Deck 2: The Evolution of Management

Question 1

In the context of the origins of management, Wu Qi, a Chinese general, discussed the importance of planning and leading in his book The Art of War.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

In the context of contemporary approaches to management, many aspects of a management decision cannot be expressed through mathematical symbols and formulas.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Adam Smith introduced the scientific management approach in response to the failure of systematic management to bring about widespread production efficiency.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The evolution of management thought is divided into two major sections: classical approaches and contemporary approaches.

Question 5

Toward the end of the industrial revolution, bureaucracy emerged as a formal discipline.

Question 6

According to Max Weber, bureaucratic positions foster specialized skills, eliminating many subjective judgments by managers.

Question 7

In the context of scientific management, a key element of Frederick Taylor's approach was the principle of esprit de corps, that refers to promoting a unity of interests between employees and management.

Question 8

In the context of the origins of management, throughout history, most managers operated by a trial-and-error basis.

Question 9

One of the fourteen principles of management identified by Henri Fayol was the subordination of individual interest to the general interest.

Question 10

In the context of contemporary approaches to management, sociotechnical systems theory helps a manager make a decision by developing formal mathematical models of the problem.

Question 11

In the context of the origins of management, the emergence of the Hawthorne Effect drove managers to strive for further growth.

Question 12

In the context of contemporary approaches to management, managers do not rely on the methods of quantitative management as the primary approach to decision making.

Question 13

The human relations approach to management ignored the more rational side of the worker and the important characteristics of the formal organization.

Question 14

The opportunities for mass production created by the industrial revolution spawned intense and systematic thought about management problems and issues.

Question 15

In the context of the classical approaches to management, the systematic management approach led to widespread production efficiency.

Question 16

Around AD 1436, the Sumerians standardized production through the use of an assembly line, building warehouses and using an inventory system to monitor the contents.

Question 17

In the context of contemporary approaches to management, research on sociotechnical systems theory was a precursor to the total quality management (TQM) movement.

Question 18

In the context of the human relations approach to management, Abraham Maslow argued that people try to satisfy their lower-level needs and then progress upward to the higher-level needs.

Question 19

In the context of scientific management, Lillian Gilbreth focused on the human side of management and was interested in how job satisfaction motivated employees.

Question 20

Scientific management emphasized internal operations because managers were concerned primarily with meeting the explosive growth in demand brought about by the industrial revolution.

Question 21

According to the contingency perspective, there is only "one best way" to manage and organize.

Question 22

In the context of classical approaches to management, _____ believed bureaucratic structures can eliminate the variability that results when managers in the same organization have different skills, experiences, and goals.

A) Peter Drucker
B) Henri Fayol
C) Mary Follett
D) Lillian Gilbreth
E) Max Weber

Question 23

In the context of Douglas McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y, an important implication for managers who subscribe to Theory X subscribe to Theory X is known as a contingency.

Question 24

In 1776, _____ discussed control and the principle of specialization with regard to manufacturing workers.

A) Douglas McGregor
B) Max Weber
C) Frederick Taylor
D) Abraham Maslow
E) Adam Smith

Question 25

Peter Senge of MIT Sloan School of Management founded the "Society of Organizational Learning."

Question 26

_____, one of the first university programs to offer management and business education, was founded in the late 19th century.

A) Harvard Business School at Harvard University
B) The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania
C) Stanford Graduate School of Business at Stanford University
D) MIT Sloan School of Management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
E) Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University

Question 27

Peter Drucker, a respected management guru, was the first person to discuss "management by objective" (MBO), by which a manager should be self-driven to accomplish key goals that link to organizational success.

Question 28

Change continually creates both new opportunities and new demands for lowering costs and for achieving greater innovation, quality, and speed.

Question 29

_____ refer(s) to reductions in the average cost of a unit of production as the total volume produces increases.

A) Sociotechnical systems
B) Bureaucracy
C) Systematic management
D) Economies of scale
E) Quantitative management

Question 30

In the context of modern contributors, Jim Collins discovered that "level 5 leaders" often leave enduring legacies without drawing a lot of attention to themselves.

Question 31

In the context of scientific management, which of the following is true of Frederick Taylor's contributions?

A) Taylor believed that supervisors would be motivated to provide training to underperforming workers.
B) Taylor created the Gantt chart, which helps managers plan projects by task and time to complete those tasks.
C) Taylor developed a system to lower costs and increase worker productivity by showing how employees could work smarter, not harder.
D) Taylor eventually focused less on the technical and more on the human side of management.
E) Taylor advocated the use of the differential piecerate system.

Question 32

In the context of scientific management, critics claimed that:

A) organizations that need rapid decision making and flexibility may suffer with this approach.
B) managers may ignore appropriate rules and regulations.
C) managers were not trained to apply the principles of the theory.
D) too much authority may be vested in too few people.
E) it did not help managers deal with broader external issues such as government regulations.

Question 33

If one does not anticipate change and adapt to it, one's firm will not thrive in a competitive business world.

Question 34

_____ is a classical management approach that attempted to build into operations the specific procedures and processes that would ensure coordination of effort to achieve established goals and plans.

A) Scientific management
B) Administrative management
C) Systematic management
D) Human relations
E) Bureaucracy

Question 35

In the context of Henri Fayol's 14 principles of management, _____ refers to promoting a unity of interests between employees and management.

A) initiative
B) esprit de corps
C) centralization
D) subordination
E) stability

Question 36

Understanding contingencies helps a manager know which sets of circumstances dictate which management actions.

Question 37

The book In Search of Excellence discussed how a leader's success hinges on balancing between personal and professional effectiveness.

Question 38

_____ introduced the scientific management approach that advocated the application of scientific methods to analyze work and to determine how to complete production tasks efficiently.

A) Frederick Taylor
B) Henry L. Gantt
C) Lillian M. Gilbreth
D) Max Weber
E) Henri Fayol

Question 39

Christopher
A. Bartlett championed several ideas that continue to be influential to this day, including decentralization, employees as assets, corporation as a human community, and the importance of knowledge workers in the new information economy.

Question 40

Which of the following is a drawback of the bureaucratic approach to management?

A) Production tasks were reduced to machine-like movements that led to boredom.
B) The approach did not help managers deal with competitors and government regulations.
C) Some people did not perform their best with excessive rules and regulations.
D) The approach emphasized only money as a worker incentive.
E) Management decisions were unsystematic.

Question 41

In the context of contemporary approaches to management, the _____ theory was developed in the early 1950s by researchers from the London-based Tavistock Institute of Human Relations.

A) contingency perspective
B) quantitative management
C) human relations
D) sociotechnical systems
E) organizational behavior

Question 42

In the context of classical approaches to management, which of the following is a principle of the human relations approach?

A) Scientific methods should be applied to analyze work.
B) Social needs have precedence over economic needs.
C) Management should cooperate with workers to ensure that jobs match plans.
D) Wasteful movements can be identified and removed to increase productivity.
E) Management is a profession and can be taught.

Question 43

Who contributed two key principles-the notion that managers desire flexibility and the differences between motivating groups and individuals-to administrative management?

A) Lillian Gilbreth
B) Chester Barnard
C) Mary Parker Follett
D) Henri Fayol
E) Frederick Taylor

Question 44

Which of the following is one of the five functions of management as identified by Henri Fayol?

A) Commanding
B) Adapting
C) Rewarding
D) Recognizing
E) Advancing

Question 45

Which of the following is one of Henri Fayol's 14 principles of management?

A) Qualifications
B) Ownership
C) Rules and controls
D) Scalar chain
E) Adaptation

Question 46

In the context of classical approaches to management, the _____ approach aimed at understanding how psychological and social processes interact with the work situation to influence performance.

A) scientific management
B) systematic management
C) administrative management
D) human relations
E) bureaucracy

Question 47

Which of the following is a criticism of the human relations approach to management?

A) Too much authority may be vested in too few people.
B) Managers may ignore appropriate rules and regulations.
C) The important characteristics of the formal organization are ignored.
D) Procedures may become the ends rather than the means.
E) Production tasks are reduced to a set of routine procedures that lead to quality control problems.

Question 48

In the context of the human relations approach to management, _____ argued that people try to satisfy their lower-level needs and then progress upward to the higher-level needs.

A) Elton Mayo
B) William Procter
C) Frederick Taylor
D) Abraham Maslow
E) Fritz Roethlisberger

Question 49

In the context of classical approaches to management, critics believed that one result of the _____ approach-a belief that a happy worker was a productive worker-was too simplistic.

A) scientific management
B) systematic management
C) bureacratic
D) human relations
E) administrative management

Question 50

The _____ were a series of experiments conducted from 1924 to 1932 to investigate the influence of physical working conditions on workers' productivity and efficiency.

A) Michigan Leadership Studies
B) Johari Window
C) Hawthorne Studies
D) Forming-Storming Model
E) Hierarchy of Needs

Question 51

In the context of classical approaches to management, _____ suggested that managers can facilitate the process of moving to higher-level needs after satisfaction of lower-level needs, and achieve organizational goals by removing obstacles and encouraging behaviors that satisfy people's needs and organizational goals simultaneously.

A) Henri Fayol
B) Abraham Maslow
C) Elton Mayo
D) Fritz Roethlisberger
E) Mary Parker Follett

Question 52

In the context of administrative management, _____ wrote the book Dynamic Administration, which emphasized the continually changing situations that managers face.

A) Lillian Gilbreth
B) Adam Smith
C) Henri Fayol
D) Max Weber
E) Mary Parker Follett

Question 53

In the context of classical approaches to management, proponents of the ____ approach argued that managers should stress primarily employee welfare, motivation, and communication.

A) scientific management
B) systematic management
C) human relations
D) administrative management
E) bureaucracy

Question 54

In the context of classical approaches to management, the _____ approach was a significant step in the development of management thought because it prompted managers and researchers to consider the psychological and social factors that influence performance.

A) systematic management
B) administrative management
C) bureaucratic
D) scientific management
E) human relations

Question 55

Which of the following is a contemporary approach to management?

A) Scientific management
B) Human relations
C) Administrative management
D) Systematic management
E) Quantitative management

Question 56

In the context of the human relations approach to management, after conducting the four stages of the _____, Mayo and his team eventually concluded that productivity and employee behavior were influenced by the informal work group.

A) Hawthorne Studies
B) Michigan Leadership Studies
C) Blake and Mouton Managerial Grid
D) Johari Window
E) Novelty Studies

Question 57

According to Abraham Maslow, the most advanced human need is for:

A) esteem.
B) love or belonging.
C) self-actualization.
D) safety.
E) the body.

Question 58

Which classical approach to management advocates that management must gain the cooperation of the group and promote job satisfaction and group norms consistent with the goals of the organization?

A) Systematic management
B) Scientific management
C) Bureaucracy
D) Administrative management
E) Human relations

Question 59

Abraham Maslow suggested that the most basic human need(s) is/are the:

A) physical needs.
B) safety needs.
C) need for personal fulfillment.
D) need for love and belonging.
E) need for esteem.

Question 60

Which of the following is true of Abraham Maslow's contribution to the field of human relations?

A) He emphasized maintenance of inventories to meet consumer demand.
B) He was concerned with meeting the explosive growth in demand brought about by the industrial revolution.
C) He suggested that humans have five levels of needs.
D) He concluded that management decisions were unsystematic.
E) He advocated the application of scientific methods to analyze work.

Question 61

In the context of the systems theory, understanding _____ helps a manager know which sets of circumstances dictate which management actions.

A) inputs
B) physical needs
C) economies
D) contingencies
E) outputs

Question 62

_____, a major organizational behaviorist, recommended greater autonomy and better jobs for workers.

A) Rensis Likert
B) Douglas McGregor
C) Michael Porter
D) Jim Collins
E) Chris Argyris

Question 63

A manager assume workers are lazy and irresponsible and require constant supervision and external motivation to achieve organizational goals. Which of the following theories of management does the manager subscribe to?

A) Theory X
B) Sociotechnical systems
C) Bureaucracy
D) Human relations
E) Systems theory

Question 64

In the context of the systems theory, factors that determine the appropriateness of managerial actions are known as _____.

A) systems
B) resources
C) tasks
D) inventories
E) contingencies

Question 65

In the context of contemporary approaches to management, the use of _____ has been limited because many aspects of a management decision cannot be expressed through mathematical symbols and formulas.

A) organizational behavior
B) systematic management
C) quantitative management
D) human relations
E) administrative management

Question 66

Who is sometimes criticized for his controversial practices such as selling off underperforming divisions and forced rankings of employees by performance?

A) Sam Walton
B) Gary Hamel
C) Jack Welch
D) Herb Kelleher
E) Jim Collins

Question 67

In the context of contemporary approaches to management, managers may use _____ to compare alternatives and eliminate weaker options.

A) quantitative management
B) organizational behavior
C) sociotechnical systems theory
D) contingency perspective
E) administrative management

Question 68

_____ is a contemporary management approach that studies and identifies management activities that promote employee effectiveness by examining the complex and dynamic nature of individual, group, and organizational processes.

A) Quantitative management
B) Organizational behavior
C) Systems theory
D) Contingency perspective
E) Sociotechnical systems theory

Question 69

In the context of the systems theory, human resources, capital, and raw material are examples of _____.

A) contingencies
B) inputs
C) economies
D) control systems
E) outputs

Question 70

Which of the following is a criticism of the classical approaches to management?

A) The relationship between the organization and its external environment is ignored.
B) Most managers are not trained to use these techniques.
C) Many aspects of a management decision cannot be expressed through mathematical symbols and formulas.
D) Many of the decisions managers face are nonroutine and unpredictable.
E) There is only "one best way" to manage and organize because circumstances vary.

Question 71

Which of the following is true of the sociotechnical systems theory?

A) Most organizations did not adopt the sociotechnical systems theory for management problems until the 1940s and 1950s.
B) It was the first major approach to emphasize informal work relationships and worker satisfaction.
C) It was put into action in the late 1980s and 1990s when each of the large U.S. automakers created cooperative ventures with the major Japanese automakers.
D) It emphasized the perspective of senior managers within the organization.
E) It emphasized a structured, formal network of relationships among specialized positions in an organization.

Question 72

When a manager treats employees as lazy, unmotivated, and in need of tight supervision; then the employees eventually meet the manager's expectations by acting that way. According to Douglas McGregor, this is known as a:

A) contingency.
B) an open system.
C) physiological need.
D) self-fulfilling prophecy.
E) bureaucratic approach.

Question 73

In the context of contemporary approaches to management, research on _____ promoted the use of teamwork and semiautonomous work groups as important factors for creating efficient production systems.

A) organizational behavior
B) quantitative management
C) sociotechnical systems theory
D) human relations
E) administrative management

Question 74

The values, goals, skills, and attitudes of managers and workers in the organization are examples of _____.

A) economies
B) outputs
C) physical needs
D) tasks
E) contingencies

Question 75

The _____ refutes universal principles of management by stating that a variety of factors, both internal and external to the firm, may affect the organization's performance.

A) contingency perspective
B) scientific management approach
C) human relations approach
D) organizational behavior approach
E) sociotechnical systems theory

Question 76

McGregor advocated a _____, suggesting that managers who encourage participation and allow opportunities for individual challenge and initiative would achieve superior performance.

A) bureaucratic approach
B) Theory Y perspective
C) Theory X perspective
D) human relations approach
E) contingency perspective

Question 77

The ex-CEO of General Electric, _____, is widely viewed as having mastered "all of the critical aspects of leadership: people, process, strategy and structure."

A) Jim Collins
B) Jack Welch
C) Gary Hamel
D) Peter Drucker
E) Peter Senge

Question 78

In the context of organizational behavior, _____ stressed the value of participative management.

A) Chris Argyris
B) Adam Smith
C) Henri Fayol
D) Rensis Likert
E) Peter Drucker

Question 79

In the context of modern contributors, _____ discovered that great companies are managed by "level 5 leaders" who often display humility while simultaneously inspiring those in the organization to apply self-discipline and self-responsibility while pursuing high standards.

A) Jim Collins
B) Jack Welch
C) Herb Kelleher
D) Michael Porter
E) Gary Hamel

Question 80

Which of the following is an explanation that accounts for the limited use of quantitative management?

A) It is difficult to discontinue the use of this process once it has been established.
B) Many of the decisions managers face are nonroutine and unpredictable.
C) Managers are oriented more toward things than toward people.
D) Most managers are not aware of the pressing concerns of their job.
E) Management decisions are unsystematic.