Deck 14: Demonstration and Verbal Instructions

Question 1

From a perception point of view, the benefit of observing a skilled demonstration is that the visual system picks up information about the ________ characteristics of the skill.

Answer 1

coordination

Question 2

A term that has been used to describe the type of learning involved when a visual model is used to demonstrate a skill is ________ learning.

Answer 2

observational

Question 3

A beginner can benefit from observing another beginner practice a skill especially when the observer can:

A) Hear the verbal instructions given to the other beginner
B) Hear the augmented feedback given to the other beginner
C) Hear both the verbal instructions and augmented feedback given to the other beginner
D) See the person who is giving the verbal instructions and augmented feedback to the other beginner

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Research investigating the influence of the frequency of demonstrating a skill has shown that:

A) More frequency is better than less frequency
B) Less frequency is better than more frequency
C) Skill demonstrations should occur more frequently early in practice than later in practice
D) The frequency of demonstrating a skill is not an important concern

Question 5

Learning the following skills will benefit more from viewing a skilled demonstration than from verbal instructions:

A) All motor skills
B) All motor skills when verbal instructions are also given
C) Motor skills that require the learning of a new pattern of coordination
D) Motor skills that require the learning of new parameter characteristics

Question 6

Observation of another beginner practicing a skill seems to work best when the observer can hear the ________ given by the instructor.

Question 7

Research has shown that to achieve the best learning of skills that require both speed and accuracy, the initial verbal instructions should emphasize:

A) Speed rather than accuracy
B) Accuracy rather than speed
C) Both speed and accuracy
D) Either speed or accuracy

Question 8

According to Masters, learners are more likely to perform well when put under pressure if they are encouraged to learn:

A) Implicitly
B) Explicitly
C) Via the use of movement analogies
D) A and C

Question 9

Verbal cues seem to work because they:

A) Direct attention to relevant environmental context information
B) Prompt a specific sequence of movements to be performed
C) Direct attention to relevant environmental context information and prompt a specific sequence of movements to be performed
D) Influence performance in ways researchers have not yet determined

Question 10

In experiments in which participants manually tracked a complex pattern that consisted of two segments that were random patterns on every trial and one segment that was the same every trial, the results showed that the participants improved:

A) Similarly on all three segments, and reported they were aware that one segment was the same on every trial
B) Similarly on all three segments, and reported they were not aware that one segment was the same on every trial
C) More on the repeated segment than the two random segments, and reported they were aware that one segment was the same on every trial
D) More on the repeated segment than the two random segments, and reported they were not aware that one segment was the same on every trial

Question 11

Research that has compared the use of visual and auditory models on learning to move at a criterion speed has shown that the:

A) Visual model was not effective, but the auditory model was
B) Visual model and the auditory model were similarly effective
C) Auditory model was not effective, but the visual model was
D) Auditory model and the visual model were not as effective as the combined visual and auditory model

Question 12

A procedure that some researchers use to investigate the question of what an observer perceives when observing a demonstration is known as the:

A) Invariant feature technique
B) Modeling technique
C) Point-light technique
D) Video temporal occlusion technique

Question 13

Which of the following describes the results of research on the use of verbal instructions that direct attention to specific movement components of a skill? The instructions:

A) Facilitated learning
B) Hindered learning
C) Had no effect on learning
D) Did not influence learning any differently from instructions directing attention elsewhere

Question 14

Which of the following has research shown is not what the observer of a skilled demonstration perceives and uses to improve performance?

A) Invariant relationships in the observed movement pattern
B) Kinematic details of the movement of a critical limb segment
C) Kinetic information about the movement pattern
D) Observed environmental context conditions

Question 15

Which of the following attention-related concepts is essential to apply when giving verbal instructions about how to perform a motor skill?

A) Attention switching
B) Limited attention capacity
C) Attentional spotlight
D) All of these

Question 16

The reversion to a highly conscious form of information processing when the learner is put under pressure is referred to as:

A) Tanking
B) Reinvestment
C) Implicit learning
D) Analogy learning

Question 17

The tendency to perform movements you are intentionally trying to avoid are referred to as:

A) Ironic effects
B) Reversion effects
C) Disruptive effects
D) Choking

Question 18

Learners can acquire a new pattern of relative motions when a demonstration contains:

A) Information about relative motion
B) Information about the end point of a segment
C) Information about relative motion or the end point of a segment
D) No information at all

Question 19

Verbal cues said out loud while a person is learning or performing a skill can help:

A) Beginners learn a new skill
B) Skilled performers perform well-learned skills
C) Both beginners and skilled performers
D) Neither beginners nor skilled performers

Question 20

The view that modeling benefits skill learning because the model helps the learner develop an accessible representation in memory that will serve as a guide for performing the skill is known as the:

A) Cognitive mediation theory
B) Symbolic coding theory
C) Dynamic view
D) Behavioral view

Question 21

To help beginning dancers learn the rhythmic structure of a dance routine, either auditory or visual demonstration will be similarly effective for learning.

Question 22

Demonstration should be the preferred method of providing information about how to perform a motor skill.

Question 23

Verbal ________ given along with a demonstration can supplement the visual information and help a person better understand how to perform skills.

Question 24

The role that implicit learning can play in the learning of open motor skills has been shown by research which has demonstrated the learning of environmental context ________ conditions without the learner being consciously aware of the characteristics of those conditions.

Question 25

A neurological basis for the learning benefit of observational learning has been established by the discovery of ________ neurons in the brain.

Question 26

The ________ hypothesis is the most likely explanation for the research finding that verbal instructions that direct attention to specific movements of a skill hinder learning.

Question 27

The view of why modeling benefits skill learning that argues that the visual system is capable of automatically processing visual information and constraining the motor system to act accordingly is called the ________ view.

Question 28

The terms modeling and observational learning often are used interchangeably with the term demonstration when they refer to the learning of motor skills.

Question 29

Research has shown that beginners who observe other beginners practicing a skill will perform at a higher level when they begin to perform the skill than the beginners they observed.

Question 30

An experiment by Green and Flowers, which had participants learn a computer-based catching task, showed that explicit verbal instructions about the rules underlying the movement of the "ball" were better for learning the skill than instructions that established a discovery learning situation.

Question 31

Learners need to see a model's relative motions to reproduce them.

Question 32

When learners are able to self-select when they receive a demonstration, they request demonstrations very infrequently.

Question 33

Research supporting the cognitive mediation theory of the benefit of demonstration has shown that observational learning involves the development of effective error detection and correction.

Question 34

Observing skilled demonstrations is least likely to be better than verbal instructions for the learning of skills for which new ________ characteristics are learned.

Question 35

It is important that the verbal instructions given to a beginner should not exceed that person's limited ________ capacity to attend to information.

Question 36

The short-term benefit derived from using demonstrations could be outweighed by the long-term negative consequence of making the learner a less effective problem solver.

Question 37

The point-light technique is a procedure that researchers have used to support the hypothesis that observers of skilled demonstrations can detect invariant relationships in coordinated movement.

Question 38

Verbal instructions that direct the performer's attention to the intended movement outcomes will lead to better learning and performance than instructions that direct attention to the movements used to perform the skill.