Deck 7: Nonvisual Sensation and Perception

Question 1

 Holly was interested to learn that sound waves travel through

A) air only.
B) water only.
C) air and water but not solid objects.
D) air, water, and solids.

Answer 1

air, water, and solids.

Question 2

 The processing of the sense of taste differs from most other senses, because taste information travels to the cortex before it travels to the thalamus.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

 Kaylin is at a concert where the singer held a really high note for a few seconds. Kaylin could tell it was a high note versus a low note as a result of the _______ the sound wave produced.

A) amplitude of
B) noise in
C) timbre of
D) frequency of

Answer 3

frequency of

Question 4

 High frequency sounds cause a peak vibration near the base of the basilar membrane, whereas low frequency sounds cause a peak vibration near its apex.

Question 5

 The sound stimulus begins with the

A) absorption of energy by molecules of air.
B) reflection of energy from objects in the environment.
C) impact of sound energy on the cochlea.
D) vibration caused by the movement of objects in space.

Question 6

 The amplitude of a sound wave is encoded as _________, whereas the frequency of a sound wave is encoded as _________.

A) loudness; pitch
B) pitch; loudness
C) pure tones; complex tones
D) timbre; pitch

Question 7

 The hum from Courtney's computer bothers her roommate, who is a light sleeper. Because Courtney would like to stay up late to work without bothering her roommate, she might consider reducing the sound by

A) buying new thick rugs, curtains, and bedspreads to absorb some of the noise.
B) removing all fabrics from her dorm room, such as rugs and curtains.
C) surrounding the back and sides of the computer with shiny metal panels.
D) moving all objects, like lamps and chairs, that are between her computer and her roommate's bed.

Question 8

 Benjamin can "hear" sounds when he sees things moving. He would be diagnosed with referred sensations.

Question 9

 Echolocation, used by some animals to navigate and find prey, relies on the ability of physical objects to _________ sound.

A) absorb
B) refract
C) reflect
D) enhance

Question 10

 Meissner's corpuscles feature small receptive fields and rapid adaptation.

Question 11

 As people age, they are most likely to have problems hearing sounds with lower frequencies.

Question 12

 Information from the cochlea travels to the brain along cranial nerve VIII.

Question 13

 Jazzmen turned her radio up to a higher frequency because she wanted the music to be louder.

Question 14

 Human hearing is not as good as dogs' hearing for _________ frequencies and not as good as elephants for _________ frequencies.

A) high; middle
B) middle; low
C) high; low
D) low; high

Question 15

 The range of human hearing

A) is the same as all other mammals.
B) is similar to many animals but is unique to our species.
C) is the same as all other animals, with the exception of mice and bats.
D) covers a much narrower spectrum than other mammals.

Question 16

 Nociceptors are largely responsible for the sensation of pain.

Question 17

 Olfactory receptor cells live for between four and six months and are not replaced once they die.

Question 18

 Acousticians designing performance halls choose the fabric for seat covers and curtains very carefully and even try to predict the type of clothing patrons will wear to performances, due to the ability of fabric to _________ sound.

A) refract
B) absorb
C) reflect
D) amplify

Question 19

 The fact that all dogs in the neighborhood begin to howl at the same time every day while you can't hear anything that might cause this response is probably because the dogs

A) can hear sounds we would classify as infrasound.
B) can hear sounds we would classify as ultrasound.
C) are disturbed by underground vibrations.
D) require more volume before they can hear the same sounds as you do.

Question 20

 Ryan had difficulty hearing lower pitches because he had suffered damage to his semicircular canal.

Question 21

 Stephanie is working on a research project that is investigating the effects of sonar on marine mammal communication. Her recordings of whale songs are most likely to include which of the following types of sound?

A) noise
B) pure tones
C) infrasound
D) ultrasound

Question 22

 A low frequency sound wave is perceived as

A) quiet.
B) loud.
C) high pitched.
D) low pitched.

Question 23

 Which of the following structures are found in the outer ear?

A) the pinna and auditory canal
B) the pinna and the tympanic membrane
C) the auditory canal and the tympanic membrane
D) the auditory canal and the oval window

Question 24

 High amplitude sound waves are perceived as

A) quiet.
B) loud.
C) high pitched.
D) low pitched.

Question 25

 Sounds with frequencies above the range of human hearing are referred to as

A) fundamental frequencies.
B) pure tones.
C) ultrasound.
D) infrasound.

Question 26

 Roy works at a job where he had to wear noise-reducing headphones since the decibel level exceeds _____, and he doesn't want to hurt or damage his ears.

A) 130
B) 115
C) 95
D) 80

Question 27

 Sounds with frequencies below the range of human hearing are referred to as

A) fundamental frequencies.
B) pure tones.
C) ultrasound.
D) infrasound.

Question 28

 Sound waves that do not show a regular, repeating pattern are perceived as

A) loud.
B) soft.
C) pure tones.
D) noise.

Question 29

 In the film Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, the "Fat Lady" painting tries to break a glass with the high-pitched, loud sound of her singing voice alone. Which type of sound stimulus is the Fat Lady trying to produce?

A) high amplitude, low frequency
B) high amplitude, high frequency
C) low amplitude, low frequency
D) low amplitude, high frequency

Question 30

 The _________ forms the boundary between the outer and middle ear, whereas the _________ forms the boundary between the middle and inner ear.

A) tympanic membrane; oval window
B) oval window; tympanic membrane
C) round window; oval window
D) oval window; round window

Question 31

 Jessica's band teacher was teaching the class about how different classes of instruments like brass and woodwind sound different even if you are playing the same note. She had a trumpet and a clarinet, each plays a G. The differences Jessica heard between the two instruments are due to the _________ of the resulting sounds.

A) timbre
B) hertz
C) amplitude
D) pitch

Question 32

 Sound waves with a single frequency are known as

A) pure tones, which are rare in nature.
B) pure tones, which are common in nature.
C) complex tones, which are rare in nature.
D) noise, which is common in nature.

Question 33

 When Daniel drives down the street, other people stop and stare because of the loud, low-pitched sounds coming from the new sound system in his car. What types of sound waves are coming from Daniel's car?

A) high amplitude, low frequency
B) high amplitude, high frequency
C) low amplitude, low frequency
D) low amplitude, high frequency

Question 34

 Brandon's teeth are stained from his constant coffee drinking, so his dentist recommended that he switch to a new electric toothbrush that not only brushes teeth very rapidly, but also uses sound to reduce plaque and staining. What kind of sound is most likely generated by Brandon's new toothbrush?

A) infrasound
B) ultrasound
C) pure tones
D) noise

Question 35

 The outer and middle ears both transmit sound through _________, and the inner ear uses a _________ medium in the process of transducing sound waves to electrical energy.

A) bone; mucous
B) liquid; mucous
C) air; liquid
D) air; sodium

Question 36

 Which of the following is NOT one of the ossicles?

A) the malleus
B) the incus
C) the pinna
D) the stapes

Question 37

 Decibels (dB) are used to measure a sound's

A) pitch.
B) frequency.
C) intensity.
D) harmonics.

Question 38

 Tennille is studying for a quiz on the auditory system. She writes in her notes that hertz are the units used to measure sound's

A) loudness.
B) intensity.
C) frequency.
D) timbre.

Question 39

 Zakoria is making a model of the human ear for a class project. She decides to use clay to create the visible, outer structure called the ______.

A) cochlea
B) incus
C) eustachian tube
D) pinna

Question 40

 The primary function of the ossicles is to

A) transfer sound energy from the air of the middle ear to the fluid of the inner ear.
B) transfer sound energy from the fluid of the middle ear to the air of the inner ear.
C) funnel sound.
D) prevent damage from loud noises.

Question 41

 The endolymph surrounding hair cells differs from other extracellular fluids in that it contains a

A) smaller than normal concentration of sodium.
B) larger than normal concentration of sodium.
C) smaller than normal concentration of potassium.
D) larger than normal concentration of potassium.

Question 42

 Reissner's membrane separates the _________, whereas the basilar membrane separates the _________.

A) vestibular canal and cochlear duct; tympanic canal and cochlear duct
B) tympanic canal and cochlear duct; vestibular canal and cochlear duct
C) vestibular canal and tympanic canal; cochlear duct and auditory canal
D) auditory canal and cochlear duct; vestibular canal and tympanic canal

Question 43

 Which of the following canals are actually connected to each other?

A) the vestibular and tympanic canals
B) the vestibular canal and the cochlear duct
C) the tympanic canal and the cochlear duct
D) the auditory and vestibular canals

Question 44

 Approximately how many hair cells may be found in each human ear?

A) 3,500
B) 8,000
C) 12,500
D) 15,500

Question 45

 Professor Lee tells his class that hair cells will become hyperpolarized or depolarized depending on the activity of the _____ channels.

A) voltage-dependent sodium
B) transmitter-gated potassium
C) mechanically gated potassium
D) mechanically gated sodium

Question 46

 Approximately _________ percent of auditory nerve fibers make connections with outer hair cells, whereas _________ percent make connections with inner hair cells.

A) 5; 95
B) 25; 75
C) 50; 50
D) 95; 5

Question 47

 The round window covers the

A) auditory canal.
B) vestibular canal.
C) cochlear duct.
D) tympanic canal.

Question 48

 Perilymph may be found in the _________, whereas endolymph is found in the _________.

A) cochlear duct; vestibular and tympanic canals
B) vestibular and tympanic canals; cochlear duct
C) cochlear duct and vestibular canal; tympanic canal
D) cochlear duct and tympanic canal; vestibular canal

Question 49

 Approximately how many inner hair cells are found in each human ear?

A) 3,500
B) 8,000
C) 12,500
D) 15,500

Question 50

 Spiral ganglion processes travel to the dorsal and ventral _________ nuclei of the medulla by way of cranial nerve _________.

A) cochlear; VIII
B) vestibular; VIII
C) cochlear; VII
D) vestibular; VII

Question 51

 Professor Owusu told his class that the base of the basilar membrane is different from the apex, because the basilar membrane at its base is

A) wider and stiffer.
B) wider and more flexible.
C) narrower and stiffer.
D) narrower and more flexible.

Question 52

 ?(see Figure 7.4)
Which of the membranes in the cochlea is labeled # 6 in this image?

A) the tympanic membrane
B) the basilar membrane
C) Reissner's membrane
D) the tectorial membrane

Question 53

 When potassium channels in the hair cell open, potassium will _________ the cell, producing _________.

A) enter; depolarization
B) enter; hyperpolarization
C) leave; depolarization
D) leave; hyperpolarization

Question 54

 Professor Raimi is lecturing about the ear and tells her class that the hair cells release the neurotransmitter _____ in order to communicate.

A) acetylcholine
B) glutamate
C) glycine
D) norepinephrine

Question 55

 Spiral ganglion cells are _________ in structure.

A) unipolar
B) bipolar
C) multipolar
D) either bipolar or multipolar depending on their location

Question 56

 The organ of Corti rests on the

A) tectorial membrane.
B) Reissner's membrane.
C) basilar membrane.
D) tensor tympani.

Question 57

 High frequency sounds produce a peak response

A) near the base of the basilar membrane.
B) near the apex of the basilar membrane.
C) in the tectorial membrane.
D) in Reissner's membrane.

Question 58

 Vanne is painting a model of the human ear for a class project. She is trying to choose which color to use on the ______ so that she might remember that it contains the receptors that detect sound.

A) semicircular canals
B) ossicles
C) auditory canal
D) cochlea

Question 59

 Hairlike cilia extend from

A) inner hair cells only.
B) outer hair cells only.
C) both inner and outer hair cells.
D) neither inner nor outer hair cells.

Question 60

 Lyperior is taking a quiz on the ear as shown in the picture. She labels #6 as the ______ and #8 as the _____. (see Figure 7.3)

A) pinna; tympanic membrane
B) oval window; pinna
C) oval window; cochlea
D) tympanic membrane; cochlea

Question 61

 Temporal theory accounts for the encoding of sounds under _________ Hz.

A) 4,000
B) 6,000
C) 10,000
D) 12,000

Question 62

 Axons from ________ first synapse in the superior olive in the pons, which in turn forms connections via the lateral lemniscus with the inferior colliculus.

A) the spiral ganglion cells
B) the dorsal cochlear nucleus
C) the ventral cochlear nucleus
D) both the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei

Question 63

 Nicholas plays guitar and Anthony plays bass for their rock band. The guitar produces higher frequencies than the bass does. When they turn up their amplifiers to 80 dB, how will the instruments sound to their neighbors?

A) Nicholas's guitar will sound louder than Anthony's bass.
B) Anthony's bass will sound louder than Anthony's guitar.
C) Both instruments will sound equally loud.
D) The apparent loudness of the two instruments will vary from time to time depending on the frequencies of the notes being played.

Question 64

 Complex stimuli such as clicks, noise bursts, and sounds with specific frequency patterns particularly activate

A) the superior olive.
B) the inferior colliculi.
C) primary auditory cortex.
D) secondary auditory cortex.

Question 65

 The analysis of equal loudness contours indicates that

A) high frequencies are perceived as louder than low frequencies.
B) low frequencies are perceived as louder than high frequencies.
C) high frequencies are perceived as equally loud as low frequencies.
D) above 40 dB, all frequencies are perceived as equally loud.

Question 66

 Matthew did not awaken when his rather noisy roommate came back to their dorm room in the very early hours of the morning. It is most likely that Matthew's failure to hear the disturbance resulted from

A) inner ear damage suffered as a result of attending too many loud heavy metal concerts.
B) input from the reticular formation to the MGN that adjusted his hearing to his state of consciousness.
C) stimulation of his superior olivary nucleus that temporarily made his inner hair cells less sensitive.
D) a temporary deficit in glutamate in his inner hair cells.

Question 67

 The difference in arrival times at each ear for sounds coming from directly in front of you or behind you is about _________ msec.

A) 0.0
B) 0.2
C) 0.4
D) 0.6

Question 68

 The difference in arrival times at each ear for sounds coming from a point perpendicular to your head on either side is about _________ msec.

A) 0.0
B) 0.2
C) 0.4
D) 0.6

Question 69

 Whitney is studying for a quiz and writes in her notes that primary auditory cortex is located in the _____ lobe.

A) frontal
B) temporal
C) parietal
D) occipital

Question 70

 Brittany played a middle C note on the piano, which corresponds to about 261 Hz. It is likely that this tone will

A) be processed according to place theory.
B) be processed according to temporal theory.
C) produce a peak response at the base of the basilar membrane.
D) produce nausea, because it is infrasound.

Question 71

 If I increase the volume on my stereo by 10 dB, from 60 dB to 70 dB, my family will probably perceive the loudness of the music as

A) 10 times louder than before.
B) 100 times louder than before.
C) 2 times louder than before.
D) about the same as before.

Question 72

 The subjective perception of loudness

A) changes at the same rate as the intensity of a stimulus.
B) changes at a slower rate than the intensity of a stimulus.
C) changes at a faster rate than the intensity of a stimulus.
D) has not been measured by scientists due to individual differences among participants.

Question 73

 A single auditory neuron can usually respond to a range of sound intensity of about _______ dB.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 40
D) 60

Question 74

 Arrival time of sound at the two ears is processed initially by binaural neurons in the

A) cochlea.
B) ventral cochlear nucleus.
C) ventral cochlear nucleus
D) superior olive.

Question 75

 Juan is studying for a quiz and records that the axons from the _____ cochlear nucleus will first synapse in the ____ in the pons before being sent to the inferior colliculi.

A) ventral; superior olive
B) ventral; inferior olive
C) dorsal; superior olive
D) dorsal; inferior olive

Question 76

 High frequencies are processed by _________ areas of A1, or primary motor cortex.

A) rostral
B) caudal
C) dorsal
D) ventral

Question 77

 The fact that auditory cortex is tonotopically organized means that

A) there is a different area of cortex assigned to each ear.
B) there is a different number of neurons assigned to each level of loudness.
C) neurons responding to one frequency are located next to neurons responding to similar frequencies.
D) neurons responding to one amplitude are located next to neurons responding to similar amplitudes.

Question 78

 Rigoberto is studying for a quiz and records that the axons from the inferior colliculi synapse in the _________ of the thalamus.

A) medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)
B) lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
C) superior olive
D) inferior olive

Question 79

 According to place theory,

A) the peak of a wave in the basilar membrane correlates with a sound's frequency.
B) patterns of neural firing match the frequency of a sound.
C) neurons responding to one frequency are located near neurons responding to similar frequencies.
D) sounds with frequencies below 4,000 Hz are processed by parts of the basilar membrane different from those that process sounds above 4,000 Hz.

Question 80

 It is particularly difficult to localize sounds that originate at

A) 3 and 9 o'clock (to either side of our bodies).
B) 12 and 6 o'clock (directly in front and behind us).
C) 12 and 3 or 6 o'clock.
D) 6 and 3 or 6 o'clock.