Deck 7: C: Memory

Question 1

_________ is required to move sensory information into short-term memory.

A)Attention
B)Encoding
C)Retrieval
D)Rehearsal

Answer 1

A

Question 2

________ is a technique used to increase the amount of information held in short-term memory.

A)Chunking
B)Decoding
C)Rote rehearsal
D)Consolidation

Answer 2

A

Question 3

When asked to recall single-digit numbers presented in various digit span sizes,the typical adult would probably start to encounter difficulty once they got past ________ digits.

A)3
B)4
C)7
D)10

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Auditory information remains in the sensory store for about

A)0.5-1 second.
B)5-10 seconds.
C)30 seconds.
D)1 minute.

Question 5

What is the correct order for shortest to longest duration of memory?

A)short-term,sensory,long-term
B)sensory,short-term,long-term
C)short-term,long-term,sensory
D)sensory,long-term,short-term

Question 6

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model,human memory consists of ____________ memory stores.

A)two
B)three
C)seven plus or minus two
D)a potentially infinite number of

Question 7

Carlos finds a friend on Facebook whom he has not talked to in years.As they reminisce about things that happened 10 years ago,the information from old memories is transferred from Carlos' long-term memory into his short-term memory.This process is known as

A)storage.
B)retrieval.
C)attention.
D)encoding.

Question 8

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory consists of ____________,which retain information,and ____________,which shift information from one type of memory to another.

A)stores;episodic buffers
B)control processes;central executives
C)stores;control processes
D)control processes;stores

Question 9

Using the partial report method,Sperling found the capacity of iconic memory could hold

A)only one line of letters (4).
B)5-10 letters.
C)all the letters present (12).
D)only 1-2 letters.

Question 10

In the partial report method of Sperling's study of sensory memory,participants were asked to report

A)only one of the three lines of letters.
B)any letters they could remember.
C)the first letter of each line.
D)the last letter of each line.

Question 11

Which memory system holds information about all surrounding stimuli present at a particular moment?

A)long-term memory
B)sensory memory
C)working memory
D)short-term memory

Question 12

Loni is asked to memorize the letters <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>I K T E A L N</i> in no particular order.She memorizes them by reorganizing them into the words <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>INK</i> and <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>LATE</i>.This tactic is called

A)the method of loci.
B)the serial position effect.
C)rote rehearsal.
D)chunking.

Question 13

The 'magical' number that describes short-term memory capacity is

A)fifteen plus or minus seven.
B)thirty plus or minus seven.
C)seven plus or minus five.
D)seven plus or minus two.

Question 14

Visual images remain in sensory memory for about

A)0.5-1 second.
B)2-3 seconds.
C)5-10 seconds.
D)30 seconds.

Question 15

The auditory form of sensory memory is known as __________ memory,while the visual form is known as _________.

A)iconic;echoic
B)phonological loop;visuospatial sketchpad
C)visuospatial sketchpad;phonological loop
D)echoic;iconic

Question 16

Alice was distracted when her friend asked her a question.She started to ask her friend to repeat the question,when she suddenly realized what her friend had been asking her.This is likely because the question was still stored in her

A)working memory.
B)short-term memory.
C)long-term memory.
D)sensory memory.

Question 17

Conrad is a participant in a memory experiment.He is shown a grid of letters for a fraction of a second,and then quickly asked to report the letters he saw either in the top,middle,or bottom row.The researchers conducting this experiment are most likely measuring Conrad's _____________ memory.

A)short-term
B)long-term
C)sensory
D)working

Question 18

____________ describes the process of moving information from short-term to long-term memory,while ________ is the process of moving it from long-term back to short-term memory.

A)Encoding;storage
B)Encoding;retrieval
C)Rehearsal;encoding
D)Attention;storage

Question 19

Why is studying sensory memory so difficult?

A)Sensory stimuli are difficult to reproduce in a laboratory.
B)Sensory memory is processed on an implicit level and cannot be verbalized.
C)The capacity of sensory memory is too vast to be measured.
D)Sensory memory disappears faster than an individual can report.

Question 20

One way to store more information in short-term memory is called ____________,which involves organizing smaller units of information into larger,more meaningful units.

A)rehearsal
B)consolidation
C)chunking
D)dual coding

Question 21

The tendency to recall items at the beginning of a list is known as the ___________ effect,and the tendency to recall items at the end of a list is known as the ___________ effect.

A)recency;primacy
B)primacy;recency
C)serial position;primacy
D)serial position;recency

Question 22

Which part of working memory guides attention and ensures that the other components are working on the appropriate task?

A)the phonological loop
B)the central executive
C)the episodic buffer
D)the visuospatial sketchpad

Question 23

After you finish reading this sentence,the information will remain in your ________ as you consider each of the answers below.

A)long-term memory
B)echoic memory
C)sensory memory
D)working memory

Question 24

Devin is trying to remember the name of the cell body of a neuron.He can remember that it starts with an "s" and kind of sounds like aroma,but can't quite remember the term.This is an example of

A)the serial position effect.
B)the limits of sensory memory.
C)the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
D)retroactive amnesia.

Question 25

According to the serial position effect,if you are shown a list of items and then asked to immediately recall them,you will most easily recall items from the

A)beginning and the middle of the list.
B)beginning and the end of the list.
C)middle of the list.
D)end of the list.

Question 26

As Katlin is learning a new language,she repeats the sound of the word over and over in her mind.Which component of working memory is primarily engaged during this task?

A)phonological loop
B)central executive
C)episodic buffer
D)visuospatial sketchpad

Question 27

Which memory system can be divided into four interrelated systems: central executive,visuospatial sketchpad,episodic buffer,and the phonological loop?

A)sensory memory
B)working memory
C)long-term memory
D)episodic memory

Question 28

_______________ is when recently learned information interferes with previously learned information.

A)The primacy effect
B)Proactive interference
C)Retroactive amnesia
D)Retroactive interference

Question 29

Gillian is assembling a bookcase.She studies one of the diagrams in the instructions and then looks for the parts she needs and begins to put them together.Which part of Gillian's working memory is primarily engaged during this task?

A)the phonological loop
B)the central executive
C)the episodic buffer
D)the visuospatial sketchpad

Question 30

Most people cannot store the following list of letters in short-term memory. P I O Y E L H O V S L Y C O G
However,if the letters are grouped meaningfully into words,they fit short-term's memory span: I love psychology.This illustrates

A)chunking.
B)attentional blindness.
C)rote rehearsal.
D)serial position effect.

Question 31

Sarah is working on her calculus homework.To solve the equations,she needs to hold on to the information while she works through the problems.In this example,Sarah is using her

A)sensory memory.
B)nondeclarative memory.
C)working memory.
D)episodic memory.

Question 32

Isla is studying French and Spanish for two upcoming exams.She starts by studying French and then moves on to studying Spanish.However,when Isla goes to write her Spanish exam,she finds she keeps remembering French words rather than Spanish words.This is an example of

A)retroactive interference.
B)proactive interference.
C)a shallow depth of processing.
D)the recency effect.

Question 33

After working up the courage to ask Sam for her number,Alex repeats the number over and over in her head because she doesn't want to forget it.Alex's mental repetition is an example of

A)chunking.
B)deep processing.
C)rehearsal.
D)echoic memory.

Question 34

Recent research suggests that working memory includes a(n)_______________,which combines images and sounds into coherent,story-like episodes.

A)phonological loop
B)central executive
C)episodic buffer
D)visuospatial sketchpad

Question 35

Maria finds that it is easier to remember her student ID number if she thinks of it in segments,such as the first three digits,then the next two,and then the final four.This method is known as

A)rote rehearsal.
B)chunking.
C)the method of loci.
D)the serial position effect.

Question 36

Proactive interference refers to when

A)older information interferes with the retrieval of newer information.
B)newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information.
C)information at the end of a list is more easily remembered.
D)information in the middle of a list is more easily remembered.

Question 37

Amahl just began teaching a new class.After having all the students list off their names,which ones is he most likely to forget?

A)the names of students from the middle of the list
B)the names of students at the beginning of the list
C)the names of students at the end of the list
D)any student names that were strange to him

Question 38

According to the recency effect,if your father read you a list of 10 items to pick up at the hardware store,you would most easily recall items

A)from early in the list.
B)in the middle of the list.
C)from the end of the list.
D)that are most distinctive.

Question 39

Tomlin is rehearsing with his band for an upcoming show;however,he's having a hard time remembering the lyrics to his songs.Each time he rehearses a new song,he forgets the lyrics to the songs they practised previously.This is an example of

A)the recency effect.
B)retroactive interference.
C)anterograde amnesia.
D)proactive interference.

Question 40

Adrianna is trying to memorize the names of the bones in the hand.She had gone through the whole list of them when her phone rang.After she gets off the phone,she is MOST likely to remember the first few bone names on the list because of the

A)retroactive interference effect.
B)recency effect.
C)primacy effect.
D)proactive interference effect.

Question 41

Classical conditioning can occur without a person's knowledge,as such,it can be considered a type of ____________ memory.

A)procedural
B)semantic
C)declarative
D)nondeclarative

Question 42

You've been studying for days for your upcoming History exam.When completing the exam,you'll be relying on your________ memory.

A)episodic
B)semantic
C)procedural
D)conditional

Question 43

Cassondra is running a basketball clinic and is trying to explain how to complete a 'lay-up.' Cassondra knows the best way to teach this skill is to demonstrate it.In this example,Cassondra is relying on her _________ memory.

A)procedural
B)semantic
C)declarative
D)nondeclarative

Question 44

Our memories of general knowledge items such as the meanings of words or the dates of famous historical events are stored in

A)procedural memory.
B)semantic memory.
C)episodic memory.
D)nondeclarative memory.

Question 45

____________ memories include actions or behaviours that can be remembered and performed without awareness.

A)Declarative
B)Nondeclarative
C)Semantic
D)Episodic

Question 46

Memories that we are consciously aware of and can verbalize,including facts about the world and one's own personal experiences,are called ______________ memories.

A)implicit
B)procedural
C)nondeclarative
D)declarative

Question 47

On a TV game show,Jeannette is asked to name the 13^th Prime Minister of Canada.This information is most likely stored in Jeannette's

A)procedural memory.
B)semantic memory.
C)episodic memory.
D)nondeclarative memory.

Question 48

Which two types of memories are both considered to be forms of declarative memory?

A)semantic and episodic
B)semantic and procedural
C)episodic and conditioning
D)procedural and conditioning

Question 49

Similar to chunking,the visuospatial process of combining visual features (like shape and colour)into a single unit is called

A)feature binding.
B)feature detection.
C)episodic buffering.
D)encoding.

Question 50

Greg loves telling the story about how he met his boyfriend Asher while skydiving in New Zealand.In recalling how he and Asher first met,Greg is relying on his _______ memory.

A)semantic
B)nondeclarative
C)procedural
D)episodic

Question 51

___________ refers to the increased connectivity between neurons that fire together.

A)Synaptic pruning
B)Long-term potentiation
C)Cellular potentiation
D)Hippocampal potentiation

Question 52

___________ memories can be told to someone,whereas____________ memories must be shown to someone.

A)Procedural;declarative
B)Nondeclarative;procedural
C)Declarative;nondeclarative
D)Nondeclarative;declarative

Question 53

Visuospatial memory can accurately retain approximately ________ whole objects.

A)3-4
B)7 +/- 2
C)7-10
D)15-30

Question 54

A researcher identifies a neuron in the brain that sends signals to a second neuron.After stimulating the neurons,the researcher finds that the signal being sent between the neurons is stronger than before.Which phenomenon can explain this result?

A)synaptic pruning
B)hippocampal potentiation
C)long-term potentiation
D)cellular encoding

Question 55

After Tanya has repeatedly practised her ballet performance,she feels as if her muscles know exactly what to do at each point in the piece.This is an example of a(n)_____________ memory.

A)episodic
B)semantic
C)conditioning
D)procedural

Question 56

Immediately after class,Indigo remembered the definitions she had just learned in her Psychology class.However,when completing a quiz a few days later,Indigo had trouble remembering most of the content.Which of the following is the most likely biological explanation for this?

A)Indigo is suffering from hypothalamic damage.
B)Long-term potentiation has occurred.
C)Consolidation did not occur.
D)Indigo is suffering from anterograde amnesia.

Question 57

______________is the process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories in the brain.

A)Retrieval
B)Consolidation
C)Long-term potentiation
D)Short-term potentiation

Question 58

The provincial psychology association has invited teams from all the universities in the province to compete in a Psych Bowl.The teams will answer questions such as "Who founded the first psychology laboratory?" Where is this information stored in the participants' memory?

A)long-term memory
B)short-term memory
C)sensory memory
D)implicit memory

Question 59

When thinking back to your first day of university,which type of memory are you relying upon?

A)nondeclarative memory
B)semantic memory
C)episodic memory
D)procedural memory

Question 60

_______________ may represent the first stages of memory at the cellular level.

A)Hippocampal potentiation
B)Long-term potentiation
C)Cellular encoding
D)Long-term encoding

Question 61

Who is most likely to obtain the top score on his or her vocabulary test?

A)James,who made term-definition flash cards of all his words and is going over and over them
B)Cynthia,who has written down each word and definition five times in her notebook
C)Callum,who has drawn a picture to illustrate each word
D)Abbott,who says the words and definitions over and over to herself all day long

Question 62

Which of the following correctly describes the basic levels of processing (LOP)effect?

A)The longer someone is exposed to information,the more they will encode.
B)Long-term memories are processed at a deeper level than short-term memories.
C)Thinking about the meaning of information leads to better encoding.
D)Memories are easier to recall in the same context as they were originally encoded.

Question 63

Following a car accident,Jane and Joan both suffer head injuries with resulting amnesia.Joan cannot remember events that occurred <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>before</i> the accident,while Jane cannot remember events that occurred <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>after</i> the accident.Joan is suffering from __________ amnesia,while Jane is suffering from __________ amnesia.

A)anterograde;retrograde
B)retrograde;anterograde
C)proactive;retroactive
D)retroactive;proactive

Question 64

The primary symptom experienced by Henry Molaison (H.M.)after his surgery was that he

A)could not recall any memories from before the surgery.
B)could form no new long-term memories of any type.
C)could form nondeclarative,but not declarative memories.
D)could form episodic,but not procedural memories.

Question 65

__________ is the process of transforming sensory and perceptual information into memory traces,while __________ is the process of accessing memorized information.

A)Retrieval;encoding
B)Storage;retrieval
C)Encoding;storage
D)Encoding;retrieval

Question 66

You train a rat to successfully navigate a maze,wait a week,and test him again.You note that the rat has remembered the successful path through the maze.You then lesion the rat's hippocampus.What results would you expect when testing the rat after the lesion has been performed?

A)The rat will be unable to successfully navigate the maze.
B)The rat's mobility will be too impaired to navigate the maze.
C)The rat will require full re-training but will eventually learn to navigate the maze.
D)The rat should have no problem successfully navigating the maze.

Question 67

Damage to the hippocampus would most likely result in which disorder?

A)anterograde amnesia
B)retroactive interference
C)retrograde amnesia
D)proactive interference

Question 68

State-dependent memory refers to the superior retrieval of information when the organism

A)is in the same environment as it was during encoding.
B)is in the same mood as it was during encoding.
C)is in the same physical location as it was during encoding.
D)is in the same internal state as it was during encoding.

Question 69

If a researcher showed that people remember pleasant memories better when they are happy than when they are sad,this would demonstrate the concept of

A)context-dependent memory.
B)state-dependent memory.
C)mood-dependent memory.
D)depth-dependent memory.

Question 70

Typical multiple choice questions rely upon ________,whereas short answer questions rely on _________.

A)recall;recognition
B)recognition;recall
C)maintenance rehearsal;elaborative rehearsal
D)elaborative rehearsal;maintenance rehearsal

Question 71

The case of H.M.helped researchers understand that the hippocampus is involved in

A)storing long-term memories.
B)processing information using working memory.
C)transferring information from sensory to short-term memory.
D)transferring information from short-term to long-term memory.

Question 72

On the first day of class,Sheila asked her professor the best way to learn and remember the material for the course.The professor responded,"Focus on identifying and understanding the meaning of the important terms and concepts." The instructor's advice supports the research on

A)state-dependent memory.
B)context-dependent memory.
C)levels of processing.
D)encoding specificity.

Question 73

Assessing whether the word CONSOLIDATION is in all capital letters is an example of _________ processing,whereas assessing whether it means the same thing as "encoding" is an example of __________ processing.

A)structural;declarative
B)declarative;semantic
C)deep;shallow
D)shallow;deep

Question 74

Dr.James advises that if you study for your next psychology exam in the same room where you take the exam,your score will improve.He is basing this advice on

A)state-dependent memory.
B)the method of loci.
C)context-dependent memory.
D)deep processing.

Question 75

The order of the basic memory processes in which information enters the memory system and is later used is

A)encoding,retrieval,and storage.
B)encoding,storage,and retrieval.
C)acquisition,elaboration,and storage.
D)acquisition,encoding,and retrieval.

Question 76

________ is an active process,taking place between encoding and retrieval.

A)Consolidation
B)Rehearsal
C)Elaboration
D)Storage

Question 77

Reading and re-reading your notes to study for an exam is known as

A)deep processing.
B)elaborative rehearsal.
C)maintenance rehearsal.
D)encoding specificity.

Question 78

While studying about operant conditioning for his upcoming Psychology exam,Damien thinks about his job at the plastics factory.He realizes that he's paid on a fixed-ratio schedule.Personalizing the information in an effort to better retain it,is an example of

A)the self-reference effect.
B)elaborative rehearsal.
C)state-dependent memory.
D)context-dependent memory.

Question 79

Hélène recently suffered a stroke.Although she is able to remember events that occurred prior to her stroke,she doesn't remember the doctors and nurses that she has met since being admitted to the hospital.Hélène is likely suffering from

A)retrograde amnesia.
B)infantile amnesia.
C)anterograde amnesia.
D)consolidation confusion.

Question 80

To better retain information for an exam,researchers would suggest using ________ rehearsal rather than ____________ rehearsal.

A)maintenance;elaborative
B)elaborative;maintenance
C)rote;maintenance
D)rote;elaborative