal

Question 70

Postconventional moral reasoning is based on ____.

A) abstract principles of morality
B) laws and norms
C) public opinion
D) personal rewards and punishments

Question 71

According to Lev Vygotsky, instruction from a parent can aid a child's cognitive development, particularly if the instruction is within the child's ____.

A) range of accommodation
B) zone of proximal development
C) intellectual capacity
D) experiential database

Question 72

Vygotsky is to ____ as Piaget is to ____.

A) cognitive intelligence; emotional intelligence
B) England; the United States
C) conservation; scaffolding
D) cultural variations; fixed stages

Question 73

Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development have been criticized because ____.

A) cultural changes have made his stages largely irrelevant
B) far too many people are judged to reason at the highest level
C) the procedures he used are considered unethical by today's standards
D) the model emphasizes the male perspective over the female perspective

Question 74

According to Carol Gilligan, males emphasize ____ and females emphasize ____ when reasoning about moral issues.

A) rules; concepts
B) egocentrism; logic
C) rewards and punishments; norms and conventions
D) principles of fairness and justice; relationships

Question 75

After three hurricanes hit the state of Florida, many colleges relaxed their institutional policies on course refunds, recognizing the special circumstances of why many students were unable to continue classes. According to Kohlberg, these colleges were operating at the ____ level of moral reasoning.

A) postconventional
B) conventional
C) preconventional
D) preoperational

Question 76

Which statement is TRUE with regard to the developmental theories of Piaget and Vygotsky?

A) Both Piaget and Vygotsky believed that cognitive development is largely due to nature.
B) Vygotsky believed that cognitive development is primarily due to nature, whereas Piaget believed that cognitive development is most influenced by culture.
C) Both Piaget and Vygotsky believed that cognitive development is driven largely by social influences.
D) Piaget believed that cognitive development is most influenced by biological forces, whereas Vygotsky believed that social interactions are the primary influence on cognitive development.

Question 77

Carol Gilligan believes that ____.

A) there are only two levels of moral development, rather than three
B) Kohlberg's model is biased against the way that females think about moral issues
C) females utilize a higher level of moral reasoning than males
D) the highest level of moral development involves principles and concepts

Question 78

Which behavior best represents moral reasoning at the conventional level?

A) Not cheating on a test because of a fear of getting caught
B) Being in favor of capital punishment because that is the law in your state
C) Choosing to not fight in a war because it is unethical to be forced to fight
D) Stealing food because you are starving

Question 79

As a baby, Inna was generally in a good mood, approached new people, and had a regular pattern of eating and sleeping. Inna most likely has a(n) ____ temperament.

A) slow-to-warm up
B) difficult
C) easy
D) secure

Question 80

When your teacher announces that you are going to be discussing the theories and research of Lawrence Kohlberg, you can expect that you will be talking about ____ development.

A) emotional
B) moral
C) social
D) cognitive