Deck 12: Parenthood: Joys and Challenges

Question 1

Freud's _____ theory argues that children need a positive emotional environment.

Answer 1

psychodynamic

Question 2

The largest category for the cost of raising a child from birth to age seventeen is:

A) clothing.
B) transportation.
C) health care.
D) housing.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Some authorities argue that a _____ should be required for parenthood.

Answer 3

license

Question 4

Approximately what percentage of females in the United States bear a child before age 20?

A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 25%
D) 27%

Question 5

Which of the following is TRUE with respect to parenting and self-reported happy and unhappy couples?

A) Unhappy couples are more likely to be satisfied with the amount of attention they focus on their marriage (as compared to the amount of attention they focus on their children),than happy couples.
B) Because of the larger amount of conflict in the home,unhappy couples are more likely to agree on how to discipline their children than happy couples.
C) Happy couples are more likely than unhappy couples to agree on about how to share the responsibilities of child rearing.
D) All of these are true.

Question 6

Although only about 3% of Americans are adopted,it has been estimated that _____ of Americans have some sort of experience with adoption,such as a family member or close friend was adopted,or the individual had adopted a child or placed a child for adoption.

A) less than 10%
B) about 60%
C) about three-quarters--75%
D) a large majority--more than 90%

Question 7

The largest category of cost in raising a child from birth to seventeen is _____.

Question 8

Adoption in the U.S.is moving towards being more _____.

Question 9

Approximately how much does it cost an average two-parent,two-child family to raise a child to age 17?

A) $13,000
B) $50,000
C) $100,000.
D) $221,000

Question 10

Parents who establish clear rules and expectations and are in the middle of the Couple and Family Map are _____ in their parenting approach.

Question 11

A study by Sharon Danes discussed in our textbook showed which of the following with respect to parenting and finances?

A) The majority of parents surveyed felt that children 8 years or younger were mature enough to receive an allowance.
B) About half of the parents surveyed felt that 12- to 14-year olds could be responsible for their own clothing budgets.
C) About half of the parents surveyed felt that 15- to 17-year olds should know about car insurance and having their own checking accounts.
D) All of these were findings by Danes.

Question 12

Piaget's _____ theory argues that children think differently at different ages and toys,activities,and expectations should vary with age.

Question 13

In a national survey,happy couples were more than twice as likely as unhappy couples to agree on how to share responsibilities of _____.

Question 14

Research conducted by LeMasters back in the 1950s was the first to look at the coming of a child as a "crisis" for a married couple.LeMasters found that over _____ of the 46 couples interviewed defined their situation in this way.

A) 25%
B) 40%
C) 60%
D) 80%

Question 15

In regards to the transition to parenthood,LeMasters researched:

A) parenthood as crisis.
B) parenting styles.
C) voluntary childlessness.
D) bidirectional effects.

Question 16

Recent studies show that single-parent families:

A) face no more challenges than other families.
B) seldom have the same value system as other families.
C) produce many strong,well-adjusted children.
D) exist more often in urban settings.

Question 17

Corporal punishment is the use of _____ as punishment,correction or behavior control.

Question 18

There is a growing belief that children today are more _____ than children were 10-15 years ago.

Question 19

Which of the following forms of conventional wisdom is a myth?

A) Single-parent families are problematic families.
B) Today's parents are not as good as their parents and grandparents were.
C) Only children are usually spoiled and selfish.
D) all of these

Question 20

Parental _____ is defined as the amount of caring,closeness,and affection that a parent exhibits or gives a child.

Question 21

According to Baumrind,children of _____ parents tend to be moody,vulnerable to stress,and often unfriendly.

A) democratic
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) rejecting

Question 22

Which was NOT cited in the text from a review of the literature of research conducted on voluntary childlessness?

A) Older adults without children do quite well without children and/or grandchildren.
B) Non-parents overall exhibit more psychological problems than parents.
C) A disproportionate number of women of eminence are childless.
D) Child-free couples tend to have more vital and happy relationships than couples with children.

Question 23

Research suggests that the adoptive parents feel the most empathy towards both parent and child in a _____ adoption.

A) international.
B) confidential.
C) mediated.
D) fully disclosed.

Question 24

The authoritarian style of parenting is associated with which of the following?

A) energetic-friendly
B) conflicted-irritable
C) impulsive-aggressive
D) rejecting

Question 25

The democratic style of parenting is associated with which of the following?

A) self-reliant-cheerful
B) conflicted-irritable
C) impulsive-aggressive
D) rejecting

Question 26

In regards to the couple and family map,the amount of caring,closeness,and affection that a parent exhibits or gives to a child is called

A) parental control.
B) parental style.
C) parental support.
D) in loco parentis

Question 27

Which of the following statements is FALSE,with respect to what research shows about U.S.people without children? Overall,

A) they do well in their early careers,but are less likely to become high-ranking professionals because of social norms of being a "family" person.
B) the quality of their marriage is as good as,or better than,that of a marriage with children.
C) they tend to report the disadvantage of lack of support and care when older.
D) their co-culture (e.g.,African American,Native American,Mexican American)has an influence on their attitudes about not having had children.

Question 28

The permissive style of parenting is associated with which of the following?

A) energetic-friendly
B) conflicted-irritable
C) impulsive-rebellious
D) rejecting

Question 29

In regards to the couple and family map,if a family is highly enmeshed and highly rigid,you would expect the parenting style to be:

A) uninvolved
B) permissive
C) rejecting
D) authoritarian

Question 30

In the movie Juno,the main character hangs out with the prospective adoptive family throughout her pregnancy.This is an example of a _____ adoption.

A) international.
B) confidential.
C) mediated.
D) fully disclosed.

Question 31

Which is the quality of healthy adoptive parents?

A) Exploring motivations and expectations for adoption in an open manner
B) Demonstrating stability in interpersonal relationships
C) Creating a family environment
D) All of these

Question 32

In regards to the couple and family map,uninvolved parents are usually

A) high in cohesion,low in flexibility.
B) high in flexibility,low in cohesion.
C) high in flexibility,high in cohesion.
D) low in flexibility,low in cohesion.

Question 33

In regards to the couple and family map,the degree of flexibility that a parent uses in enforcing rules and disciplining a child is called

A) parental control.
B) parental style.
C) parental support.
D) in loco parentis.

Question 34

In regards to the couple and family map,authoritarian parents are usually

A) high in cohesion,low in flexibility.
B) high in flexibility,low in cohesion.
C) high in flexibility,high in cohesion.
D) low in flexibility,low in cohesion.

Question 35

Sidra and Eduardo are adopting a baby and they are sharing information with the adoption agency acting as a go between.This is an example of a _____ adoption.

A) international.
B) confidential.
C) mediated.
D) fully disclosed.

Question 36

In regards to the couple and family map,rejecting parents are usually

A) high in cohesion,low in flexibility.
B) high in flexibility,low in cohesion.
C) high in flexibility,high in cohesion.
D) low in flexibility,low in cohesion.

Question 37

Tessa and Nicholas are adopting a baby but there is no information being shared between either the biological parents or themselves.This is an example of a _____ adoption.

A) open.
B) confidential.
C) mediated.
D) fully disclosed.

Question 38

Which of the following is true of couples that are voluntarily childless?

A) They are more likely to be vital,happy couples,as compared to couples with children.
B) They tend to do less well in their careers,as compared to couples with children.
C) They are lonelier in old age,as compared to couples with children.
D) They have more pathological characteristics,as compared to couples with children.

Question 39

Which of the following terms refers to the choice not to have children?

A) child-free
B) non-parenthood
C) voluntary childlessness
D) all of these

Question 40

Which of the following statements is FALSE? Since the mid-1970s,adoption in the United States

A) has changed dramatically.
B) changed from confidentiality in adoption to a trend toward contact between birth and adoptive families.
C) changed,but only with respect to releasing the medical histories of the birth parents to adoptee.
D) changed,with a trend toward openness.

Question 41

Baumrind found that children of _____ parents tend to be rebellious,domineering,and low achievers.

A) uninvolved
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) rejecting

Question 42

Corporal punishment

A) involves only the use of spanking or slapping to punish or correct children.
B) is the discipline of people in the U.S.armed forces who are above the rank of PFC (Private First Class).
C) has been shown by researchers,such as Murray Straus,to have long-term harmful consequences.
D) involves the docking of salary of middle-level corporate managers who break organizational rules.

Question 43

Zia believes that children think very differently than adults do and that one should choose toys and activities that are developmentally appropriate for the age of a child.She also thinks parents and teachers should not have expectations beyond the child's capabilities at a specific age.Her thinking is most in line with which theory of childrearing?

A) Psychodynamic theory
B) Organismic theory
C) Behavioral theory
D) Biopsychological theory

Question 44

Bidirectional effects refers to

A) the need to balance both cohesion and flexibility.
B) the influences of both the child and the parent and parent on the child.
C) the linear nature of parent-child communication.
D) none of these

Question 45

Rochelle believes that children need a positive emotional environment and need to believe that the world is a safe place and adults can be trusted.Her thinking is most inline with which theory of childrearing?

A) Psychodynamic theory
B) Organismic theory
C) Behavioral theory
D) Biopsychological theory

Question 46

Sigmund Freud and other proponents of psychodynamic theory emphasized:

A) the importance of providing a positive emotional environment for a child.
B) that couples should have children in order to be happy and secure in their old age.
C) the importance of authoritarian parenting of children.
D) reinforcement as a way to get children to behave appropriately.

Question 47

Research indicates that adults whose parents hit them often as adolescents were more likely to have _____ than people who were not hit as adolescents.

A) suicidal thoughts
B) well-behaved children
C) happy marriages
D) unhappy marriages

Question 48

Regarding theories of childrearing,Bell researched:

A) parenthood as crisis.
B) parenting styles.
C) voluntary childlessness.
D) bidirectional effects.

Question 49

The uninvolved style of parenting often is combined with what Baumrind terms the _____ style of parenting,and the children are often solitary and withdrawn.

A) uninvolved
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) rejecting

Question 50

In gay and lesbian parenting,

A) sometimes the children are the biological offspring of one of the spouses.
B) sometimes the children result from artificial insemination of one of the spouses.
C) sometimes the children are non-biological adopted offspring of the couple.
D) all of these

Question 51

What is the critical question about pre-school age children and child care outside of the home?

A) how day care affects children,both positively and negatively
B) whether it is cost-effective for both parents (in a two-parent family)to work outside of the home
C) whether preschoolers are more likely to be cared for by a relative than a non-relative
D) comparison of daycare centers and nursery schools

Question 52

Rudy and Grusec (2006)find that children who display lower self-esteem and lower academic achievement tends to come from _____ households.

A) permissive
B) authoritarian
C) rejecting

Question 53

Which of the following statements about fathering is FALSE?

A) Children whose fathers are involved in routine activities with them are less likely to have behavioral problems.
B) Fathers often promote children's development through physical play.
C) Fathers tend to assume the role of economic provider,protector,and caregiver across cultural and ethnic groups.
D) The children of fathers who do not pay child support do about the same in school as the children of fathers who do pay child support.

Question 54

Which of the following concerns has been expressed by contemporary writers with respect to modern parents and their children?

A) A Time/CNN poll indicated that a large majority of parents surveyed felt that children are more spoiled today than 15 years ago,and do fewer chores.
B) Family scholar and contemporary writer Bill Doherty writes that it is a myth that today's children are overindulged by their parents.
C) Research on Don Kindlon's TLC (time/limits/caring)approach to child rearing found that this approach was largely ineffective with modern families.
D) all of these

Question 55

A good reinforcer for positive behavior in children is:

A) praise and a hug.
B) money and rewards.
C) ignoring the behavior.
D) none of these

Question 56

Which of the following statements is TRUE about families with gay or lesbian parents?

A) The present generation in the United States is the first in which lesbian and gay couples have raised their children openly.
B) Many of the challenges faced by lesbian-headed and gay-headed families are normative challenges,such as the children's individual development life cycles (adolescence,etc.).
C) Comparative studies found that the children of lesbian/gay parents are not different from children of heterosexual parents,in terms of achievement and adjustment.
D) all of these

Question 57

Which parenting style is shown to consistently result in positive child rearing outcomes?

A) uninvolved
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) democratic

Question 58

Armando believes that children essentially learn to behave and that parents should foster positive behaviors.His thinking is most inline with which theory of childrearing?

A) Psychodynamic theory
B) Organismic theory
C) Behavioral theory
D) Biopsychological theory

Question 59

The approach to child care in which two parents share responsibilities of both working outside the home,and both do parenting in the home,is called

A) codependency.
B) cohabitation.
C) co-parenting.
D) cooperative preschooling.

Question 60

Jean Piaget and other proponents of organismic theory:

A) were interested in the development of the mind,especially through various stages over the course of childhood and adolescence.
B) emphasized the importance of couples having children,so they can be secure in their later-life developmental stage.
C) learning theories,that focused on rewarding the child for doing something correctly,
D) were the first to state that parents should reward,not punish,children.

Question 61

Parental control refers to the degree of flexibility that a parent uses in enforcing rules and disciplining a child.

Question 62

The quality of the marriage of voluntarily childless couples is as good as,or better than,that of a marriage with children.

Question 63

Child-development experts agree on the most effective parenting styles.

Question 64

In the United States since the 1970s,the institution of adoption has changed from confidentiality in adoption to a trend toward contact between birth and adoptive families.

Question 65

Corporal punishment involves only the use of spanking or slapping to punish or correct children,as well as grabbing,hitting with an object,and shoving.

Question 66

The United States is one of the few countries that does not have national day care policies and standards.

Question 67

The term currently favored by family scholars for people who choose not to have children is called the child-free alternative.

Question 68

Generally speaking,children of authoritarian parents tend to be moody,vulnerable to stress,and often unfriendly.

Question 69

Organismic theorists,such as Jean Piaget,emphasized life cycle stages,especially the importance of couples having children in early or mid-adulthood so they can be secure in their later-life developmental stages.

Question 70

"Uninvolved" parents are usually high in flexibility,and low in cohesion on the Family Map.

Question 71

Behaviorists focus on punishment in dealing with children's behavior,rather than rewarding.

Question 72

Once children get older,parenting begins to get easier.

Question 73

Family therapy usually involves a group discussion of generic parenting issues.

Question 74

Bidirectional effects refers to the need to balance both cohesion and flexibility,as plotted on the Family Map.

Question 75

Children will turn out well if their parents are good parents.

Question 76

Reinforcers for positive behavior are best when the same things are used over and over again.

Question 77

Family therapy usually involves a therapist working with a family unit,rather than individual separately.

Question 78

The more corporal punishment experienced as a children,the less chance there is that people will hit their spouses,because they want to live their adult lives differently.

Question 79

Almost half of the cost of raising a child to age 17 is for housing and food.

Question 80

Parent education is usually directed at generic issues,whereas family therapy is usually directed at specific issues.