Deck 7: Writing and Presenting

Question 1

Drive-reduction approaches to motivation are:

A) theories suggesting that a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need.
B) theories suggesting that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity.
C) theories suggesting that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals.
D) theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people's thoughts, expectations, and goals.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined are called:

A) desires.
B) instincts.
C) notions.
D) motives.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The first two theoretical approaches to motivation that attained prominence in the history of modern psychology were:

A) the instinct approach and then the incentive approach.
B) the incentive approach and then the drive-reduction approach.
C) the drive-reduction approach and then the instinct approach.
D) the instinct approach and then the drive-reduction approach.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Incentive approaches to motivation are:

A) theories suggesting that a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need.
B) theories suggesting that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity.
C) theories suggesting that motivation stems from the desire to attain external rewards.
D) theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people's thoughts, expectations, and goals.

Question 5

Motivational tension or arousal that energizes behavior to fulfill a need is termed a(n):

A) drive.
B) reflex.
C) incentive.
D) instinct.

Question 6

When blood pH becomes overly acidic, respiration and kidney function change to bring the acidity back to its normal pH level of 7.4. What does this process best exemplify?

A) Metabolism
B) Acclimatization
C) Homeostasis
D) An opponent-process system

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT among the shortcomings of instinct approaches to motivation?

A) Instinct approaches can account only for physiological motivations, not psychological ones.
B) Instinct theorists identified too many different instincts for the theory to be useful.
C) Instinct theorists disagreed on the precise instincts guiding behavior.
D) Instinct theorists fail to explain why certain specific patterns of behavior have evolved in a given species.

Question 8

"Human behavior is varied and often seems unpredictable; also, people sometimes seek out extremely stimulating situations and activities." This statement is most likely that of a proponent of the ________ theory of motivation.

A) instinct
B) incentive
C) arousal
D) cognitive

Question 9

Of the following individuals, whose behavior may most easily be explained using the arousal approach to motivation?

A) Artie, who loves to bungee jump
B) Barry, who buys an expensive watch he can't resist
C) Callista, who studies long hours to earn good grades
D) Brooke, who sleeps extra hours after a tiring week at work

Question 10

The arousal approach to motivation suggests that:

A) a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need.
B) if levels of stimulation and activity are too low, people will try to increase them by seeking stimulation.
C) motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals.
D) motivation is a product of people's thoughts, expectations, and goals.

Question 11

Why do drive-reduction approaches fail to offer a complete account of human motivation?

A) Homeostasis does not accurately describe the mechanism by which primary drives operate.
B) Drive-reduction approaches offer much better explanations of behaviors motivated by secondary drives than of behaviors motivated by primary drives.
C) People are sometimes motivated to increase rather than decrease their level of stimulation.
D) Drive-reduction approaches are vague about what, or even how many, primary drives exist.

Question 12

Which approach to motivation is correctly paired with a behavior to which it is especially appropriate?

A) Drive-reduction-eating
B) Arousal-studying
C) Cognitive-riding roller coasters
D) Incentive-sleeping

Question 13

How do arousal approaches to motivation differ from drive-reduction approaches?

A) Arousal approaches suggest that if our stimulation and activity levels become too low, we try to increase them.
B) Arousal approaches suggest that if our stimulation and activity levels become too high, we try to reduce them by seeking stimulation.
C) Arousal approaches emphasize the desirable qualities of internal stimuli to a greater extent than do drive-reduction approaches.
D) Arousal theories place greater emphasis on physiological needs than do drive theories.

Question 14

Dr. LaGrange is skeptical of drive theories of motivation. Which of the following behaviors is he most likely to cite to justify his skepticism?

A) Bungee jumping
B) Engaging in sexual intercourse
C) Eating a quick meal
D) Pursuing a stranger with a knife

Question 15

Does the drive-reduction approach offer a comprehensive account of motivation? Which of the following explains it?

A) No. The drive-reduction approach explains how primary drives motivate behavior but fails to satisfactorily explain a behavior in which the goal is to increase arousal level.
B) No. The drive-reduction approach fails to account for many motives, including physiological ones.
C) Yes. The drive-reduction approach offers a satisfactory explanation of not only physiological motives, but also offers a satisfactory explanation for more psychologically oriented ones.
D) Yes. The drive-reduction approach has been empirically supported.

Question 16

________ refers to the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.

A) Development
B) Intelligence
C) Cognition
D) Motivation

Question 17

Motivation theorists refer to external rewards people seek to obtain as:

A) stimulants.
B) incentives.
C) drives.
D) reinforcers.

Question 18

Declan, a PhD candidate, tells his department's undergraduate student organization that his dissertation research is in the area of motivation. Declan is investigating:

A) the ability to generate new solutions to problems.
B) the way behavior changes as a result of experience.
C) the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.
D) the processes whereby information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

Question 19

Which of the following statements best expresses the fate of instinct approaches to motivation within mainstream psychology?

A) Instinct approaches to motivation are gaining strength in psychology, as they reflect the cutting-edge perspective of cognitive psychology.
B) Instinct approaches to motivation still play a role in certain theories, especially those based on evolutionary approaches that focus on our genetic inheritance.
C) Instinct approaches to motivation have been abandoned and are really of only historical interest in psychology.
D) Instinct approaches have always been influential in the psychology of motivation.

Question 20

What is homeostasis?

A) A theory of need reduction
B) The body's tendency to maintain a steady internal state
C) The psychological representation of primary needs
D) The diffusion of fluids into a cell

Question 21

Cognitive approaches to motivation are:

A) theories suggesting that a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need.
B) theories suggesting that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity.
C) theories suggesting that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals.
D) theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people's thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and goals.

Question 22

Which of the following sequences best expresses the order in which the needs in Maslow's pyramid must be fulfilled from the first to the last?

A) Physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization
B) Physiological and safety, esteem, love and belongingness, and self-actualization
C) Self-actualization, esteem, love and belongingness, and physiological and safety
D) Self-actualization, love and belongingness, esteem, and physiological and safety

Question 23

According to the self-determination theory, ________ is the perception that we have control over our own lives.

A) reliance
B) autonomy
C) relatedness
D) competence

Question 24

People with a body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 30 are considered:

A) overweight.
B) obese.
C) normal.
D) underweight.

Question 25

Misty's body mass index (BMI) is 27 and Marnie's is 31. Misty is considered ________. Marnie is ________.

A) overweight; overweight as well
B) overweight; obese
C) obese; obese as well
D) normal weight; overweight

Question 26

Which of the following is true of approaches to motivation?

A) A large number of approaches are contradictory rather than complementary.
B) Employing more than one approach to motivation in a given situation can prevent us from understanding motivation in a particular instance.
C) Even specific behaviors like the need for food can be drawn on several approaches for the fullest account of what motivates one's behavior.
D) A maximum of two approaches should be used to study any behavior.

Question 27

________ is the rate at which food is converted to energy and expended by the body.

A) Neutralization
B) Phagocytosis
C) Metabolism
D) Emulsification

Question 28

Which of the following is true of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

A) Intrinsic motivation causes us to do something for money, a grade, or some other concrete, tangible reward.
B) Extrinsic motivation causes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment rather than for any concrete, tangible reward that it will bring us.
C) In some cases, providing rewards for desirable behavior actually may decrease intrinsic motivation.
D) We are more apt to persevere, work harder, and produce work of higher quality when motivation for a task is extrinsic rather than intrinsic.

Question 29

People with a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 are considered:

A) overweight.
B) obese.
C) normal.
D) underweight.

Question 30

According to Maslow, our highest-level need is the need for:

A) self-esteem.
B) self-efficacy.
C) self-love.
D) self-actualization.

Question 31

A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potentials in their own unique way is known as ________ in Maslow's model.

A) self-reliance
B) self-actualization
C) self-efficacy
D) self-regulation

Question 32

According to Abraham Maslow, a major prerequisite for becoming self-actualized is having:

A) all of one's lower-order needs fulfilled.
B) a major altruistic streak.
C) a very selfless nature.
D) suffered in the past so one can truly appreciate the good aspects of life.

Question 33

Which of the following refers to the cause that pushes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment rather than for any actual or concrete reward that it will bring us?

A) Intrinsic motivation
B) Extrinsic motivation
C) External factors
D) Observable factors

Question 34

Carrie's body rapidly converts food into energy. Mandy's body converts food into energy more slowly. Carrie and Mandy have different:

A) metabolic rates.
B) eating disorders.
C) homeostatic ratios.
D) g factors.

Question 35

In ________ approaches to motivation, the desirable properties of external stimuli account for a person's motivation.

A) drive-reduction
B) arousal
C) incentive
D) cognitive

Question 36

Shellie takes college courses that interest her and enjoys learning for its own sake. Tori takes courses in which she is fairly certain she'll do well and studies mainly to ensure good grades. Shellie is ________ motivated, whereas Tori is ________ motivated.

A) intrinsically; extrinsically
B) internally; externally
C) extrinsically; intrinsically
D) externally; internally

Question 37

Dr. Fiore conducts a study in which two groups of participants work on challenging puzzles: one group is extrinsically motivated, whereas the other is intrinsically motivated. Thus, one group is paid for its participation, while the other is not. Dr. Fiore records the length of time each participant spent working on the puzzle and how enjoyable each participant rated the puzzle. Based on the theories of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, what might you expect?

A) The paid group would work harder on the puzzle but enjoy it less than the unpaid group.
B) The paid group would not work as hard on the puzzle and enjoy it less than the unpaid group.
C) The paid group would work harder on the puzzle and enjoy it more than the unpaid group.
D) The paid group would not work as hard on the puzzle but enjoy it more than the unpaid group.

Question 38

Natalie's body mass index (BMI) is 26. She is best described as:

A) overweight.
B) obese.
C) normal.
D) underweight.

Question 39

Which of the following brain structures has been implicated in monitoring food intake?

A) The amygdala
B) The hypothalamus
C) The hippocampus
D) The thalamus

Question 40

According to the self-determination theory, ________ is the need to produce desired outcomes.

A) development
B) autonomy
C) relatedness
D) competence

Question 41

The need for achievement is often assessed with the:

A) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
B) Rorschach Inkblot Test.
C) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.
D) California Personality Inventory.

Question 42

Larissa is highly invested in initiating and maintaining relationships. She is high in the need for:

A) conformity.
B) assembly.
C) affiliation.
D) approval.

Question 43

________ is a disorder in which a person binges on large quantities of food, followed by efforts to purge the food through vomiting or other means.

A) Anorexia nervosa
B) Compulsive eating
C) Bulimia
D) Binge-eating disorder

Question 44

Which figure best approximates the percentage of Americans who say they want to lose weight?

A) 40%
B) 50%
C) 60%
D) 75%

Question 45

________ is a severe eating disorder in which people may refuse to eat while denying that their behavior and appearance -which can become skeleton-like-are unusual.

A) Anorexia nervosa
B) Compulsive eating
C) Bulimia
D) Binge eating

Question 46

When does one's body start storing fat either by increasing the number of fat cells or by increasing the size of existing fat cells?

A) Starts at birth
B) During the first year of life
C) During adulthood
D) Starts by the end of adolescence

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of anorexia nervosa?

A) Eating a large amount of food in a single setting
B) An interest in cooking for others
C) Serious dieting which somehow gets out of control
D) Going shopping for food frequently

Question 48

Men with high power needs tend to show high levels of:

A) alcohol consumption.
B) nurturing behavior.
C) participation in cultural events.
D) concern for others.

Question 49

The ________ is a stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and meeting challenging goals.

A) need for achievement
B) need for survival
C) need for affiliation
D) need for power

Question 50

The need for ________ is a tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others and to be seen as an influential individual.

A) achievement
B) survival
C) power
D) affiliation

Question 51

Approximately ________ of those who suffer from anorexia nervosa literally starve themselves to death.

A) 1%
B) 5%
C) 10%
D) 15%

Question 52

Each semester, during advising week, Dylan asks his faculty advisor to identify the easiest courses and teachers that would satisfy his degree requirements. Dylan's need for achievement is probably:

A) high.
B) moderately high.
C) medium.
D) low.

Question 53

What is true of brain scans of people with bulimia?

A) They show that those with bulimia have the same level of connectivity in those areas of the brain associated with eating behaviors when compared to those of healthy individuals.
B) They show that those with bulimia have a lower level of connectivity in those areas of the brain associated with eating behaviors when compared to those of healthy individuals.
C) They show that those with bulimia do not process information about food when compared to healthy individuals.
D) They show that those with bulimia process information about food differently from healthy individuals.

Question 54

Meghan is bulimic. Which of the following statements is most likely to be accurate?

A) Meghan is more likely than other individuals of her age to be overweight.
B) Meghan is more likely than other individuals of her age to be underweight.
C) Meghan is neither more nor less likely than other individuals of her age to be overweight.
D) Meghan is probably seriously underweight.

Question 55

Mary Jo is taking the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). She is looking at:

A) inkblots.
B) pictures.
C) sentences.
D) numerical problems.

Question 56

Anorexia nervosa is among the ________ most frequent causes of disability in young women.

A) three
B) five
C) ten
D) two

Question 57

The need for ________ is an interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people.

A) achievement
B) survival
C) power
D) affiliation

Question 58

Which of the following is true of anorexia nervosa?

A) People suffering from this eating disorder binge on large quantities of food.
B) This mainly afflicts females between the ages of 12 and 40.
C) The weight of the person suffering from this disorder remains normal.
D) People suffering from this eating disorder induce vomiting or take laxatives to rid themselves of the food.

Question 59

How often should you exercise?

A) At least 30 consecutive minutes three times each week
B) At least seven hours a week
C) At least 100 minutes every other day
D) At least two hours every day

Question 60

Which of the following is true of the need for affiliation?

A) People who have higher affiliation needs desire to be alone more of the time than those who have lower affiliation needs.
B) People who have lower affiliation needs desire to be with friends more than those who have higher affiliation needs.
C) Regardless of their affiliative orientation, male students spend significantly more time with their friends.
D) People who have higher affiliation needs are particularly sensitive to relationships with others.

Question 61

According to the ________ theory of emotion, emotions are determined jointly by a nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation, based on environmental cues.

A) James-Lange
B) Maslow
C) Schachter-Singer
D) Cannon-Bard

Question 62

The concept of visceral experience can be attributed to the _____ theory of emotion.

A) James-Lange
B) Maslow
C) Schachter-Singer
D) Cannon-Bard

Question 63

According to the approach which organizes emotions using a hierarchy, which of the following is derived from a negative emotion?

A) Guilt
B) Infatuation
C) Pride
D) Contentment

Question 64

Which of the following theories of emotion most explicitly recognizes the importance of the cognitive component of emotion?

A) James-Lange
B) Cannon-Bard
C) Schachter-Singer
D) Maslow

Question 65

In relation to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, more recent research:

A) supports the assumption that physiological arousal alone accounts for emotions.
B) has disconfirmed the assumption that physiological and emotional experiences occur simultaneously.
C) supports the notion that emotional experiences are controlled by the thalamus.
D) has disconfirmed the idea that emotional experiences are controlled by the thalamus.

Question 66

Which alternative below correctly identifies one of the results in Schachter and Singer's experiment?

A) The injection of epinephrine had no effect on participants.
B) The confederate's behavior had unanticipated effects on participants' emotional state.
C) The confederate's behavior had no effect on participants' emotional state.
D) The confederate's behavior had the expected effect on participants' emotional state.

Question 67

The _____ plays an important role in the consolidation of memories.

A) hippocampus
B) cerebellum
C) corpus callosum
D) medulla

Question 68

Which of the following sequences reflects the order of the major theories of emotion from the earliest to the most recent?

A) James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer
B) Cannon-Bard, Schachter-Singer, and James-Lange
C) Cannon-Bard, James-Lange, and Schachter-Singer
D) James-Lange, Schachter-Singer, and Cannon-Bard

Question 69

According to the ________ theory of emotion, both physiological arousal and emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus.

A) James-Lange
B) Maslow
C) Schachter-Singer
D) Cannon-Bard

Question 70

In the James-Lange theory of emotion, physiological responses _____ emotional experiences.

A) follow
B) precede
C) occur simultaneously with
D) are unrelated to

Question 71

Women with high power needs display high levels of:

A) alcohol consumption.
B) nurturing behavior.
C) aggression.
D) sexually exploitative mannerisms.

Question 72

In one study, participants undergoing positron emission tomography (PET) brain scans were asked to recall events that made them feel sad, or events that made them feel happy. What did the results of such studies show?

A) The two emotions produced similar levels of activity in the same areas of the brain.
B) Happiness showed a decrease in activity in certain areas of the cerebral cortex, whereas sadness showed increases in activity in particular portions of the cortex.
C) The two emotions produced different patterns of activation in the same areas of the brain.
D) Happiness showed an increase in activity in certain areas of the cerebellum and brain stem, whereas sadness showed decreases in activity in particular portions of the brain stem alone.

Question 73

According to the ________ theory of emotion, emotional experience is a reaction to bodily events occurring as a result of an external situation.

A) James-Lange
B) Maslow
C) Schachter-Singer
D) Cannon-Bard

Question 74

The results of the Schachter-Singer experiment:

A) indicate that emotional experience and visceral reaction are the same thing.
B) indicate that emotions are actually the result of parasympathetic rebound.
C) support a cognitive view of emotions.
D) support the view that people can never experience "true" emotions.

Question 75

The Cannon-Bard theory states that after we perceive an emotion-producing stimulus, the _____ is the initial site of the emotional response.

A) hypothalamus
B) thalamus
C) hippocampus
D) amygdala

Question 76

One of Cannon's major objections to the James-Lange theory of emotion was that:

A) physiological arousal alone does not lead to the perception of emotion.
B) the sympathetic nervous system was not given a more prominent role.
C) emotions have different intensities.
D) emotions are subjective experiences; therefore, no theory can be adequate in explaining them.

Question 77

According to William James and Carl Lange, which of the following leads one to label emotional experiences?

A) Cognitive beliefs
B) Overt behaviors
C) A specific pattern of visceral responses
D) A set of related feelings and psychological responses

Question 78

In the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, physiological reactions _____ emotional experiences.

A) follow
B) precede
C) occur simultaneously with
D) have little to do with

Question 79

According to the facial-feedback hypothesis, _____.

A) we pay close attention to others' facial expressions
B) our emotions activate specific facial-affect patterns
C) facial expressions can actually determine our emotional experience
D) facial expressions are strongly influenced by our immediate environment and our larger cultures

Question 80

The ________, in the brain's temporal lobe, plays an important role in our experience of emotion.

A) amygdala
B) cerebellum
C) corpus callosum
D) medulla