Deck 6: Interacting and the Work of Play

Question 1

Parenting styles may be influenced by a child's temperament. How does a parent need to view a child's temperament in terms of his/her parenting style?

A) Parenting styles bring about negative temperaments.
B) Parenting styles may develop as the result of temperament.
C) Temperaments develop as the result of parenting styles.
D) Temperament and parenting styles are unrelated.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Stacey's parents have given her a trip to Mexico with two of her friends for her high school graduation gift. Her parents will not accompany the girls on the trip, but have instead paid for her older brother to act as the girls' chaperone. What type of parenting is Stacey receiving?

A) authoritarian
B) indulgent-permissive
C) indifferent-uninvolved
D) authoritative

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Sally and Dan are quick to express affection toward their son, Zach, and accept most all of his behaviour. In fact, Zach has never once been punished. Which parenting style are Sally and Dan exhibiting?

A) an authoritative style
B) an authoritarian style
C) an indifferent-uninvolved style
D) an indulgent-permissive style

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Dick and Wendy want their children to work hard. They have rules and expect their children to obey them without question. Which parenting style are Dick and Wendy exhibiting?

A) an indifferent-uninvolved style
B) an authoritarian style
C) an authoritative style
D) an indulgent-permissive style

Question 5

Al and Sue have an indulgent-permissive parenting style. Which of the following situations would you would predict that Al and Sue's son would experience?

A) He would earn high grades in school.
B) He would be easily frustrated.
C) He would be self-reliant.
D) He would have control over his behaviour.

Question 6

When Kevin asks his parents if he can buy a car, his parents say no, but sit down and explain to him the reasoning behind their decision. His parents express affection toward him, and tell him that they may consider the matter at some later time. Which parenting style are they exhibiting?

A) an authoritarian style
B) an indulgent-permissive style
C) an indifferent-uninvolved style
D) an authoritative style

Question 7

Gracie has a very active and unsociable temperament. For this reason, it is probably most difficult for Gracie's parents to do which of the following?

A) to be authoritarian
B) to be indifferent-uninvolved
C) to be authoritative
D) to get upset with Gracie

Question 8

According to research, there are two general dimensions of parental behaviour. One of those dimensions is the degree of warmth and responsiveness shown to children by their parents. What is the other dimension?

A) the amount of control
B) the amount of discipline
C) the amount of freedom given to children
D) the amount of time spent with children

Question 9

Though Matthew never gets in trouble at school, he does not feel very good about himself, has difficulty making friends, and doesn't do as well as he probably could in school. Which parenting style do Matthew's parents most likely have?

A) an authoritarian style
B) an indifferent-uninvolved style
C) an authoritative style
D) an indulgent-permissive style

Question 10

Kayla tells her teenage son Chuck to "clean up that horrid mess that is your room!" This statement is an example of which type of parental behaviour?

A) direct instruction
B) punishment
C) modelling
D) counterimitation

Question 11

Cody is a very aggressive child who has a difficult time controlling his behaviour and his emotions. Which parenting style do Cody's parents most likely exhibit?

A) an authoritarian style
B) an indifferent-uninvolved style
C) an authoritative style
D) an indulgent-permissive style

Question 12

When all of his buddies call home to tell their parents they will be getting home late from the game, Adam doesn't bother, saying "My mom and dad are too busy to care about me. They don't care how late I'm out-in fact, they never even ask where I'm going." If Adam is right, what type of parenting style are his parents exhibiting?

A) an indifferent-uninvolved parenting style
B) an authoritarian parenting style
C) an indulgent-permissive parenting style
D) an authoritative parenting style

Question 13

How would you best characterize an indulgent-permissive parent?

A) non-warm and controlling
B) warm and controlling
C) non-warm and uncontrolling
D) warm and uncontrolling

Question 14

Rather than simply ordering his son to take out the garbage, Andy says, "Son, take out the garbage now. It's really full and I'm getting ready to make dinner, so I'll need more space in the garbage bags." What does Andy's statement illustrate?

A) direct instruction
B) counterimitation
C) disinhibition
D) negative reinforcement trap

Question 15

Which parenting style might best be described as "no warmth and controlling?"

A) authoritarian style
B) indulgent-permissive style
C) indifferent-uninvolved style
D) authoritative style

Question 16

When you hear someone say, "Those neighbour kids are neglected. Even when the parents are home they do virtually nothing," which parenting style should come to mind?

A) authoritarian style
B) indulgent-permissive style
C) indifferent-uninvolved style
D) authoritative style

Question 17

Johnny's parents have set many rules for him, and they expect him to follow those rules or he will be punished. Which parenting style is this?

A) indifferent-uninvolved parenting
B) authoritative parenting
C) authoritarian parenting
D) indulgent-permissive parenting

Question 18

Billy is an excellent student who is friendly with others. He is a self-reliant and responsible young man. With what type of parents has Billy likely been raised?

A) indifferent-uninvolved
B) authoritarian
C) authoritative
D) indulgent-permissive

Question 19

In terms of controlling the behaviour of a child, what is it best for parents to do?

A) Pay no attention to the child-let the child do whatever he or she wants
B) Totally control the life of the child.
C) Give the child total freedom, while supplying parental support for his or her behaviour.
D) Maintain some control, while allowing some freedom.

Question 20

If you wanted to raise a child who is smart and self-reliant, which parenting style should you adopt?

A) an authoritative style
B) an authoritarian style
C) an indulgent-permissive style
D) an indulgent-uninvolved style

Question 21

Which of the following is one of the effects of being an abused child?

A) forming close relationships with others to make up for the bad relationships with parents
B) delayed physical development
C) aggressive behaviour toward authority
D) depression

Question 22

When George gets angry with his children, he cannot control his emotions and he often strikes them, often causing bruises and even broken bones. What is George guilty of?

A) sexually abusing his children
B) neglecting his children
C) emotional maltreatment of his children
D) physically abusing his children

Question 23

Which of the following would likely lead to a significant drop in the incidence of physical child abuse?

A) wiping out poverty
B) having the entire world adopt child-rearing strategies like those seen in Canada
C) eliminating government intervention into parenting issues
D) encouraging parents to adopt an authoritarian style

Question 24

Fran and James have allowed their teenage son Jeremy to make more decisions for himself. As a result of his new-found autonomy, what has research shown that will likely happen to Jeremy?

A) He will take advantage of his autonomy and get into trouble.
B) He will appreciate his parents more.
C) He will question his parent's authority even more so.
D) He will have a greater sense of adolescent well-being.

Question 25

According to The Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and Neglect (2005), what percentage of substantiated cases of physical abuse of children occurred when the caregiver was punishing the child?

A) 35 percent
B) 68 percent
C) 75 percent
D) 86 percent

Question 26

Marcia's parents frequently tell her she is an "idiot" and often make her look foolish in front of her friends. What type of abuse are they exhibiting?

A) emotional maltreatment
B) physical abuse
C) socialization abuse
D) neglect

Question 27

Ian's mother tells him to stop watching TV and do his homework. Ian then begins to whine about wanting to watch more TV to the point that his mother gives in and lets him watch more TV, as long as he stops whining. Consequently, Ian's whining behaviour increases in frequency. What concept does this sequence illustrate?

A) punishment
B) counterimitation
C) direct instruction
D) a negative reinforcement trap

Question 28

Albert was physically abused as a child. As an adult, what are the odds of Albert abusing his own children?

A) The odds are higher than those of an individual who had never been abused.
B) The odds are no higher than those of an individual who had never been abused.
C) The odds are slightly lower than those of an individual who had never been abused.
D) The odds are significantly lower than those of an individual who had never been abused.

Question 29

Fay has two daughters: Lisa, who has the same domestic interests as her mother, and Marie, who is an avid outdoorswoman. When Fay wants to bake with her two daughters, Lisa is excited, but Marie is apathetic. This disappoints Fay, and she insists that Marie participate. What will likely happen with Fay's parental behaviour?

A) She will be authoritarian with Marie.
B) She will be authoritative with Marie.
C) She will be indifferent and uninvolved with Marie.
D) She will be indulgent and permissive with Marie.

Question 30

According to the text, which age group of children are most often abused?

A) infants
B) children aged 6-8 years
C) children aged 9-11 years
D) children aged 12-13 years

Question 31

Steve spanks his son Paul in order to get him to stop acting aggressively. Which outcome is least likely in the long term?

A) Paul will become fearful of Steve.
B) Paul will become more aggressive.
C) Paul will stop being aggressive.
D) Paul will not internalize the social rules concerning aggressive behaviour.

Question 32

Who is at greatest risk for being abused?

A) Caitlin, who is 2 years old and chronically ill
B) Catherine, who is 10 years old and has just become ill
C) Kay, who is 2 years old and healthy
D) Kitty, who is 10 years old and healthy

Question 33

Little Rowan has just witnessed yet another argument between his parents. He feels guilty that mommy and daddy are fighting and he withdraws to his room. According to research, what happens to children such as Rowan when they see constant conflict between their parents?

A) they run away from home
B) they are prone to chronic disease
C) they withdraw emotionally
D) they do poorly in school

Question 34

Who is most likely to be abusing his child?

A) Louis, who relies on the time-out technique to punish his children
B) Derek, who was never abused when he was a child
C) Joe, who is socially isolated from friends and relatives
D) Scott, who is wealthy

Question 35

Cyndi watches her older sister getting yelled at after she throws an apple across the kitchen. Cyndi is now less likely to throw an apple across the kitchen herself. What is this kind of learning through observation best described as?

A) time-out
B) direct instruction
C) counterimitation
D) a negative reinforcement trap

Question 36

Parents who physically abuse their children tend to have set what kind of expectations concerning their children?

A) high expectations
B) medium expectations
C) low expectations
D) no expectations

Question 37

Which of the following does the Canadian Pediatric Society (CPS) recommend?

A) Physical punishment should be restricted to spanking on clothed buttocks.
B) Spanking and all other forms of physical punishment should be discouraged.
C) Spanking should only be used as a form of discipline in children under the age of 10 years.
D) Spanking should only be used as a form of discipline in children over the age of 5 years.

Question 38

Julie watches her sister swing her pet cat by the tail and sees her parents punish her sister for that behaviour. Consequently, Julie learns not to swing her pet cat by the tail. What concept does this scenario illustrate?

A) a negative reinforcement trap
B) counterimitation
C) indulgent parenting
D) direct instruction

Question 39

Authorities will sometimes find children near death due to the fact that their parents have not fed them or protected them from environmental conditions, like the weather. What type of abuse have these children experienced?

A) physical abuse
B) neglect
C) emotional maltreatment
D) indifferent-uninvolved parenting

Question 40

Which of the following two dimensions of parental behaviour are influenced by a child's age?

A) warmth and structure
B) authority and stress levels
C) nurturing and conflict
D) mood and influence

Question 41

Sandy is a vibrant preschooler who loves to dress herself, play with her stuffed animals, and help mommy bake. According to Erikson, these types of activities are assisting Sandy to develop which of the following characteristics?

A) a sense of independence
B) a sense of confidence
C) a sense of purpose
D) a sense of helpfulness

Question 42

Jeffrey is a 3-year-old who is beginning to make connections between people's thoughts, intentions, and behaviours. According to Wellman (1992), what is Jeffrey developing?

A) a theory of mind
B) a temperament
C) motor skills
D) a sense of interrelatedness

Question 43

How common is it for preschoolers to have imaginary friends?

A) Almost all have imaginary friends.
B) Most have imaginary friends.
C) Some have imaginary friends.
D) Almost none of them have imaginary friends.

Question 44

If Donna is a normal 3-year-old, what will her definition of herself largely consist of?

A) her beliefs
B) her feelings
C) her family
D) her possessions

Question 45

Ben's parents would like him to be more cooperative with other children. Which strategy is most likely to be helpful to them?

A) Show Ben the bad things that will happen if he is not cooperative.
B) Be around to help Ben work out conflicts.
C) Have Ben practise being cooperative with children who are not cooperative.
D) Leave Ben alone and hope he develops cooperative behaviour on his own.

Question 46

At what approximate age do children become self-aware?

A) 8-12 months
B) 13-18 months
C) 20-28 months
D) 29-36 months

Question 47

Which of the following is an example of unhealthy play?

A) Tina is colouring pages in a colouring book.
B) Casey is playing with his action figures and talking to himself.
C) Murphy is watching his brother play a video game.
D) Paul is experimenting with his chemistry set.

Question 48

Because Shirley has a very compromising, supportive style of play, which of the following play choices will she make?

A) She will be very influential with boys.
B) She will try to dominate other girls.
C) She will choose to play with other girls.
D) She acts more similarly to boys than to other girls.

Question 49

Samantha has reached the age at which she only wants to spend time with her female girlfriends, doing artwork or talking about Justin Bieber. Approximately how old is Samantha?

A) 6-7 years
B) 8-9 years
C) 10-11 years
D) 12-13 years

Question 50

Joan and Mike are observing assertive make-believe behaviour in children at different daycare centres. When they observe 50 incidents of assertive make-believe behaviour, they can go to the department party. Joan is observing Korean children; Mike is observing Canadian children. Who will arrive at the party first?

A) Joan
B) Mike
C) Fran and Mike will arrive at the party at the same time.
D) Neither Fran nor Mike will arrive at the party, because children do not engage in assertive make-believe behaviour.

Question 51

Rita and Karen are working on separate puzzles. When Rita tries to help Karen put together her puzzle, Karen gets angry and throws her puzzle pieces at Rita. If Rita's response is like that of most children, what will she most likely do?

A) continue to try to help Karen
B) focus on completing her own puzzle
C) try to help someone else with a puzzle
D) develop resistant attachment

Question 52

Which sort of solitary play would most likely be unhealthy?

A) watching other children play without joining them
B) sitting in a room, building an imaginary city out of blocks
C) drawing and colouring
D) completing a series of puzzles in a puzzle book

Question 53

Which of the following would least likely be found in a description of "boys' play?"

A) exaggeration
B) cooperation
C) roughness
D) intimidation

Question 54

Which of the following statements provides an example of a child learning to regulate his/her emotions?

A) "I hate you, Sally!"
B) "This is MY truck, and you can't play with it!"
C) "I know the lightening storm will soon be over, and I'm safe at Gramma's house."
D) "Gary is my best friend ever!"

Question 55

What has research shown to be useful in preventing child abuse?

A) jail time and censure of abusive parents
B) early childhood intervention programs
C) encouragement of parents to use more physical punishment
D) removal of the father from the lives of the children

Question 56

Which of the following is more likely in a person who has been abused as a child?

A) divorce
B) attempting suicide
C) being an authoritative parent
D) being indulgent-permissive

Question 57

At about the age of 4, children begin to realize that a person's actions are often connected to the thoughts that he or she has. What kind of studies are often used to determine when children grasp this concept?

A) intersensory redundancy studies
B) synaptic pruning studies
C) dynamic systems theory studies
D) false-belief studies

Question 58

Young Jim actually experiences the sadness of his friend Abdul when Abdul's dog runs away. What is Jim exhibiting?

A) empathy
B) altruism
C) cooperative behaviour
D) resistant attachment

Question 59

Omero is a preschooler who has an imaginary friend. How does Omero compare to his peers without imaginary friends?

A) He is more emotionally disturbed.
B) He is more sociable.
C) He has fewer friends.
D) He is less intelligent.

Question 60

Peter has a condition in which he seems to be more interested in his blocks than in playing with his sister, Josie. And although Peter is older than Josie, he has not mastered basic language skills. What condition does Peter have?

A) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
B) asperger's syndrome
C) autism
D) Down syndrome

Question 61

Phil believes that all women are emotional, physically weak, and interested in cooking. What do Phil's beliefs about women illustrate?

A) a social role
B) altruism
C) sexism
D) a gender stereotype

Question 62

On her way to visiting Malaysia for the first time, Joan wonders what the people there will expect she should do when interacting with them. What is Joan concerned about?

A) dispositional praise
B) prosocial behaviour
C) altruism
D) social roles

Question 63

When do altruistic acts in children tend to occur?

A) when the cost of the act is low
B) when the cost of the act is high
C) when the cost of the act is unknown
D) when the cost of the act is expected to be immediately recouped

Question 64

Which child is exhibiting relational aggression?

A) Katie, who hits her friend with a stick
B) Anna, who calls her friend a "big fat pig"
C) Lindsey, who sets her friend's house on fire
D) Mindy, who breaks her friend's favourite toys

Question 65

Little Briana believes that her daddy goes off to work every day and that her mommy stays home to look after her and her baby brother. At what age do stereotypical gender roles become extensive in children such as Briana?

A) 2 years
B) 3 years
C) 4 years
D) 5 years

Question 66

Which thought has been shown to increase the odds of a child engaging in an altruistic act?

A) "I think that this will cost a lot, but it will be worth it."
B) "I think that doing this will make me feel better."
C) "I think that this will make me a better person."
D) "I think I have what they need."

Question 67

Which of the following methods would encourage Dottie's child to engage in altruistic behaviour?

A) To have the child participate in every activity he/she can.
B) To not dwell on or praise any spontaneous acts of altruism she observes in her child.
C) To model the behaviour herself.
D) To do nothing and let the child's natural altruistic instinct take over.

Question 68

How is spatial ability between the genders recognized in current research?

A) Most boys perform better on tests of spatial ability than the brightest girl.
B) Girls perform better on tests of spatial ability than boys.
C) Girls and boys score equally on tests of spatial ability.
D) The average score of boys on tests of spatial ability is higher than the average score of girls.

Question 69

When Donatus spontaneously decides to help his mother carry bags into the house (after having seen his brother do this task several times before), his mother says, "Thank you Donatus. You are such a helpful person!" What has Donatus's mother used to make it more likely that Donatus will act altruistically again?

A) empathy
B) perspective-taking
C) prosocial behaviour
D) praise

Question 70

Brendan fell and scraped his knee. His friend Ryan went and got him a band-aid to put over his bloody injury. This is an example of which of the following sentiments?

A) altruism
B) empathy
C) cooperation
D) sympathy

Question 71

Dana is a typical 10-year-old North American female. In which of the following ways is she most likely to differ from a same-age male counterpart?

A) She is more likely to be aggressive.
B) She is more likely to have a smaller vocabulary.
C) She is more likely to be emotionally expressive.
D) She is more likely to score highly on a test of spatial ability.

Question 72

Which of the following is a finding of researchers studying sex differences?

A) Males are more aggressive.
B) Males are more likely to comply with the directions of adults.
C) Females are likely to have language-related problems.
D) Females receive substantially lower grades in math courses.

Question 73

Why do male and female social roles differ?

A) Because they are expected to be different.
B) Because they are inherited.
C) Because they are culturally defined.
D) Because they are more easily identifiable to children if they are different.

Question 74

Why are students expected to act differently from professors?

A) because they represent different prosocial behaviours
B) because they represent different social roles
C) because they represent different economic backgrounds
D) because they represent different levels of intelligence

Question 75

How do gender stereotypes influence behaviour?

A) They provide an explanation for biological differences between males and females.
B) They provide accurate sex-based information.
C) They provide the world with a set of universal guidelines.
D) They provide a set of initial expectations.

Question 76

To encourage altruistic behaviour in their children, what should parents incorporate into their discipline?

A) reasoning
B) parallel play
C) ethology
D) punishment

Question 77

With which person is Rosalind most likely to act altruistically?

A) Demi, whom Rosalind has never met
B) Masja, who was in Rosalind's class last year
C) Hayley, who is Rosalind's little sister
D) Dianne, who is a friend of Rosalind's mother

Question 78

Which of the following phrases would best complete the analogy, "Perspective-taking is to empathy as"?

A) purpose is to will
B) caring is to helping
C) social play is to parallel play
D) a cognitive act is to an emotional act

Question 79

Which person is most likely using a gender stereotype to describe Erin?

A) Elvis: "Erin is mean. I saw her push someone on the playground."
B) Graham: "Erin really likes cooking. Every week she bakes a batch of cookies and brings them to class."
C) Roddy "Erin is like all females-sensitive and compassionate."
D) Christopher: "Erin is different from anyone else I have ever met-she is really weird."

Question 80

Which child is most likely to act altruistically toward Gunter, who is having a very difficult time learning how to skate?

A) Jerry, who is not very good at skating
B) Tetsuro, who is feeling happy
C) Sanjay, who was yelled at by the rink attendant only minutes ago
D) Ruby, who would have to miss her only ride home in order to help Gunter